The Age-Related Eye Disease Study ( AREDS ) was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute that ran from 1992 to 2001. The study was designed to:
13-583: The results were reported in the October 2001 issue of Archives of Ophthalmology . The study followed 3640 individuals for an average of 6.3 years between 1992 and 2001. The researchers concluded that high levels of antioxidants and zinc can reduce some people's risk of developing advanced AMD by about 25 percent. Advanced AMD is defined as either choroidal neovascularization (wet macular degeneration) or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (geographic atrophy). The anti-oxidants and zinc supplements only reduced
26-553: A set of pills which contain the individual components in the correct quantities. Archives of Ophthalmology JAMA Ophthalmology (formerly Archives of Ophthalmology ) is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of ophthalmology . The editor-in-chief is Neil M. Bressler ( Johns Hopkins School of Medicine ). It is published by the American Medical Association , with which it has been affiliated since 1929. The journal
39-513: Is abstracted and indexed in: According to Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.253, ranking it 3rd out of 61 titles in the category "Ophthalmology". h7 irvsth @ Hermann Knapp Jacob Hermann Knapp (March 17, 1832 – April 30, 1911), also known as Hermann Knapp , was a German-American ophthalmologist and otolaryngologist . Knapp was born in Dauborn , Nassau . He earned his medical degree from
52-400: Is lent to the eponymous "Knapp streaks"; also known as angioid streaks , which are tiny breaks in the elastin -filled tissue in the back of the eye . He devised his own version of an ophthalmotrope , a device used in physiological optics to demonstrate the action of ocular muscles individually or in various combinations. Several instruments used in eye surgery bear his name, including
65-507: Is often sold with all the ingredients packaged together in one pill, for convenience. These formulations may be labelled as "AREDS2", the pharmaceutical generic name , or they may be labelled with trademarked brand names, or they may be labelled with both. Some preparations not explicitly labelled as AREDS2 may not contain the correct ingredients in the correct quantities, and may contain additional, non-AREDS2 ingredients, which have no proven benefit. The AREDS2 formulation can also be taken as
78-801: The University of Giessen in 1854. As a young physician he studied with Franciscus Cornelis Donders in Utrecht , William Bowman in London , Albrecht von Graefe in Berlin and Hermann von Helmholtz in Heidelberg . From 1860 until 1868 he was a professor of ophthalmology at Heidelberg. He emigrated to New York City , where he worked as a surgeon . In 1869 he founded the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, which from 1913 to 1939
91-565: The "Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology" ( Archiv für Augen- und Ohrenheilkunde ), an international scientific monthly journal that was published in Wiesbaden (in German) and New York (in English). In 1878 the archives split into two independent entities; as the "Archives of Ophthalmology" ( Archiv für Augenheilkunde ) and the "Journal of Otology" ( Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde ). His name
104-434: The body, beta-carotene may have masked the effect of the lutein and zeaxanthin in the overall analysis." The AREDS2 trial did not find a difference in the effects of 80mg versus 25mg zinc. The UK National Health Service suggests that people may take the lower dose if the higher dose upsets their stomach. The 25mg zinc level has not been compared to a placebo, as of 2020, and 80mg remains the standard. The AREDS2 formulation
117-779: The combination of anti-oxidants and zinc varies by genotype. The original AREDS study was followed by AREDS2, a five-year study that started in 2006 to test whether the original AREDS formulation would be improved by adding omega-3 fatty acids ; adding lutein and zeaxanthin ; removing beta-carotene; or reducing zinc. In AREDS2, participants took one of four AREDS formulations: the original AREDS formulation, AREDS formulation with no beta-carotene, AREDS with low zinc, AREDS with no beta-carotene and low zinc. In addition, they took one of four additional supplement or combinations including lutein and zeaxanthin (10 mg and 2 mg), omega-3 fatty acids (1,000 mg), lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, or placebo. The study reported that there
130-573: The risk of progression to wet macular degeneration. Those that benefited from the dietary supplements included those with intermediate-stage AMD and those with advanced AMD in one eye only. The supplements had no significant effect on the development or progression of cataracts. "High levels" in this case were defined to be: Bausch & Lomb was a collaborator in the study. They and other suppliers provide supplements pre-packaged with formulations based on this study. Studies in 2016 and 2018 later showed that this average 25 percent reduction in risk from
143-639: Was called the Herman Knapp Memorial Hospital. In 1882, he was made professor of the New York University Medical College. In 1888, he was appointed professor of ophthalmology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons , Columbia University , and in 1902 he became emeritus professor. His son, Arnold Knapp (1869–1956) was also a noted ophthalmologist. In 1869, with Salomon Moos (1831–1895), he founded
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#1732786662917156-658: Was established in New York in 1869 as the Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology , with a simultaneous German language version published in Karlsruhe , Germany, as Archiv für Augen- und Ohrenheilkunde ; sometimes articles would be slightly different. The editors were Hermann Knapp (New York), who practiced both ophthalmology and otology , with greater emphasis on the eye, and the otologist Salomon Moos (Heidelberg). The journal obtained its current name in 2013. The journal
169-602: Was no overall additional benefit from adding omega-3 fatty acids or lutein and zeaxanthin to the formulation. However, the study did find benefits in two subgroups of participants: those not given beta-carotene, and those who had very little lutein and zeaxanthin in their diets. Removing beta-carotene did not curb the formulation's protective effect against developing advanced AMD, which is important given that high doses of beta-carotene have been linked to higher risk of lung cancers in smokers. According to Dr. Emily Chew , "Because carotenoids can compete with each other for absorption in
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