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32-520: The name and, according to some sources the shape, of the amalaka comes from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica (or Mirobalanus embilica ), the Indian gooseberry , or myrobolan fig tree. This is called āmalaki in Sanskrit , and the fruit has a slightly segmented shape, though this is much less marked than in the architectural shape. The amalaka itself is crowned with a kalasam or finial, from which

64-543: A blend of spices such as mustard seeds, fenugreek, nigella seeds, and chili powder. The pickles are then left to mature in airtight jars, allowing the flavors to develop over time. Bengali pickles are cherished for their tangy, spicy, and sometimes sweet taste profiles. They are often served as accompaniments to rice, bread, or curry dishes, enhancing the overall dining experience. Popular varieties of Bengali pickles include mango pickle, lime pickle, mixed vegetable pickle, and fish pickle. Pickles can be also popular depending on

96-473: A burst of flavors to meals. These pickles are made by preserving various fruits, vegetables, and even fish or meat in a mixture of spices, oil, and vinegar or lemon juice, which is why pickles of Bangladesh taste different. The tradition of making pickles in Bangladesh dates back centuries, with each region having its own unique recipes and techniques. The process involves marinating the chosen ingredient with

128-476: A staple with everyday meals. Amla ( Indian gooseberry ) ( usirikāya in Telugu) and lemon ( nimmakāya in Telugu) pickles are widely eaten as well. In the state of Tamil Nadu , the mango pickle māvaḍu is a staple condiment. Māvaḍu is usually made early in the summer season, when mangoes are barely an inch long. The preservation process uses castor oil , giving the pickle a unique taste. Tamil Nadu

160-542: A sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It is traditionally consumed after meals. In the Batak area of Sumatra , Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as holat . In Ayurveda , dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent. In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to

192-638: A temple banner is often hung. The shape first appears (or survives) as an element in the capitals of columns around the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, recurring in some capitals of the 1st century CE. In some of these, as at the Great Chaitya at the Karla Caves , and the verandahs to Caves 3, 10 and 17 at the Pandavleni Caves , the amalaka is "boxed" with a rectangular framework cage. The oldest representation of an Amalaka as

224-478: A traditional Burmese curry called wet thanat hin ( ဝက်သနပ်ဟင်း ). In Nepal , achaar ( Nepali : अचार ) is commonly eaten with the staple dal-bhat-tarkari as well as momo . Many achaar factories in Nepal are women-owned or operated by women. Nepalese achaar is made with spices such as mustard seeds, timur ( Sichuan pepper ), cumin powder, coriander powder, turmeric powder, and chili powder. Some of

256-460: Is thanat ( Burmese : သနပ် ). Mango pickle ( သရက်သီးသနပ် ) ( thayet thi thanat ) is the most prevalent variety. The pickle is made with green, ripe, or dried mangoes cured in vinegar, sugar, salt, chili powder, masala , garlic, fresh chilies, and mustard seeds . Mango pickle is commonly used as a condiment alongside curries and biryani in Burmese cuisine . It is also a mainstay ingredient in

288-1937: Is a Hindu occasion dedicated to Vishnu, venerating the myrobalan. South Asian pickle South Asian pickle is a pickled food made from a variety of vegetables, meats and fruits preserved in brine , vinegar , edible oils , and various South Asian spices . The pickles are popular across South Asia, with many regional variants, natively known as lonache , avalehikā , uppinakaayi , khatai , pachadi or noncha , achaar (sometimes spelled aachaar , atchar or achar ), athāṇu or athāṇo or athāna , khaṭāī or khaṭāin , sandhan or sendhan or sāṇdhāṇo , kasundi , or urugaai . Terms used for pickles in South Asia vary regionally. They are known as uppinakaayi in Kannada , pachchadi , avakaya , achaar , tokku , or ūragāya in Telugu , oorugaai in Tamil , uppillittuthu in Malayalam , loncha in Marathi , lonchem in Konkani , athāṇu in Gujarati , athā ṇ o in Rajasthani and Braj , sendhān or sandhān in Awadhi , Bagheli and Bhojpuri , khaṭāiṇ or sāndhaṇo in Sindhi , kasundi in Bangla and Odia . In Hindi , native words for pickle which are rooted in Sanskrit include athāna , noncha , sendhān , and khaṭaī . Another term, achaar ,

320-415: Is also known for the nārttaṅgai , which consists of unripe citrons cut into spirals and stuffed with salt, and for mōr miḷagai , which consists of sun-dried chillies stuffed with salted yogurt. In the state of Karnataka , the tender whole mango pickle māvina uppinakāyi is made by dehydrating tender whole mangoes with salt. Appemidi or Appimidi is the mango variety which gives distinct taste to

352-658: Is also used in Hindi , Nepali , Urdu , and Bengali . Early Sanskrit and Tamil literature uses the terms Avalehika, Upadamzam , Sandhita, and Avaleha for pickles. In Hindustani, an additional word, āchār ( अचार or आचार ), is used for pickles, along with other native Hindi words. Āchār is a loanword of Persian origin, entered popular use as the Hindustani term for pickles under Islamic rule . However, pickles in India are totally different from vinegar-based pickles in

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384-960: Is among the more popular varieties of karuvāḍu . In Kerala, tuna and sardines are finely chopped, marinated in spices, and cooked on the stove top to make in mīn acār . While fish and shrimp pickles are eaten in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, they are not as popular as lamb and chicken pickles. Unripe mangoes, lemon, green chilis, gundā ( Cordia dichotoma ), and kerda are commonly used as key ingredients in Gujarati pickles. Common Gujarati pickles include salted mango pickle made with groundnut oil and spiced with fenugreek seeds and red chili powder; hot and sweet mango pickle made with groundnut oil and jaggery , fennel seeds, dry dates ( khārēk ), mustard , and red chili powder; and hot and sweet mango pickle made with sugar syrup, cumin , and chili powder. The Burmese word for pickle

416-506: Is small to medium in size, reaching 1–8 metres ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 –26 feet) in height. The bark is mottled. The branchlets are finely pubescent (not glabrous ), 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long, usually deciduous. The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish–yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish–yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit

448-687: Is up to 26 millimetres (1 in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5 grams (0.2 ounces), cultivated fruits average 28.4 g (1 oz) to 56 g (2 oz). The fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and have a bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins , such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%). Amla also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols , such as flavonoids , kaempferol , ellagic acid , and gallic acid . Ripening in autumn,

480-666: Is used as the main preserve. Homemade pickles are prepared in the summer. They are matured through exposure to sunlight for up to two weeks. The pickle is traditionally covered with muslin while it is maturing. Chili peppers are the decisive ingredient in South Asian pickles, though other ingredients vary by region within the Indian subcontinent. Some commonly used ingredients are limes, lemons, mangoes, ginger, and eggplants . In Bengali culture , pickles are known as Achar ( Bengali : আচার) or Asar ( Bengali : আসার). Bengali pickles are an integral part of Bengali cuisine , adding

512-417: Is well-known as a hub for commercial achaar , and is particularly famous for pachranga (literally "five colors", prepared with five vegetables) and satranga (literally "seven colors", prepared with seven vegetables). Pachranga and satranga achaar are matured in mustard oil and whole spices with ingredients like raw mangoes, chickpeas , lotus stem, karonda , myrobalan , and limes. Pachranga achaar

544-461: The Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan". In Theravada Buddhism , this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi , by the twenty first Buddha , named Phussa Buddha . In Hinduism, the myrobalan, called

576-456: The Deccan , such as the 7th-century Lakshamana temple in brick at Sirpur , have amalakas at the corners of some level of the shikhara (but not, as it survives, at the top in the usual way). Like other parts of Hindu temple architecture , there is a large body of symbolic and mystical interpretation around the amalaka. It is seen as a ring gripping and embracing a notional pillar that rises from

608-638: The Ni'matnama (1500 CE) cookbook. Chili peppers were introduced to South Asia by Portuguese traders in ports controlled by the Mughal Empire on the western coast of Gujarat. It is unclear when red chili peppers came to be used in pickles as they are today, since medieval texts do not mention their use in pickles. Before the introduction of chili peppers by the Portuguese, black pepper, long pepper, and Piper chaba (in both fresh and dried forms) were

640-554: The āmalaka in Sanskrit , is sacred to all three members of the Trimurti , the Hindu supreme trinity of Brahma , Vishnu , and Shiva . According to legend, during a religious gathering, Lakshmi , Vishnu's consort, expressed a desire to worship Shiva, while Parvati , Shiva's consort, wished to worship Vishnu. Moved by each other's piety, they shed tears upon the earth, from which emerged the first myrobalan trees. The Amalaka Ekadashi

672-1229: The Middle East. In Persian, the word āchār is defined as "powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, or syrup". Early pickle recipes in Ayurvedic and Sangam period texts mention several varieties of pickles, including the earliest known mention of mango pickles. Nalachampu , a Sanskrit epic written by Trivikrama Bhatta in 915 CE, describes pickles made from green mango, green peppercorns , long pepper , raw cardamom , lemon , lime , myrobalan , hog plum , stone apple , and fragrant manjack . Early medieval cookbooks such as Lokopakara (1025 CE), Manasollasa (1130 CE), Pakadarpana (1200 CE), and Soopa Shastra (1508 CE), Kshemakutuhala (1549 CE) mentions pickle recipes that use green mango, green peppercorns, longpepper, lemons and limes, turmeric root, mango-ginger root, ginger , radish , bitter gourd , cucumber , lotus root, and bamboo shoots . The religious text Lingapurana by Gurulinga Desika (1594 CE) mentions more than fifty kinds of pickles. Unique pickles made from edible flowers are also mentioned in

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704-665: The base for the kalasha is seen in a door jamb at the Dahshavatara temple at Deogarh , dated to about 500 AD. Amalakas appear to have been common at the top of shikhara by the Gupta period , though no originals remain in place. They were to remain standard in most of India, in the Nagara and Kalinga architecture styles of the west and east respectively, but not in the Dravidian architecture of South India . Some early temples in

736-475: The berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing the fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous. The amla fruit may be eaten raw or cooked, and in South Asia , the fruit is often pickled with salt, oil, and spices. It is used as an ingredient in dishes including dal (a lentil preparation), and is also made into amle ka murabbah ,

768-599: The district such as Shatkora achar of Sylhet and Chui jhal achar of Khulna are famous even outside India and Bangladesh. The art of making pickles is passed down through generations, with families having their secret recipes and methods. Pickles also serve as condiment for rice in Bengal . Bengali pickles are a cherished part of the culinary culture in Bangladesh. They offer a delightful blend of flavors and are an essential accompaniment to Bengali meals. The tradition of making pickles has been preserved for centuries, showcasing

800-405: The fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka , Buddha's knowledge is described in a poetic simile: "O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand". Half an amla fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist sangha by the great Indian emperor Ashoka . This is illustrated in

832-561: The immensely hot and sunny climate in the region. The sun-drying process naturally preserves the vegetables, along with spices such as mustard , fenugreek seeds, chili powder , salt, asafoetida , and turmeric. To speed up the process, vegetables may be cooked before drying. The states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are particularly well-known for their spicy pickles. Unripe mango with garlic and ginger ( āvakāya in Telugu) and unripe tamarind with green chilies ( cintakāya in Telugu) and red chillies ( korivi kāram in Telugu) are

864-404: The main cult image of the deity below it in the sanctum, and reaches up to heaven through the top of the temple. Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthus emblica , also known as emblic , emblic myrobalan , myrobalan , Indian gooseberry , Malacca tree , or amla , is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae . Its native range is tropical and southern Asia . The tree

896-464: The main source of heat in ancient and medieval pickles. In India, there are two main types of pickles: pickles made with sesame or mustard oil , and pickles made without oil. Pickles without oil use salt to draw out the moisture from green mangoes or lemons to create a brine. A mixture of lemon or lime juice with salt or traditional ganne ka sirka ( sugarcane vinegar) may also be used as brine. In some pickles from Gujarat and Rajasthan , jaggery

928-415: The mango pickle made Also pickles made from Gooseberry (Nelikayi), Hogplum (Ametekayi), Lemon (Nimbekayi or Limbekayi) is popular. Also Udupi cuisine has unique way of making Indian pickles without any use of edible oil. South Indians living in the coastal areas also pickle fish and meats. In Tamil Nadu, karuvāḍu is made by salting and sun-drying fish. Nettili karuvāḍu , made from anchovies,

960-856: The popular varieties of achar eaten in Nepal are: The Sindh province of modern-day Pakistan is noted for Shikrarpuri achaar and Hyderabadi achaar . Both of these achaar varieties are commonly eaten in Pakistan and abroad. Shikrarpuri achaar is believed to have originated during the 1600s in medieval India. The most popular of variety of Shikarpuri achaar is a mixed pickle comprising carrots, turnips , onions, cauliflower, chickpeas, garlic, green chillies, lime, and mango. Pickles are known as acharu in Sinhala or oorugai in Tamil . In South Africa and Botswana , Indian pickles are called atchar . They are made primarily from unripe mangoes and are sometimes eaten with bread. On Mauritius and

992-606: The rich heritage and love for food in the region. Despite using the same main ingredients, differences in preparation techniques and spices have led to wide variation in Indian pickles. A mango pickle from South India tastes very different from one made in North India , as the southern states prefer sesame oil and tend to produce spicier pickles, while the northern states prefer mustard oil. The city of Panipat in Haryana

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1024-681: Was first created in 1930 by Murli Dhar Dhingra in Kaloorkot, a village in the Mianwali District of what is now Pakistan . Dhingra's descendants brought the pickle to India in 1943. As of 2016, Panipat produced over ₹ 500 million (equivalent to ₹ 720 million or US$ 8.6 million in 2023) worth of achaar every year, supplied to local markets as well as exported to the UK , US, and Middle East . In South India, most vegetables are sun-dried with spices, taking advantage of

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