Misplaced Pages

#958041

20-658: Their resettlement began in 1854. The first Cossack stanitsa (Khabarovskaya) was created in 1858. A decree announcing the creation of the Amur Cossack Host was issued in 1860. Initially the host was subordinate to the military governor of the Amur Oblast and Primorye . In 1879 it became responsible to the governor of the Amur Oblast. Subsequently, the Amur Cossack army became the responsibility of

40-792: A dark green chessman (frock coat) with yellow piping on cuffs and collar, the fleece hat and blue-grey breeches with yellow stripes. The field service dress worn during World War I consisted of a khaki-grey tunic or blouse, worn with the grey-blue breeches noted above. In common with other Cossacks, no spurs were worn by the Amur Host. Stanitsa A stanitsa or stanitza ( / s t ə ˈ n iː t s ə / ; Russian : станица [stɐˈnʲitsə] ), also spelled stanycia ( станиця [stɐˈnitsʲɐ] in Ukrainian ) or stanica ( станіца [stɐˈɲitsɐ] in Belarusian ),

60-838: A total of 3,600 men. The Amur Cossack Host took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China , the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 and World War I . During the Russian Civil War a significant number of the Amur Cossacks fought on the side of the Soviets . There were also some small units that fought on the side of the White Movement , more specifically in helping to regain control of

80-663: The Cossack peoples who lived in the Russian Empire . Each stanitsa contained several villages and khutirs . An assembly of landowners governed each stanitsa community. This assembly distributed land, oversaw institutions like schools, and elected a stanitsa administration and court. The stanitsa administration consisted of an Ataman , a collection of legislators, and a treasurer . The stanitsa court made judgements regarding "petty criminal and civil suits". All inhabitants, except for non-Cossacks, were considered members of

100-601: The Kuban Cossacks and were common in Kuban Oblast with different variations. There were various types of otaman: Otamans were also in charge of general- and regimental-size artillery units, as well as any volunteer military formations and the Zholdak cavalry. Atamans were the titles of supreme leaders of various Cossack armies during the Russian Civil War . When Ukraine acquired its independence in 1918,

120-521: The Red Army 's Southern Front issued an order renaming the stanitsas to generic volosts , or counties. Local revolutionary committees assisted in this, passing resolutions in parallel to destroy the stanitsa as a social unit. The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine lists the specific end date of the existence of the traditional stanitsa as 1920. Later in the Soviet Union, the term stanitsa

140-659: The 1917 October Revolution in Russia, a new Soviet regime took power. Beginning in 1919, the Soviet regime pursued a policy of genocide and systematic repression against Cossacks known as De-Cossackization . The policy aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance and eliminating Cossack distinctness. As part of this policy,

160-521: The Amur region. The distinguishing colour of the Amur Cossack Host was yellow; worn on the cap bands and broad trouser stripes of a green uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Epaulettes were green. High fleece hats were worn on occasion with yellow cloth tops. White blouses and cap covers were worn in summer (see photograph opposite). In 1911 their parade uniform comprised

180-646: The Governor-General of the Amur region and the Commander of the armies of the military district of the Amur region (the latter was also the ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Hosts ). The headquarters of the Amur Cossack Host was located in Blagoveshchensk . The Amur Cossack Host patrolled the borders along the Amur River and Ussuri River (in 1889, a separate Ussuri Cossack Host

200-683: The Host Council or could have been appointed, especially during the military campaigns. The appointed otamans were called acting otaman ( наказний отаман , nakaznyi otaman ). In the Cossack Hetmanate , leaders of non-Cossack military units ( artillery , etc.) were also called otamans . In the Cossack Hetmanate, the title was used for the administrative purposes, such as the head of the city, City Otaman (городовий отаман). Later such administrative uses were adopted by

220-576: The Soviet forces sought to erase Cossack administrative structures, especially of the Don Cossacks. The purpose of this was to "deny Cossacks any Don structure as a point of identification and to 'dilute' the Cossack population by appending portions of neighboring non-Cossack provinces". This included distinctly Cossack names for administrative units, as the Cossacks were fond of these names "as markers of their distinctiveness from peasants." The Soviets sought to erase these identities. On 20 April 1919,

SECTION 10

#1732772691959

240-745: The rank took on different value. Among the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army , it was equivalent to a major, as is the battalion executive officer today. In the Ukrainian People's Republic , the title was of a general rank. Chief Otoman (головний отаман) was the general of the Ukrainian Army who was assisted by his deputies, Acting Otomans. The head of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic , in particular, Symon Petliura ,

260-412: The stanitsa. Non-Cossacks were required to pay a fee to use the local land owned by the stanitsa. The stanitsa was first an administrative unit in the 18th century. In the late 18th century, when the Cossack peoples largely lost their autonomy within the empire, they still kept self-governance at the level of the stanitsa; each stanitsa was still allowed to elect its own assembly. In the aftermath of

280-605: The word might be of Turkic origin, literally meaning 'father of horsemen' or 'father of men', 'pure blooded father' or 'eldest man'. Considering the '-man' suffix in turkic languages means men, person, pure blooded or most. Dictionaries assert that the word comes from the German word ' Hauptmann' which means 'head man', 'headman' or 'chieftain' which entered the Russian language through Polish ' hetman '. See also Hetman § Etymology . Otamans were usually elected by

300-461: The words, all referring to the same concept. The hetman form cognates with German Hauptmann ('captain', literally 'head-man') by the way of Czech or Polish , like several other titles. The Russian term ataman is probably connected to Old East Slavic vatamanŭ, and cognates with Turkic odoman ( Ottoman Turks ). The term ataman may had also a lingual interaction with Polish hetman and German hauptmann . Suggestions have been made that

320-483: Was a historical administrative unit of a Cossack host , a type of Cossack polity that existed in the Russian Empire . The Russian word is the diminutive of the word stan ( стан ), which means "station" or "police district". It is distantly related to the Sanskrit word sthāna ( स्थान ), which means "station", "locality", or "district". The stanitsa was a unit of economic and political organisation of

340-532: Was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire , the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukrainian version of the same word is hetman . Otaman in Ukrainian Cossack forces was a position of a lower rank. The etymologies of the words ataman and hetman are disputed. There may be several independent Germanic and Turkic origins for seemingly cognate forms of

360-659: Was created for patrolling the Ussuri). It also staffed the Amur-Ussuri flotilla (river squadron), created in 1897. The Amur Cossacks possessed 5,8 million desyatinas of land (64,000 km). The Cossack population (120 settlements ) numbered 49,200 people. In times of peace, the Amur Cossack Host supplied 1 mounted regiment (4 sotnyas ) and 1 platoon of local guards. In times of war this contribution expanded to two mounted regiments, 1 platoon of guards, 5 special and 1 reserve sotnyas and 1 infantry battalion . These made up

380-524: Was reorganized into the town Sunzha . The town Stanytsia Luhanska in Ukraine , originally founded by Cossacks, still has stanytsia in its name. This Russian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ukrainian history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ataman Ataman (variants: otaman , wataman , vataman ; Russian : атаман ; Ukrainian : отаман )

400-590: Was used after 1929 to refer to rural settlements on former Cossack land that were governed by soviet councils . In modern Russia , the administration classifies a stanitsa as a type of rural locality in these federal subjects of Russia : The most populous stanitsa in modern Russia is Kanevskaya in Krasnodar Krai (44,800 people in 2005). Formerly, the most populous stanitsa was Ordzhonikidzevskaya in Ingushetia (61,598 people in 2010), but in 2016 it

#958041