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66-584: AUR , or aur , may refer to: Acute urinary retention African Union of Railways Alliance for Romanian Unity Alliance for the Union of Romanians American University of Rome Arch User Repository Aur Atoll , Marshall Islands Auriga constellation abbreviation, as standardized by the International Astronomical Union Aur Island , Malaysia AUR,

132-463: A Caesarean section . Stress incontinence is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine with activities that increase abdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing and lifting. This happens when the urethral sphincter cannot close completely due to the damage in the sphincter itself, or the surrounding tissue. Additionally, frequent exercise in high-impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop. Urge urinary incontinence,

198-433: A Foley catheter that is placed with a small inflatable bulb that holds the catheter in place. Intermittent catheterization can be done by a health care professional or by the person themselves (clean intermittent self catheterization). Intermittent catheterization performed at the hospital is a sterile technique. Patients can be taught to use a self catheterization technique in one simple demonstration, and that reduces

264-619: A prostatic stent , or suprapubic cystostomy relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. BPH may respond to alpha blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy, or surgically with prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Use of alpha-blockers can provide relief of urinary retention following de-catheterization for both men and women. In case, if catheter can't be negotiated, suprapubic puncture can be done with lumbar puncture needle. Some people with BPH are treated with medications. These include tamsulosin to relax smooth muscles in

330-752: A stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help, and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others. Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause are major risk factors. Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners. There are four main types of incontinence: Treatments include behavioral therapy, pelvic floor muscle training , bladder training , medication, surgery, and electrical stimulation. Treatments that incorporate behavioral therapy are more likely to improve or cure stress, urge, and mixed incontinence, whereas, there

396-506: A PVR (post-void residual) volume of >300mL. Determining the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may help diagnose or rule out prostate cancer, though this is also raised in BPH and prostatitis . A TRUS biopsy of the prostate (transrectal ultrasound guided) can distinguish between these prostate conditions. Serum urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. Cystoscopy may be needed to explore

462-411: A bladder infection, bleeding from the prostate, scar formation, inability to hold urine, and inability to have an erection. The majority of these complications are short lived, and most individuals recover fully within 6–12 months. A meta-analysis on the influence of voiding position on urodynamics in males with lower urinary tract symptoms showed that in the sitting position, the residual urine in

528-451: A few minutes to regain continence. The European Association of Urology considers the artificial urinary sphincter as the gold standard in surgical management of stress urinary incontinence in men after prostatectomy . Globally, up to 35% of the population over the age of 60 years is estimated to be incontinent. In 2014, urinary leakage affected between 30% and 40% of people over 65 years of age living in their own homes or apartments in

594-416: A low risk of adverse events. Behavioral therapy is not curative for urinary incontinence, but it can improve a person's quality of life. Behavioral therapy has benefits as both a monotherapy (behaviorial therapy alone) and as an adjunct to medications (combining different therapies) for symptom reduction. Time voiding while urinating and bladder training are techniques that use biofeedback. In time voiding,

660-486: A role in the development of urinary incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence in women is most commonly caused by loss of support of the urethra , which is usually a consequence of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of pregnancy , childbirth, obesity , age, among others. About 33% of all women experience urinary incontinence after giving birth, and women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via

726-402: A very intense feeling of urination, not allowing enough time to reach the bathroom, a condition called overactive bladder syndrome . In men, the condition is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate), which causes bladder outlet obstruction , a dysfunction of the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder ), eventually causing overactive bladder syndrome , and

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792-402: A year. Among males over 80 this increases 30%. Onset can be sudden or gradual. When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control , mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections . Acute urinary retention

858-434: Is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The pain can be excruciating when urine is not able to flow out. Moreover, one can develop severe sweating , chest pain , anxiety and high blood pressure . Other patients may develop a shock-like condition and may require admission to a hospital. Serious complications of untreated urinary retention include bladder damage and chronic kidney failure . Urinary retention

924-405: Is a disorder treated in a hospital, and the quicker one seeks treatment, the fewer the complications. In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause: Risk factors include Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between

990-471: Is a progressive disorder and narrows the neck of the bladder leading to urinary retention. By the age of 70, almost 10 percent of males have some degree of BPH and 33% have it by the eighth decade of life. While BPH rarely causes sudden urinary retention, the condition can become acute in the presence of certain medications including antihypertensives , antihistamines , and antiparkinson medications, and after spinal anaesthesia or stroke . In young males,

1056-476: Is also recommended as it is associated with improvements in urinary incontinence in men and women. Weight loss may also be helpful for people who are overweight to improve symptoms of incontinence. Physical therapy can be effective for women in reducing urinary incontinence. Pelvic floor physical therapists work with patients to identify and treat underlying pelvic muscle dysfunction that can cease urinary incontinence. They may recommend exercises to strengthen

1122-409: Is an implantable device used to treat stress incontinence, mostly in men. The device is made of 2 or 3 parts: The pump, cuff, and balloon reservoir connected to each other by specialized tubes. The cuff wraps around the urethra and closes it. When the person wants to urinate, he presses the pump (implanted in the scrotum), to deflate the cuff, and allow the urine to pass. The cuff regains pressure within

1188-409: Is any uncontrolled leakage of urine . It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life . Urinary incontinence is common in older women and has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting). UI is an example of

1254-447: Is caused by uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle , a condition known as overactive bladder syndrome . This type of urinary incontinence is more commonly seen in women of older age. It is characterized by leaking of large amounts of urine in association with insufficient warning to get to the bathroom in time. Urge incontinence is the most common type of incontinence in men. Similar to women, urine leakage happens following

1320-578: Is common after prostate cancer treatments. While urinary incontinence affects older men more often than younger men, the onset of incontinence can happen at any age. Estimates around 2007 suggested that 17 percent of men over age 60, an estimated 600,000 men in the US , experienced urinary incontinence, with this percentage increasing with age. Incontinence happens less often after age 5: About 10 percent of 5-year-olds, 5 percent of 10-year-olds, and 1 percent of 18-year-olds experience episodes of incontinence. It

1386-574: Is expensive both to individuals in the form of bladder control products and to the health care system and nursing home industry. Injury-related to incontinence is a leading cause of admission to assisted living and nursing care facilities. In 1997 more than 50% of nursing facility admissions were related to incontinence. Approximately 17% of non-pregnant women have urinary incontinence, with the most common types being stress, urgency, and mixed. Bladder symptoms affect women of all ages. However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women. Women over

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1452-406: Is higher and/or bladder capacity lower. For acute urinary retention, treatment requires urgent placement of a urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter may cause discomfort and pain that can last several days. Older people with ongoing problems may require continued intermittent self catheterization (CISC). CISC has a lower infection risk compared to catheterization techniques that stay within

1518-1141: Is limited evidence to support the benefit of hormones and periurethral bulking agents. The complications and long-term safety of the treatments is variable. Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes. Urologic causes can be classified as either bladder dysfunction or urethral sphincter incompetence and may include detrusor overactivity , poor bladder compliance, urethral hypermobility , or intrinsic sphincter deficiency . Non-urologic causes may include infection , medication or drugs, psychological factors, polyuria , hydrocephalus , stool impaction , and restricted mobility. The causes leading to urinary incontinence are usually specific to each sex, however, some causes are common to both men and women. The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence . Women that have symptoms of both types are said to have "mixed" urinary incontinence. After menopause , estrogen production decreases and, in some women, urethral tissue will demonstrate atrophy , becoming weaker and thinner, possibly playing

1584-531: Is mixed. There is some very weak evidence that electrical stimulation that is low in frequency may be helpful in combination with other standard treatments for women with overactive bladder condition, however, the evidence supporting a role for biofeedback combined with pelvic floor muscle training is very weak and likely indicates that biofeedback-assistance is not helpful when included with conservative treatments for overactive bladder. Preoperative pelvic floor muscle training in men undergoing radical prostatectomy

1650-820: Is not clear if antibiotics taken prophylactically after surgery are helpful at decreasing the risk of an infection after surgery. The use of transvaginal mesh implants and bladder slings is controversial due to the risk of debilitating painful side effects such as vaginal erosion. In 2012 transvaginal mesh implants were classified as a high risk device by the US Food and Drug Administration. Urodynamic testing seems to confirm that surgical restoration of vault prolapse can cure motor urge incontinence. Traditional suburethral sling operations are probably slightly better than open abdominal retropubic colposuspension and are probably slightly less effective than mid-urethral sling operations in reducing urinary incontinence in women, but it

1716-404: Is still uncertain if any of the different types of traditional suburethral sling operations are better than others. Similarly, there is insufficient long term evidence to be certain about the effectiveness or safety of single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Traditional suburethral slings may have a higher risk of surgical complications than minimally invasive slings but

1782-522: Is twice as common in girls as in boys. The management of urinary incontinence with pads is mentioned in the earliest medical book known, the Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC). Incontinence has historically been a taboo subject in Western culture. However, this situation changed some when Kimberly-Clark aggressively marketed adult diapers in the 1980s with actor June Allyson as spokeswoman. Allyson

1848-669: Is typical in clinical practice to begin with behavioral therapy, then move on to oral medication if behavioral therapy is ineffective. If both behavioral therapy and oral medication are ineffective, the patient may be given bladder botox or neuromodulation therapy. Behavioral therapy involves the use of both suppressive techniques (distraction, relaxation) and learning to avoid foods that may worsen urinary incontinence. This may involve avoiding or limiting consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Behavioral therapies, including bladder training, biofeedback, and pelvic floor muscle training, are most effective for improving urinary incontinence in women, with

1914-410: Is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating. Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen . Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent , or surgery. Males are more often affected than females. In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected

1980-499: The detrusor muscle , urethral sphincter , supportive tissue and nerves can lead to some type of incontinence . For example, stress urinary incontinence is usually a result of the incompetent closure of the urethral sphincter. This can be caused by damage to the sphincter itself, the muscles that support it, or nerves that supply it. In men, the damage usually happens after prostate surgery or radiation, and in women, it's usually caused by childbirth and pregnancy. The pressure inside

2046-574: The urethra , nerve problems, certain medications, and weak bladder muscles. Blockage can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures , bladder stones , a cystocele , constipation , or tumors . Nerve problems can occur from diabetes , trauma, spinal cord problems , stroke , or heavy metal poisoning . Medications that can cause problems include anticholinergics , antihistamines , tricyclic antidepressants , cyclobenzaprine , diazepam , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), amphetamines , and opioids . Diagnosis

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2112-424: The urethra , the tube through which urine leaves the body. Continence and micturition involve a balance between urethral closure and detrusor muscle activity (the muscle of the bladder). During urination , detrusor muscles in the wall of the bladder contract, forcing urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. At the same time, sphincter muscles surrounding the urethra relax, letting urine pass out of

2178-473: The 1-h pad test, measuring leakage volume; using a voiding diary, counting the number of incontinence episodes (leakage episodes) per day; and assessing of the strength of pelvic floor muscles, measuring the maximum vaginal squeeze pressure. There are 4 main types of urinary incontinence: Yearly screening is recommended for women by the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI) and people who test positive in

2244-706: The IATA code for A. A. Bere Tallo Airport in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia AUR, the National Rail code for Aberdour railway station in Scotland, UK "AUR" is a Pakistani music band formed by Ahad, Usama, and Raffey. See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing AUR All pages with titles beginning with AUR Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

2310-510: The U.S. Twenty-four percent of older adults in the U.S. have moderate or severe urinary incontinence that should be treated medically. People with dementia are three times more likely to have urinary incontinence compared to people of similar ages. Bladder control problems have been found to be associated with higher incidence of many other health problems such as obesity and diabetes. Difficulty with bladder control results in higher rates of depression and limited activity levels. Incontinence

2376-501: The abdomen (from coughing and sneezing) is normally transmitted to both urethra and bladder equally, leaving the pressure difference unchanged, resulting in continence. When the sphincter is incompetent, this increase in pressure will push the urine against it, leading to incontinence. Another example is urge incontinence. This incontinence is associated with sudden forceful contractions of the detrusor muscle (bladder muscle), leading to an intense feeling of urination, and incontinence if

2442-475: The age of 40 develop urinary difficulty as a result of acute prostatitis. Most physicians and other health care professionals are aware of these disorders. Worldwide, both BPH and acute prostatitis have been found in males of all races and ethnic backgrounds. Cancers of the urinary tract can cause urinary obstruction but the process is more gradual. Cancer of the bladder , prostate or ureters can gradually obstruct urine output. Cancers often present with blood in

2508-423: The age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems. One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy . Men tend to experience incontinence less often than women, and the structure of the male urinary tract accounts for this difference. Stress incontinence

2574-438: The associated incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence is the other common type of incontinence in men, and it most commonly happens after prostate surgery. Prostatectomy , transurethral resection of the prostate , prostate brachytherapy , and radiotherapy can all damage the urethral sphincter and surrounding tissue, causing it to be incompetent. An incompetent urethral sphincter cannot prevent urine from leaking out of

2640-429: The bladder neck, and finasteride and dutasteride to decrease prostate enlargement. The drugs only work for mild cases of BPH but also have mild side effects. Some of the medications decrease libido and may cause dizziness , fatigue and lightheadedness . Acute urinary retention is treated by placement of a urinary catheter (small thin flexible tube) into the bladder. This can be either an intermittent catheter or

2706-420: The bladder was significantly reduced, the maximum urinary flow was increased, and the voiding time was decreased. For healthy males, no influence was found on these parameters, meaning that they can urinate in either position. Urinary retention is a common disorder in elderly males. The most common cause of urinary retention is BPH. This disorder starts around age 50 and symptoms may appear after 10–15 years. BPH

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2772-450: The bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20-25 mL/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of

2838-496: The bladder. While some of these medications appear to have a small benefit, the risk of side effects are a concern. Medications are effective for about one in ten people, and all medications have similar efficacy. Medications are not recommended for those with stress incontinence and are only recommended in those with urge incontinence who do not improve with bladder training. While medications have been shown to be helpful with treating urinary incontinence, studies have shown that

2904-504: The body. Challenges with CISC include compliance issues as some people may not be able to place the catheter themselves. The chronic form of urinary retention may require some type of surgical procedure. While both procedures are relatively safe, complications can occur. In most patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a procedure known as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) may be performed to relieve bladder obstruction. Surgical complications from TURP include

2970-401: The body. The urethral sphincter is the muscular ring that closes the outlet of the urinary bladder preventing urine to pass outside the body. Urethral pressure normally exceeds bladder pressure, resulting in urine remaining in the bladder , and maintaining continence. The urethra is supported by pelvic floor muscles and tissue, allowing it to close firmly. Any damage to this balance between

3036-428: The body. Controlling this activity involves nerves, muscles, the spinal cord and the brain. The bladder is made of two types of muscles: the detrusor and the sphincter. The detrusor is a muscular sac that stores urine and squeezes to empty. Connected to the bottom or next of the bladder, the sphincter is a circular group of muscles that automatically stays contracted to hold the urine in. It will automatically relax when

3102-442: The brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder. The most common cause of chronic urinary retention is BPH. Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of micturition (urination) abnormality. Common findings, determined by ultrasound of

3168-480: The child decides it is the time and place to void. Failures in this control mechanism result in incontinence. Reasons for this failure range from the simple to the complex. The pattern of voiding and urine leakage is important as it suggests the type of incontinence. Other points include straining and discomfort, use of drugs, recent surgery, and illness. The physical examination looks for signs of medical conditions causing incontinence, such as tumors that block

3234-500: The decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle . In chronic retention, ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml). Non-neurogenic chronic urinary retention does not have a standardized definition; however, urine volumes >300mL can be used as an informal indicator. Diagnosis of urinary retention is conducted over a period of 6 months, with 2 separate measurements of urine volume 6 months apart. Measurements should have

3300-448: The detrusor contracts to let the urine into the urethra. A third group of muscles below the bladder (pelvic floor muscles) can contract to keep urine back. A baby's bladder fills to a set point, then automatically contracts and empties. As the child gets older, the nervous system develops. The child's brain begins to get messages from the filling bladder and begins to send messages to the bladder to keep it from automatically emptying until

3366-557: The first line treatment that's most effective against urinary incontinence is behavioral therapy. Injectable bulking agents may be used to enhance urethral support, however, they are of unclear benefit. Women and men that have persistent incontinence despite optimal conservative therapy may be candidates for surgery. Surgery may be used to help stress or overflow incontinence . Common surgical techniques for stress incontinence include slings , tension-free vaginal tape, bladder suspension, artificial urinary sphincters, among others. It

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3432-447: The most common cause of urinary retention is infection of the prostate ( acute prostatitis ). The infection is acquired during sexual intercourse and presents with low back pain, penile discharge, low grade fever and an inability to pass urine. The exact number of individuals with acute prostatitis is unknown, because many do not seek treatment. In the US, at least 1–3 percent of males under

3498-463: The muscles, electrostimulation , or biofeedback treatments. Exercising the muscles of the pelvis such as with Kegel exercises are a first line treatment for women with stress incontinence. Efforts to increase the time between urination, known as bladder training , is recommended in those with urge incontinence. Both these may be used in those with mixed incontinence. Physical therapy, both by itself and in combination with anticholinergic drugs,

3564-414: The patient become aware of his or her body's functioning. By using electronic devices or diaries to track when the bladder and urethral muscles contract, the patient can gain control over these muscles. Biofeedback can be used with pelvic muscle exercises and electrical stimulation to relieve stress and urge incontinence. The evidence supporting the role for biofeedback devices in treating urinary incontinence

3630-496: The patient fills in a chart of voiding and leaking. From the patterns that appear in the chart, the patient can plan to empty his or her bladder before he or she would otherwise leak. Biofeedback and muscle conditioning, known as bladder training, can alter the bladder's schedule for storing and emptying urine. These techniques are effective for urge and overflow incontinence. Avoiding heavy lifting and preventing constipation may help with uncontrollable urine leakage. Stopping smoking

3696-413: The person does not reach the bathroom on time. The syndrome is known as overactive bladder syndrome , and it's related to dysfunction of the detrusor muscle. Urination, or voiding, is a complex activity. The bladder is a balloon-like muscle that lies in the lowest part of the abdomen. The bladder stores urine and then releases it through the urethra, which is the canal that carries urine to the outside of

3762-399: The rate of infection from long-term Foley catheters. Self catheterization requires doing the procedure periodically during the day, the frequency depending on fluid intake and bladder capacity. If fluid intake/outflow is around 1.5 litres per day, this would typically be performed roughly three times per day, i.e. roughly every six to eight hours during the day, more frequently when fluid intake

3828-533: The risk of complications compared with other types of operation is still uncertain. Laparoscopic colposuspension (keyhole surgery through the abdomen) with sutures is as effective as open colposuspension for curing incontinence in women up to 18 months after surgery, but it is unclear whether there are fewer risk of complications during or after surgery. There is probably a higher risk of complications with traditional suburethral slings than with open abdominal retropubic suspension. The artificial urinary sphincter

3894-927: The screening process would need to be referred for further testing to understand how to help treat their condition. Screening questions should inquire about what symptoms they have experienced, how severe the symptoms are, and if the symptoms affect their daily lives. As of 2018 , studies have not shown a change in outcomes with urinary incontinence screenings in women. Treatment options include conservative treatment, behavioral therapy, bladder retraining, pelvic floor therapy , collecting devices (for men), fixer-occluder devices for incontinence (in men), medications, and surgery. Both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments may be effective for treating UI in non-pregnant women. All treatments, except hormones and periurethral bulking agents, are more effective than no treatment in improving or curing UI symptoms or achieving patient satisfaction. For urinary incontinence in women, it

3960-469: The title AUR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AUR&oldid=1247680464 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Urinary retention Causes include blockage of

4026-427: The urinary bladder during activities that increase the intraabdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Continence usually improves within 6 to 12 months after prostate surgery without any specific interventions, and only 5 to 10% of people report persistent symptoms. The body stores urine — water and wastes removed by the kidneys — in the urinary bladder , a balloon-like organ. The bladder connects to

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4092-426: The urinary passage and rule out blockages. In acute cases of urinary retention where associated symptoms in the lumbar spine are present such as pain, numbness ( saddle anesthesia ), parasthesias, decreased anal sphincter tone, or altered deep tendon reflexes, an MRI of the lumbar spine should be considered to further assess cauda equina syndrome . In acute urinary retention, urinary catheterization , placement of

4158-446: The urinary tract, stool impaction, and poor reflexes or sensations, which may be evidence of a nerve-related cause. Other tests include: People are often asked to keep a diary for a day or more, up to a week, to record the pattern of voiding, noting times and the amounts of urine produced. Research projects that assess the efficacy of anti-incontinence therapies often quantify the extent of urinary incontinence. The methods include

4224-486: The urine , weight loss , lower back pain or gradual distension in the flanks. Urinary retention in females is uncommon, occurring 1 in 100,000 every year, with a female-to-male incidence rate of 1:13. It is usually transient. The causes of UR in women can be multi-factorial, and can be postoperative and postpartum. Prompt urethral catheterization usually resolves the problem. Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence ( UI ), also known as involuntary urination ,

4290-416: Was found to be more successful in reducing urinary incontinence in women than anticholinergics by themselves. Small vaginal cones of increasing weight may be used to help with exercise. They seem to be better than no active treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence, and have similar effects to training of pelvic floor muscles or electrostimulation . Biofeedback uses measuring devices to help

4356-713: Was not effective in reducing urinary incontinence. Alternative exercises have been studied for stress urinary incontinence in women. Evidence was insufficient to support the use of Paula method , abdominal muscle training, Pilates , Tai chi , breathing exercises , postural training, and generalized fitness. Individuals who continue to experience urinary incontinence need to find a management solution that matches their individual situation. The use of mechanical devices has not been well studied in women, as of 2014. A number of medications exist to treat urinary incontinence including: fesoterodine , tolterodine and oxybutynin . These medications work by relaxing smooth muscle in

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