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90-740: The first USS Flamingo (AM-32) , a Lapwing -class minesweeper , was laid down on 18 October 1917 by the New Jersey Drydock and Transportation Company at Elizabethport , New Jersey . She was launched on 24 August 1918 and commissioned as USS Flamingo , Minesweeper No. 32, on 12 February 1919. Flamingo fitted out at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn , New York , and later shifted to Tompkinsville , Staten Island , New York, on 29 March 1919. The minesweeper performed various towing jobs and carried stores locally in

180-570: A church on site. Archaeological investigations in the current downtown and in the crypt of the Cathedral show that the great fire of 1272 probably left large parts of the city and the cathedral in ruins, including the Romanesque chancel of the cathedral. The reconstruction after the fire led to the cathedral's Western Front being replaced with a vestibule, as well as to the construction (or reconstruction) of St. Mary 's Church, Bishop's Chapel,

270-881: A civilian crew and operated from San Diego by the Merritt, Chapman, and Scott salvage firm – a civilian company working under a contract let by the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships – Viking was assigned to the 11th Naval District . Between 3 and 6 July 1942, Viking assisted two U.S. Navy local patrol craft , YP-267 and YP-269 , which had run aground off San Diego, towing them both back to port for repairs. According to her movement reports, Viking appears to have spent an uneventful autumn and winter at her home port. Viking shifted to San Francisco , California, briefly in January 1943, en route Guadalupe in Baja California , Mexico, to perform emergency salvage operations under

360-430: A defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about 180 km (110 mi) southwest of Stavanger. Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry,

450-528: A desirable foothold for the monarchy and the church, as both needed a strong foothold in the South West coast area. In North Jæren , rich archaeological material suggests that the chiefs held considerable power from the early Iron Age . Stavanger had a natural harbor and was, with Jæren in the south, strategically important to the county of the East as well as to the shipping route along the western coast and

540-617: A final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861). The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping , shipbuilding ,

630-643: A new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea . After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed. In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year

720-423: A new, larger municipality. Stavanger is one of Norway 's oldest cities . It emerged in the 12th century during a period of population growth and increasing urbanisation throughout northern Europe . The archaeological and historical sources about the first city development are sparse. Therefore, there is much we do not know about the first city development. It stands out as an important area from early times, as

810-787: A precise understanding of the speed of sound through water. Guide ′s conversion to and fitting out as a survey ship on the United States East Coast was completed in 1923. After Heck oversaw tests at Coast and Geodetic Survey headquarters in Washington, D.C. , that demonstrated that shipboard recording of the time of an explosion could be performed accurately enough for his radio acoustic ranging concept to work, Heck had Guide based at New London , Connecticut . Under his direction, Guide both tested her new echo sounder's ability to make accurate depth soundings and conducted radio acoustic ranging experiments in cooperation with

900-522: A prelude to the invasion, on 8 April, the German freighter Roda (6,780 grt.) anchored by Ulsnes. Roda was reportedly loaded with coke , but customs officials and police authorities became suspicious about other cargo when they observed that the ship was not riding deep in the water. The ship was boarded and was ordered to move to Riska. However, Roda did not move, and the captain of the Æger , Niels Larsen Bruun , decided on his own initiative to sink

990-411: A result, winter usually remains above freezing whereas heat waves are rare and seldom long. Rainfall is common, although less so than in areas further north on the coastline. Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola , which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was rated as one of

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1080-531: A similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark . It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in

1170-836: A single speed of sound through water, as had been the previous practice by those conducting echo sounding experiments, yielded acoustic depth-finding results that did not match the depths found by lead lines. She transited the Panama Canal on 8 December 1923. Before she reached San Diego later in December 1923, she had accumulated much data beneficial to the study of the movement of sound waves through water and measuring their velocity under varying conditions of salinity, density , and temperature , information essential both to depth-finding and radio acoustic ranging. Upon arriving in California, Heck and Guide personnel in consultation with

1260-403: A small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953,

1350-621: A voyage which took her via Plymouth and Devonport , England; Brest , France; Lisbon , Portugal; the Azores ; and Bermuda , eventually arrived at Tompkinsville on 20 November 1919. The pause at Tompkinsville was a brief one, however, for Flamingo was underway five days later, on 25 November 1919, bound for the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine . She arrived on 28 November 1919 and soon commenced an overhaul. Assigned to

1440-725: A wide variety of ocean depths so that she could continue to test her echo sounder. Guide made history during the voyage, becoming the first Coast and Geodetic Survey ship to use echo sounding to measure and record the depth of the sea at points along her course; she also measured water temperatures and took water samples so that the Scripps Institution for Biological Research (now the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ) at La Jolla , California, could measure salinity levels. She also compared echo sounder soundings with those made by lead lines, discovering that using

1530-711: A year a half before an executive order of 25 March 1922 authorized the Navy to transfer the vessel to the United States Department of Commerce for use by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey , and she accordingly was decommissioned on 5 May 1922. Turned over to the Coast and Geodetic Survey at Portsmouth Navy Yard on 23 January 1923 for use as a survey vessel , the ship was renamed USC&GS Guide , first Coast and Geodetic Survey ship of

1620-430: Is February 1963 with mean −5 °C (23 °F) and average daily low −9.6 °C (14.7 °F). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 20 and average date for first freeze in autumn is October 31 giving a frost-free season of 193 days (Stavanger Airport Sola 1981–2010 average). Stavanger is officially partitioned into 22 parts and 218 subparts. Stavanger

1710-665: Is a city and municipality in Norway . It is the third largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighboring Sandnes ) and the administrative center of Rogaland county. The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, the year the Stavanger Cathedral

1800-486: Is also divided into seven boroughs . Neighborhoods include: In the early 20th century, Stavanger's industry was mainly related to fisheries and shipping. In the first half of the century it was known for canning , and in the 1950s there were over 50 canneries in town. The town was even called Norway's "canned capital", and included Christian Bjelland , who founded Chr Bjelland & Co. A/S. The last of these factories were closed down in 2002. Around 1950, over half of

1890-557: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sør-Rogaland District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Stavanger is made up of 67 representatives who are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

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1980-603: Is mostly related to the offshore petroleum industry, and production of oil platforms alone account for 40 percent. Other important industries are publishing – especially high printing and the major daily newspapers in town, Stavanger and Rogaland Avis Aftenblad – and food and beverage, which includes the processing of local agricultural products from Jæren, including Gilde Vest with one of the largest slaughterhouses. Employment by place of work and industry in 2007 to 0.6% in primary, 27.4% in secondary and tertiary industries 71.7%. Employment by place of work by sector in 2007 to 24.4% in

2070-562: Is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall , and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honour of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbour, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39 . Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien

2160-656: The 3rd Naval District into the spring of 1919. On 10 April 1919, she suffered damage in a collision with an unnamed Panama Railroad Company tug , and she underwent repairs at Port Richmond , Staten Island. Shifting to the New York Navy Yard soon thereafter, Flamingo began fitting out for "distant service." Flamingo departed Tompkinsville on 18 May 1919 bound for the Orkney Islands . Proceeding via Boston , Massachusetts , she arrived at Kirkwall , Scotland, on 5 June 1919 to begin her tour of duty with

2250-579: The Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300. Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester , England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral ( Stavanger domkirke ) around 1100. It

2340-588: The NATO Joint Warfare Centre . Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. The city has a strong international profile and 22.1% of the population has an immigrant background. In 2020, it was rated as the most liveable city for European expatriates in Norway as well as 5th in Europe by ECA International . Stavanger has, since

2430-616: The United States Army Coast Artillery Corps . Despite many difficulties, testing of both echo sounding and radio acoustic ranging wrapped up successfully in November 1923. In late November 1923, with Heck aboard, Guide departed New London , Connecticut , bound for her new home port , San Diego , California , via Puerto Rico and the Panama Canal , with her route planned to take her over

2520-490: The fishing boat Giuseppina , which had broken down with engine trouble in Monterey Bay , California. As tensions mounted in Europe and East Asia in the late 1930s, the U.S. Navy expanded to meet the emergency, especially after World War II began in Europe following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. The Navy needed auxiliary vessels of various types, and cast a wide net in looking for them. One of

2610-487: The 1950s. In December 1949, she aided the grounded steamer SS  Aristocratus off the south point of California′s Santa Rosa Island . Eventually, Viking's area of operations embraced Long Beach and Port Hueneme , California, as well as the San Diego area. Relieved by the rescue and salvage ship USS  Gear  (ARS-34) as salvage vessel for the 11th Naval District, Viking was returned to Navy custody by

2700-420: The 1st Division, 2nd Mine Squadron, United States Atlantic Fleet , on 1 July 1920, Flamingo received the classification AM-32 on 17 July 1920, as the U.S. Navy adopted its modern system of alphanumeric hull numbers on that date. Flamingo operated with the 2nd Mine Squadron into the autumn of 1920, then was placed in reserve at Portsmouth Navy Yard on 18 November 1920. Flamingo remained inactive for almost

2790-415: The Coast and Geodetic Survey had decided to install a Hayes sonic rangefinder – an early echo sounder – aboard Guide , which the Coast and Geodetic Survey planned to commission into its fleet later that year. It also decided to pursue the development of radio acoustic ranging , a new concept involving a method for determining a ship′s precise location at sea by detonating an explosive charge underwater near

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2880-484: The German armed forces in Norway, General Franz Böhme , orders that "Reichskommissar" in Norway, Josef Terboven, was deposed and that all his duties were transferred to Böhme. To Böhme, in turn, he gave the task of how the capitulation of Festung Norwegen was to be implemented. There were around 15,000 German soldiers in Rogaland in 1945, and it was there where the commander of 274 Infantry Division, General Weckman, gave

2970-531: The Gothic cathedral and the expansion of the stone cellar at Kongsberg . Stavanger has a long history of education in Western Europe . It was the monastery here that first saw the need to train new employees through education. The first organized teaching in the city probably took place at a Benedictine monastery in the town, either Olav's Monastery or Monastery of people from the mid-12th century. One of

3060-532: The Merritt, Chapman, and Scott salvage firm. On 17 March 1953, she was authorized for disposal, and her name was struck from the Navy list on 19 April 1953. She lay at the Naval Supply Depot at San Pedro until sold on 22 July 1953 to Nathan Cohen and Son, Inc., of Los Angeles , California. She was scrapped soon thereafter. Lapwing-class minesweeper Too Many Requests If you report this error to

3150-623: The Norwegian defense of the airport, capitulated at 10:00, and the Germans immediately began landing troops, fuel and other supplies. In all, 200 to 300 transport aircraft arrived in Sola during invasion day, and by evening several hundred soldiers and large quantities of materiel had been moved from Germany to Sola. By around 12:30 on 9 April, the first German troops advanced into Stavanger without resistance. The police station, telephone office, telegraph center, post office, port office, customs house and

3240-492: The Scripps Institution developed formulas that allowed accurate echo sounding of depths in all but the shallowest waters and installed hydrophones at La Jolla and Oceanside , California, to allow experimentation in the Pacific Ocean with radio acoustic ranging. Under Heck's direction, Guide then conducted experiments off the coast of California during the early months of 1924 that demonstrated that accurate echo sounding

3330-534: The Tjora and Kvitsøy). On the overland approach to Stavanger, a memorial cross of HERS and lendmann Erling Skjalgsson was erected after his fall in 1028. Erling controlled power over the South West coast, and the location of the cross indicates that he had a special connection to Stavanger. The inscription on the cross shows a priest was responsible for the inscription, and he may have performed an early service at

3420-443: The U.S. West Coast. On more than one occasion, Guide assisted mariners in distress. On 3 June 1927, she came to the assistance of the lumber schooner City of Nome , which was on fire at Aberdeen , Washington ; Guide stood by City of Nome until 5 June 1927, pumped water into the schooner, and helped retard the fire sufficiently to allow salvage of City of Nome ' s cargo . On 4 February 1933, she rendered assistance to

3510-664: The United States Minesweeping Detachment, North Sea . Along with U.S. Navy submarine chasers , chartered British naval trawlers , and fellow Lapwing -class minesweepers, Flamingo participated in the clearing of the North Sea Mine Barrage . Laid by the U.S. Navy after the United States entered World War I , the barrier had served as a formidable obstacle for German submarines based at North Sea ports. By 1919, however,

3600-594: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 215537256 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:49:44 GMT Stavanger Stavanger ( / s t ə ˈ v æ ŋ ər / , UK also / s t æ ˈ -/ , US usually / s t ɑː ˈ v ɑː ŋ ər , s t ə ˈ -/ , Norwegian: [stɑˈvɑ̀ŋːər] , locally [staˈvǎŋːɔʁ] )

3690-530: The aegis of the Commander, Western Sea Frontier . Returning to San Diego in February 1943, Viking operated there into 1944. On 27 October 1944, Viking steamed to San Pedro , California, for a refit. She returned to San Diego later in November 1944. On 31 December 1944, Viking departed San Diego in company with the fleet ocean tug USS  Tenino  (ATF-115) bound for Clipperton Island . There,

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3780-521: The air base at Sola – Stavanger district, and the rest of the country . However, it was not until 29 April 1944, that the Southern Railway was completed to Stavanger. In 1940, the Germans had envisioned it to be completed no later than 1 November 1941. After Hitler 's death in 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz took over leadership of the German forces, and on 9 May 1945, gave the head of

3870-474: The airport was recorded August 1975. The warmest high recorded in Stavanger is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at the weather station Stavanger-Våland (72 m) in July 2018. The warmest month on record at Stavanger Airport is August 2002 with mean 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) and average daily high 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The all-time low −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded January 1987. The coldest month on record

3960-426: The airport were not yet complete. Fortifications consisted of a concrete bunker still under construction and several open shooting positions. Armament consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft machine guns, three heavy machine guns configured for ground targets, and some light machine guns at the disposal of the approximately 80 soldiers who defended the airport. The bomber wing was transferred to Sola Airport in 1939, but

4050-445: The barrage merely hampered the resumption of peaceful commerce. On 23 June 1919, Flamingo transported officers and men from Kirkwall to Inverness , Scotland, and returned to her base in the evening carrying supplies for the detachment flagship, USS  Black Hawk ( Destroyer Tender No. 9). Flamingo then performed tug duty at Kirkwallcbetween 25 June and 7 July 1919. On 11 July 1919, she departed to assist in clearing Group 11 of

4140-415: The bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbour into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms. The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy , Buøy , Engøy , Grasholmen , Hellesøy , Hundvåg , Kalvøy , Lindøy , Sølyst , and Vassøy . It also includes

4230-422: The city began with the loss of people in rural areas, as a result of which the revenues of the cathedral and the bishop fell dramatically due to reduced rental income. In 1537 the bishop's and the monastery's estate and property was confiscated by the king. Kongsberg was plundered by Christoffer Trondsen in 1539, at which time St. Swithun's casket disappeared and Bishop Hoskuld Hoskuldsson may have been executed. In

4320-491: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . In September 2024, the mayor asked to be relieved of her duties; she is no longer a member of the Conservative Party; as of the first week of October, she has formally claimed that it would not be any significant disadvantage for her, to [continue to] take care of the office [that she holds, if authorities do not relieve her of her duties];

4410-456: The detachment, working out of the Norwegian ports of Lervic , Stavanger , and Haugesund before returning to Kirkwall via Otters Wick , Orkney , on 7 September 1919. She subsequently participated in the final sweep of the mine barrage – the climactic sweep which detonated five mines, cut loose 47, and destroyed 50 – into late September 1919. Once the arduous and dangerous job was complete, Flamingo departed Kirkwall on 1 October 1919 and, after

4500-475: The early 2000s, consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the European average. In August 2022, the unemployment rate was 1.6%. The city also appears on various lists of most expensive cities in the world, and it has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indices. The climate of the city is very mild by Nordic standards due to a strong maritime influence . As

4590-406: The eastern half of the island of Åmøy . There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland 's house at

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4680-515: The fertile Ryfylke Islands in the north. The earliest Christian impulses in Norway came to Stavanger region through trade connections with Continental Europe and Great Britain . This flourished during the Viking era. In the mid 10th century, traditional Norse burial customs ceased in the Stavanger area, at the same time as the first Christian priests began their work. Big stone crosses are visible memorials of this early Christian age (including

4770-418: The fish canning industry and associated subcontractors. In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed. On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Finnøy and Rennesøy merged with Stavanger to form

4860-538: The formal German surrender. Before repatriation, the Germans were required to remain and clean up after five years of occupation. There were 180 German minefields in Rogaland , with a total of 480,000 mines, all of which the German Wehrmacht were required to clear. Sixty-two Germans were killed and 94 were injured during mine clearance in Rogaland. Mines from this period continue to be uncovered. In 1969,

4950-410: The gas company were the most important places, and now came under control of the Germans. The city was conquered without conflict, but the first sparks of resistance had been ignited, and several men left the city and made their way to the Norwegian troops inside Gjesdal , there to join the armed struggle against the enemy. The Germans had placed a high priority to have a good railway connection between

5040-674: The inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget ( Staven meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is angr meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea , Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea. Stavanger Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

5130-475: The lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water. Situated on the south west coast of Norway, Stavanger's climate is greatly influenced by the temperate water in the North Sea, and Atlantic lows giving mild westerlies also in winter. This creates warmer temperatures throughout

5220-409: The landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife. The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than 20 m (66 ft) above sea level, While 7% of the land is at 60 m (200 ft). Stavanger's highest point is the 514 m (1,686 ft) tall Bandåsen. The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from

5310-498: The large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet , Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is 0.46 km (110 acres) making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used

5400-616: The late 20th century due to its oil industry. Stavanger is known today as the Oil Capital of Norway. Norwegian energy company Equinor , the largest company in the Nordic region, has its headquarters in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger . Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, including

5490-578: The mine barrage in the second phase of the fourth clearance operation conducted by the Minesweeping Detachment. The first days were uneventful. On 15 July, Flamingo anchored for the night, as was usual practice, to the north of the minefield. During the ensuing evening hours, strong winds and currents caused herto drag her anchor . She slowly worked southward from her original position. The next morning, when Flamingo weighed anchor to get underway, she discovered that she had drifted into

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5580-480: The minefield and had fouled one of the mines in her anchor cable. The mine was trailing just beneath the fantail of the ship and exploded beneath Flamingo ′s stern. The underwater blast badly damaged the rudder , disabled the capstan and generator , and dished in the ship's stern plating in several places. USS  Eider (Minesweeper No. 17) lent assistance and towed Flamingo to Invergordon , Scotland, for drydocking and repairs on 17 July 1919. Flamingo

5670-477: The most important events in Stavanger's city history was the gift letter that King Magnus Erlingsson gave to Stavanger Bishop Eirik Ivarsson in the second half of the 1100s. Exactly when the king made this gift letter, and under what circumstances it happened, is unknown. It may have been in 1163–1164, in connection with the King Magnus's coronation, but could also have been around 1181–1184, in connection with

5760-508: The municipal council is scheduled to vote (October 14) in regard to - if she should be relieved of her duties. The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low- Jæren , a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in

5850-427: The name, on 1 March 1923. She and the survey ships USC&GS Discoverer and USC&GS Pioneer , also former Navy minesweepers, were known as the "Bird Boats" in the Coast and Geodetic Survey because all had been named after birds – Guide had been USS Flamingo , Discoverer had been USS  Auk  (AM-38) , and Pioneer had been USS  Osprey  (AM-29) – while in Navy service. By January 1923,

5940-536: The planes, a total of six Fokker and three Caproni aircraft, were old and outdated. Shortly after the attack began, however, they took off. The German air attack increased in intensity. The bombardment lasted for about an hour before 10 slow Ju 52 transport aircraft arrived over the airport. They had taken off from the airport at Hamburg a few hours earlier. In a parachute assault, the transport planes first dropped yellow containers containing weapons and equipment, then between 10 and 12 paratroopers from each plane. This

6030-402: The public sector and 75.6% in the private sector and public enterprises. Industry has in recent years become highly decentralized. The most important of the newer industrial areas are Forus in the south, on the border of Sandnes and Sola , and Dusavik (mainly petroleum-related activities) in the north, on the border of Randfontein. Significant older industrial areas are Hillevåg , Buøy ,

6120-437: The reconfiguration, the Navy renamed the ship USS Viking , third U.S. Navy ship of the name, on 5 August 1941 and classified her as ARS-1 . While the alterations were still in progress, Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on 7 December 1941, plunging the United States into World War II . Placed in service on 3 January 1942, Viking was pronounced ready for duty on 12 February 1942. Manned by

6210-458: The ship, detecting the arrival of the underwater sound waves at hydrophones at remote locations, and radioing the time of arrival of the sound waves at the remote stations to the ship, allowing the ship′s crew to use triangulation to determine the ship′s position. Nicholas H. Heck (1882–1953), a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps officer , took charge of that development process. Both echo sounding and radio acoustic ranging required

6300-557: The ship. After sending the crew off in lifeboats, Æger used 25 shots with 10 cm (3.9 in) Bofors guns to sink Roda . Early on the morning of 9 April 1940, explosions and bomb blasts from Sola -edge and news bulletins on radio announced the German attack on Norway . Sola Airport was the Germans' first target on North Jæren . The airport was attacked by six German Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters at around 8 am. The airport had been built in 1937, and in April 1940 fortifications round

6390-583: The ships identified for transfer to the Navy was Guide , and, on 27 June 1941, she was transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Navy. An underwater geographic feature of the Pacific Ocean, Guide Seamount off the coast of California, is named for Guide . On 25 July 1941, work to convert the vessel into a rescue and salvage ship began at the San Diego Marine Construction Company in San Diego. During

6480-523: The south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between 0 and 50 m (0 and 164 ft) in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet , Stora Stokkavatnet , and Mosvatnet ) and three fjords ( Hafrsfjorden , Byfjorden , and Gandsfjorden ); sea and water form

6570-600: The support Stavanger Bishop Erik gave King Magnus at the end of the king's fight against the late King Sverre . It is undoubtedly correct to characterize Stavanger as a church city throughout the Middle Ages , up to the Reformation . The Reformation, however, dealt a hard blow to the Church in specific and Stavanger in general. The cathedral, the bishop and canons of the monastery had been large landowners. Recession of

6660-554: The technique at a distance of 206 nautical miles (382 km) between the ranging explosion and the remote hydrophones detecting its sound and in the process achieved the first observed indication of the ocean sound layer that was later called the sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel or deep sound channel (DSC). Based at San Diego and conducting hydrographic surveys off the U.S. West Coast, Guide performed Coast and Geodetic Survey duties for over 17 years. In company with Pioneer , she conducted many early bathymetric surveys on

6750-495: The theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park. Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to

6840-541: The time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration , a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States , commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America. Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger ,

6930-519: The two vessels joined the rescue and salvage ship USS  Seize  (ARS-26) in unsuccessful attempts to refloat the grounded tank landing ship USS  LST-563 . During the salvage operation, Viking suffered damage from heavy seas and put into San Diego for repairs soon thereafter. Viking subsequently operated out of San Diego and San Pedro through the end of World War II in mid-August 1945. She performed tug and tow services for ships ranging in size from destroyers to tank landing ships into

7020-408: The vine remains unknown. The Old Norse form of the name was Stafangr . The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay. The first element of the name is stafr meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of

7110-417: The walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is 2.19 km (0.85 sq mi) – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the 0.15 km (0.058 sq mi) Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is 8.2 km (5.1 mi) long. In

7200-431: The working population in the city was employed in industry . Structural changes in industry and the strong development of the service sector have radically changed the city's economic base, and the service industry now represents over 11 percent of employment. However, the city still has 29 percent of the county's industrial employment . Engineering is now the main industry with 59 percent of manufacturing employment. This

7290-502: The world's most punctual airports of its category by OAG in 2020. Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. The Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger

7380-427: The year compared to other cities at similar latitudes, and also gives plentiful precipitation in the form of rain, especially in late autumn and winter. According to Köppen climate classification , Stavanger experiences a temperate oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with five months with a mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F). Spring and early summer is the driest season. The all-time high 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) at

7470-401: Was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool . The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North- Jæren was an economic and military center as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at

7560-451: Was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated from 1591. It shows a branch of vine ( Vitis vinifera ). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of

7650-452: Was completed. Stavanger's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. This has caused the town center and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses, and has contributed significantly to spreading the city's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger . The city's population rapidly grew in

7740-502: Was continued development and refinement of both techniques during their operational use. Heck turned over continued development of echo sounding and radio acoustic ranging to Guide' s commanding officer, Commander Robert Luce, and returned to his duties in Washington, D.C. Operating off Oregon in 1924, Guide became the first ship to employ radio acoustic ranging operationally. While off Oregon that year, she successfully employed

7830-554: Was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation. With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life. Stavanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt ). On 1 January 1867,

7920-449: Was only the second ever wartime parachute assault; the first had occurred only three hours earlier, when a bridge south of Denmark was captured in the same way. At the Sola airport, the concrete bunker held out longest, but was eventually put out of action with a hand grenade. While Norwegian soldiers were badly injured in the attempted defense, there were no fatalities; in contrast, the Germans lost several. Lieutenant Thor Tang, who led

8010-488: Was possible using the new formulas. Experiments with radio acoustic ranging, despite initial difficulties, demonstrated that the method also was practical, although difficulty with getting some of the explosive charges to detonate hampered some of the experimental program. In April 1924, the Coast and Geodetic Survey concluded that both echo sounding and radio acoustic ranging were fundamentally sound, with no foundational problems left to solve, and that all that remained necessary

8100-463: Was ready to return to the base at Kirkwall by early August 1919. She transported a cargo of steel and lumber to Black Hawk on her return voyage, arriving at Kirkwall on 13 August 1919. Two days later, the minesweeper towed her crippled sister ship USS  Pelican (Minesweeper No. 27) to South Shields , England, for drydocking and repairs in the wake of Pelican ′s mining in July. Later in August, Flamingo resumed her minesweeper duties with

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