65-423: The Amalgamated Press ( AP ) was a British newspaper and magazine publishing company founded by journalist and entrepreneur Alfred Harmsworth (1865–1922) in 1901, gathering his many publishing ventures together under one banner. At one point the largest publishing company in the world, AP employed writers such as Arthur Mee , John Alexander Hammerton , Edwy Searles Brooks , and Charles Hamilton . Its subsidiary,
130-451: A coalition government (the other causal event was the resignation of Admiral Fisher as First Sea Lord ). Northcliffe's newspapers propagandized for creating a Minister of Munitions , which was held first by David Lloyd George , and helped to bring about Lloyd George's appointment as prime minister in 1916. Lloyd George offered Northcliffe a job in his cabinet, but Northcliffe refused and was instead appointed director for propaganda. Such
195-535: A complete round-up of the previous week's main news from Britain and around the world, and will also focus on more analysis and comment." In July 2021, Ofcom announced that The Guardian continued to be the UK's most widely used newspaper website and app for news and had increased its audience share by 1% over the preceding year. 23% of consumers, who used websites or apps for news, used The Guardian , which also hosts The Observer online content. This compared to 22% for
260-407: A different matter and concentrate on that.... Boyish the limited range of his intellect, which seldom concerns itself with anything but the immediate, the obvious, the popular. Boyish his irresponsibility, his disinclination to take himself or his publications seriously; his conviction that whatever benefits them is justifiable, and that it is not his business to consider the effect of their contents on
325-479: A disagreement over the issue of Imperial Preference , and Northcliffe had given Garvin the option of finding a buyer for the paper. Northcliffe sold the paper to Astor, who transferred ownership to his son Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor four years later. Astor convinced his father to purchase the paper, which William did on the condition that Garvin also agree to edit the Pall Mall Gazette , which
390-433: A lust for power and for money, while leaving the accounting paperwork to his brother Harold. He imagined himself Napoleon reborn and resembled the emperor physically and in terms of his enormous energy and ambition. Above all, he had a boyish enthusiasm for everything. Norman Fyfe , an intimate friend, described him: Boyish in his power of concentration upon the matter of the moment, boyish in his readiness to turn swiftly to
455-434: A madman but historians say it was a physical malady. He went on a world tour to revive himself, but it failed to do so. He died of endocarditis in his London house, No. 1 Carlton House Gardens , on 14 August 1922. He left three months' pay to each of his six thousand employees. The viscountcy, barony, and baronetcy of Northcliffe became extinct. A monument to Northcliffe at St Dunstan-in-the-West , Fleet Street, London,
520-456: A result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine , Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley . In 1807, the brothers decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement , a newspaper proprietor who owned a number of publications. The paper continued to receive government subsidies during this period; in 1819, of
585-584: A science and technology section which won the Grand Prix at the 2014 Newspaper Awards. Previously, the main paper had come with a larger range of supplements including Sport , Business & Media , Review , Escape (a travel supplement), The Observer Magazine and various special interest monthlies, such as The Observer Food Monthly , Observer Women monthly which was launched in 2006, Observer Sport Monthly and The Observer Film Magazine . The Observer and its sister newspaper The Guardian operate
650-623: A short time and then merged into Buster in 1960. Similarly, TV Fun was renamed TV Fan , continued for a short time, and then was merged into Valentine . In 1961, the Mirror Group also acquired Odhams Press (which by that point owned Longacre Press and Newnes / Pearson ). The group was renamed the International Publishing Corporation in 1963, although the component companies continued to use their own names until 1968 when they were reorganised into
715-483: A time at 31 Pandora Road, West Hampstead; this site is now marked with an English Heritage blue plaque. Northcliffe was the subject of a number of fictionalized portrayals. One of the earliest was the character of Mr. Whelpdale in George Gissing 's 1891 novel New Grub Street . Whelpdale publishes a magazine called Chit-Chat (similar to Northcliffe's Answers ), which is aimed at "the quarter-educated; that
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#1732771760456780-404: A variety of additional names, including Funny Wonder and Jester . Also in 1890, Harmsworth began publishing periodicals to challenge and compete with the penny dreadfuls popular among British youth. Priced at one half-penny , Harmsworth's story papers were cheaper and, at least initially, were more respectable than the competition. Harmsworth claimed to be motivated by a wish to challenge
845-488: A visitor centre in London called The Newsroom. It contains their archives, including bound copies of old editions, a photographic library and other items such as diaries, letters and notebooks. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools. In November 2007, The Observer and The Guardian made their archives available over
910-577: Is to say the great new generation that is being turned out by the Board Schools, the young men and women who can just read, but are incapable of sustained attention". Arnold Bennett 's 1909 West End play What the Public Wants centers on Sir Charles Worgan, a profit-hungry media baron based on Northcliffe. J. B. Fagan 's 1910 play The Earth features a satirical version of Northcliffe, Sir Felix Janion, who uses sexual blackmail to prevent
975-466: The Daily Mail website. In September 2024, The Guardian revealed it was in talks to sell The Observer to news website Tortoise Media . Journalists at Guardian Media Group passed a vote to condemn the sale and passed a vote of no confidence in the newspaper’s owners, accusing it of betrayal amid concerns that the sale of the paper could harm the financial security of staff members. After
1040-752: The Daily Mail in the years just before the First World War in which the newspaper displayed "a virulent anti-German sentiment" caused The Star to declare, "Next to the Kaiser, Lord Northcliffe has done more than any living man to bring about the war". His newspapers, especially The Times , reported the Shell Crisis of 1915 with such zeal that it helped to end the Liberal government of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , which forced Asquith to form
1105-688: The Edinburgh Daily Record . That same year he funded an expedition to Franz Joseph Land in the Arctic with the intention of making attempts to travel to the North Pole. On 4 May 1896 he began publishing the Daily Mail in London, which was a success, having the world record for daily circulation until Harmsworth's death; taglines of the Daily Mail included "the busy man's daily journal" and "the penny newspaper for one halfpenny". Prime Minister Robert Cecil , Lord Salisbury, said it
1170-571: The Educational Book Company published the Harmsworth Self-Educator , The Children's Encyclopædia , and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia . He brought his younger brothers into his media empire, and they all flourished: Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere , Cecil Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth , Sir Leicester Harmsworth, 1st Baronet and Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth, 1st Baronet . Harmsworth
1235-625: The Guardian Media Group in June 1993, after a rival acquisition bid by The Independent was rejected. Farzad Bazoft , a journalist for The Observer , was executed in Iraq in 1990 on charges of spying. In 2003, The Observer interviewed the Iraqi colonel who had arrested and interrogated Bazoft and who was convinced that Bazoft was not a spy. On 27 February 2005, The Observer Blog
1300-510: The Sassoon family . She remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times , a newspaper that she had also bought. Upon Frederick's death in 1903, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe . In 1911, William Waldorf Astor was approached by James Louis Garvin , the editor of The Observer , about purchasing the newspaper from Northcliffe. Northcliffe and Garvin had
1365-609: The 1890s Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as Illustrated Chips , would enjoy a virtual monopoly of comics in the UK until the emergence of DC Thomson comics in the 1930s. Born in Chapelizod , County Dublin, the son of Alfred and Geraldine Harmsworth , he was educated at Stamford School in Lincolnshire , England, from 1876 and at Henley House School in Kilburn, London from 1878. A master at Henley House who
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#17327717604561430-466: The AP story papers began to improve throughout the early 20th century. They also proliferated, with AP launching new boys' papers like The Gem (1907–1939) and The Magnet (1908–1940). By the time of the First World War , papers such as Union Jack dominated the market in the UK. Post-World War I story papers launched by AP included The Champion (1922–1955) and The Thriller (1929–1937). Recognizing
1495-764: The Educational Book Company, published The Harmsworth Self-Educator , The Children's Encyclopædia , and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia . The company's newspapers included the Daily Mail , the Daily Mirror , The Evening News , The Observer , and The Times . At its height, AP published over 70 magazines and operated three large printing works and paper mills in South London . In 1888 Alfred Harmsworth and his younger brother Harold (1868–1940) started Harmsworth Brothers , with Alfred acting as publisher and Harold handling
1560-754: The Internet. The current extent of the archives available are 1791 to 2000 for The Observer and 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian . They will eventually go up to 2003. In 2023, copies from 2004 onwards and gaps were to be filled to latest edition. The paper was banned in Egypt in February 2008 for publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammed . The Observer was named the British Press Awards National Newspaper of
1625-399: The approximately 23,000 copies of the paper distributed weekly, approximately 10,000 were given away as "specimen copies", distributed by postmen who were paid to deliver them to "lawyers, doctors, and gentlemen of the town." Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clement's heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, who also took over
1690-513: The banner of Amalgamated Press . In 1902, the company opened offices in Manchester , also setting up a system of codes and telegraphs that streamlined the layout and printing process. Expanding his newspaper empire, Harmsworth initiated the Daily Mirror during 1903, and rescued the financially desperate The Observer and The Times during 1905 and 1908, respectively. During 1908, he also acquired The Sunday Times . The quality of
1755-478: The editor's chair. In 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beer's son Frederick became the owner upon Julius's death in 1880, he had little interest in the newspaper and was content to leave Dicey as editor until 1889. Henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Dicey's departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Frederick's wife, Rachel Beer , of
1820-448: The eldest son of William Berry, was Vice Chairman of Amalgamated Press from 1942 until the company's sale in 1959. In May 1949, AP acquired the publisher J. B. Allen , including their comics titles The Comet and Sun , which they continued under the same names. AP launched a number of notable comics in the 1950s, including School Friend (launched in 1950; considered the first girls' comic ), Lion (1952), Tiger (1954), and
1885-424: The finances. The first thing they did was found a paper called Answers to Correspondents , which was modeled after another popular paper called Tit-Bits (published by George Newnes ). Harmsworth entered the comic magazine market in 1890 with Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips ; The comic Wonder , launched in 1892, was part of a long string of connected titles which stretched from 1892 to 1953, known by
1950-520: The mid-1980s. Rebellion Developments currently owns all comics characters and titles created by IPC's subsidiaries after 1 January 1970, together with 26 specified characters which appeared in Buster ; while IPC currently retains its other comics characters and titles, including Sexton Blake , The Steel Claw , and Battler Britton . Alfred Harmsworth Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (15 July 1865 – 14 August 1922),
2015-498: The modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. According to Piers Brendon : The A. Harmsworth Glacier in North Greenland was named by Robert Peary in his honour. (Northcliffe had provided a ship for the expedition). Northcliffe lived for
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2080-603: The morning newspaper circulation, 45% of the evening and 15% of the Sunday circulation in Britain. Northcliffe's ownership of The Times , the Daily Mail and other newspapers meant that his editorials influenced both "the classes and the masses". That meant that in an era before radio, television or internet, Northcliffe dominated the British press "as it never has been before or since by one man". Northcliffe's editorship of
2145-513: The paper was rejuvenated in early 2010, the main paper came with only a small number of supplements – Sport , The Observer Magazine , The New Review and The New York Times International Weekly , an 8-page supplement of articles selected from The New York Times that has been distributed with the paper since 2007. Every four weeks the paper includes The Observer Food Monthly magazine, and in September 2013 it launched Observer Tech Monthly ,
2210-441: The paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600. Though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bourne's brother (a wealthy businessman) made an offer to the government, which also refused to buy the paper but agreed to subsidise it in return for influence over its editorial content. As
2275-576: The passing of a bill which would provide a minimum wage for his employees. Throughout his newspaper career Northcliffe promoted the ideas which resulted in the Group Settlement Scheme . The scheme promised land in Western Australia to British settlers prepared to emigrate and develop the land. A town founded specifically to assist the new settlements was named Northcliffe , in recognition of Lord Northcliffe's promotion of
2340-403: The pernicious influence of penny dreadfuls. AP's Halfpenny Marvel , launched in 1893, was soon followed by a number of other Harmsworth half-penny periodicals, such as The Union Jack (1894–1933) and Pluck (also started in 1894), and the serialized boys' story papers The Boys' Friend (1895). At first the stories were high-minded moral tales, reportedly based on true experiences, but it
2405-404: The popularity of the story papers with girls, AP editor Reg Eves launched a girl's line, the most notable being School Friend (1919–1929), Schoolgirls' Own (1921–1936), and The Schoolgirl (1922–1923; 1929–1940). AP's My Magazine was published from 1908 to 1933 with different names; it had articles on science, technology, geography, and current events. From 1912 Amalgamated Press
2470-659: The public mind. In 1903 Harmsworth initiated the Harmsworth Cup , the first international award for motorboat racing. Harmsworth was a friend of Claude Johnson , chief executive of Rolls-Royce Limited , and during the years preceding the First World war became an enthusiast of the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost car. Lord Northcliffe's health declined during 1921 due mainly to a streptococcal infection . His mental health collapsed; he acted like
2535-514: The relentless acquisition of newspapers and perfection of their "copy," was the simple incorporation of millions of readers into his press empire. A. J. P. Taylor , however, says, "Northcliffe could destroy when he used the news properly. He could not step into the vacant place. He aspired to power instead of influence, and as a result forfeited both." P. P. Catterall and Colin Seymour-Ure conclude that: More than anyone [he] ... shaped
2600-452: The scheme. The Observer The Observer is a British newspaper published on Sundays . It is a sister paper to The Guardian and The Guardian Weekly , having been acquired by their parent company, Guardian Media Group Limited , in 1993. First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper. The first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne, was the world's first Sunday newspaper . Believing that
2665-433: The unitary IPC Magazines . The "Fleetway" banner continued to be used for some publications until IPC's comics line was sold under the name Fleetway Publications to Robert Maxwell in 1987. Of the comics titles IPC acquired from Amalgamated Press, only five survived into the 1970s: Jack and Jill , Lion , Playhour , Tiger , and Valentine ; of those five, Jack and Jill , Playhour , and Tiger survived until
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2730-399: The woman's magazine Home Chat (1895–1959) to compete with C. Arthur Pearson 's Home Notes . In 1896, Harmsworth Brothers Ltd was incorporated as a limited company . By this time, combined weekly sales of the company's publications exceeded one million copies, more than any other magazine publisher in the world. In 1901, Harmsworth gathered his many publishing ventures together under
2795-471: The working class and tending to emphasize sensational topics. Harmsworth was the main innovator. He said, "News is something someone wants to suppress. Everything else is advertising." Lord Northcliffe had a powerful role during the First World War , especially by criticizing the government regarding the Shell Crisis of 1915 . He directed a mission to the new ally, the United States, during 1917, and
2860-497: The world, Amalgamated Press . His half-penny periodicals published in the 1890s played a role in the decline of the Victorian penny dreadfuls . Harmsworth was an early developer of popular journalism. He bought several failing newspapers and made them into an enormously profitable news group, primarily by appealing to the general public. He began with The Evening News during 1894, and then merged two Edinburgh papers to form
2925-451: The young children's comics Jack and Jill and Playhour (both 1954). Another round of mergers and cancellations of long-running AP comics titles occurred in the years 1952–1957, including Illustrated Chips and Comic Cuts (both launched in 1890), Jingles (launched in 1934), Tip Top (launched in 1934), Playbox (launched in 1925), The Rainbow (launched in 1914), and Tiny Tots (launched in 1920). In 1959, Amalgamated Press
2990-650: Was "written by office boys for office boys". Harmsworth then transformed a Sunday newspaper, the Weekly Dispatch , into the Sunday Dispatch , then the greatest circulation Sunday newspaper in Britain. He also initiated the Harmsworth Magazine (later London Magazine 1898–1915), utilizing one of Britain's best editors, Beckles Willson , who had been editor of many successful publications, including The Graphic . During 1899 Harmsworth
3055-567: Was Northcliffe's influence on anti-German propaganda during the World War I that a German warship was sent to shell his house, Elmwood, in Broadstairs , in an attempt to assassinate him. His former residence still bears a shell hole out of respect for his gardener's wife, who was killed in the attack. On 6 April 1919, Lloyd George made an excoriating attack on Harmsworth, terming his arrogance "diseased vanity". By then, Harmsworth's influence
3120-504: Was a British newspaper and publishing magnate. As owner of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror , he was an early developer of popular journalism, and he exercised vast influence over British popular opinion during the Edwardian era . Lord Beaverbrook said he was "the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street ." About the beginning of the 20th century there were increasing attempts to develop popular journalism intended for
3185-546: Was a leading figure in the company's comics titles for 20 years, eventually becoming Manager Editor. The onset of World War II , in the years 1940–1942, brought the merger and cancellation of a number of long-running AP comics titles, including Butterfly and Puck (both launched in 1904), Jester (launched in 1912), Tiger Tim's Weekly (1919), Sunbeam (1922), The Joker (1927), Larks (1927), Bubbles (1921), Chicks' Own (1929), and Funny Wonder series 3 (dating back to 1914). Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose ,
3250-602: Was also a property of the Astor family. Garvin departed as editor in 1942. Ownership passed to Waldorf's sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor. He remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell , Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune . In 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield (now called ARCO) who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981. It became part of
3315-620: Was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year at the British Press Awards 2007. Editor Roger Alton stepped down at the end of 2007, and was replaced by his deputy, John Mulholland . In early 2010, the paper was restyled. An article on the paper's website previewing the new version stated that "The News section, which will incorporate Business and personal finance, will be home to a new section, Seven Days, offering
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#17327717604563380-653: Was based at Fleetway House in Farringdon Street , London. Amalgamated Press acquired the assets of James Henderson & Sons Ltd in 1920. AP story papers faced tougher competition in the 1930s with the rise of DC Thomson 's line, including The Hotspur (launched in 1933). Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips continued strongly into the 20th century; other notable pre- War humorous comics titles published by AP included Film Fun (launched in 1920), Radio Fun (1938), and Knockout (1939). Alfred Harmsworth died in 1922, and in 1926 Amalgamated Press
3445-405: Was born when Harmsworth was seventeen years old; the mother was a sixteen-year-old maidservant in his parents' home. Smith died during 1930, allegedly in a mental home. By 1900, Harmsworth had acquired a new mistress, an Irishwoman named Kathleen Wrohan, about whom little is known but her name; they had two further sons and a daughter, and she died in 1923. By 1914 Northcliffe controlled 40% of
3510-441: Was bought by William and Gomer Berry of Allied Newspapers . Shortly after this sale, in 1927, AP acquired and continued publishing a number of Cassell & Co. 's periodicals, including Cassell's Magazine , The Story-Teller , and Chums . The Berry brothers dissolved their partnership in 1937, with William Berry (Lord Camrose) retaining Amalgamated Press. Editor Leonard Matthews (1914–1997), who joined AP in 1939,
3575-466: Was bought by the Mirror Group and renamed Fleetway Publications (after the name of AP's headquarters, Fleetway House). AP titles that were continued by IPC/Fleetway included: With the transition to Fleetway, the AP titles The Comet , Sun , and Tiny Tots were all merged into other AP titles: Tiger , Lion , and Playhour , respectively. Radio Fun was continued by Fleetway for
3640-733: Was created Viscount Northcliffe , of St Peter's in the County of Kent, for his service as the director of the British war mission in the United States. Alfred Harmsworth married Mary Elizabeth Milner on 11 April 1888. She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) and Dame of Grace, Order of St John (D.St.J) during 1918. They did not have any children together. Lord Northcliffe had four acknowledged children by two different women. The first, Alfred Benjamin Smith,
3705-568: Was created a Baronet , of Elmwood, in the parish of St Peters in the County of Kent in 1904. In 1905, Harmsworth was raised to the peerage as Baron Northcliffe , of the Isle of Thanet in the County of Kent . The peerage was requested by King Edward VII , and was alleged to have been purchased. It remains a matter of speculation. He is reported to have joked that when he wanted a peerage he would buy one, "like an honest man." In 1918, Harmsworth
3770-474: Was decreasing. Northcliffe's enemies accused him of power without responsibility, but his papers were a factor in settling the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, and his mission to the United States, from June through to October 1917, has been judged successful by historians. Northcliffe's personality shaped his career. He was monolingual and not well-educated and knew little history or science. He had
3835-400: Was director of enemy propaganda during 1918. His Amalgamated Press employed writers such as Arthur Mee and John Hammerton , and its subsidiary, the Educational Book Company, published The Harmsworth Self-Educator , The Children's Encyclopædia , and Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia . Challenging the dominance in popularity of the " penny dreadfuls " among British children, from
3900-402: Was later assisted by his brother Harold , who was adept in business matters. Harmsworth had an intuitive sense for what the reading public wanted to buy, and began a series of cheap but successful periodicals, such as Comic Cuts (tagline: "Amusing without being Vulgar") and the journal Forget-Me-Not for women. From these periodicals, he developed the largest periodical publishing company in
3965-648: Was launched. In addition to the weekly Observer Magazine colour supplement which is still present every Sunday, for several years each issue of The Observer came with a different free monthly magazine. These magazines had the titles Observer Sport Monthly , Observer Music Monthly , Observer Woman and Observer Food Monthly . Content from The Observer is included in The Guardian Weekly for an international readership. The Observer followed its daily partner The Guardian and converted to Berliner format on Sunday 8 January 2006. The Observer
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#17327717604564030-485: Was not long before these papers started using the same kind of material as the publications they competed against. Beginning in 1894, the Harmsworth brothers dove into the newspaper business, first acquiring The Evening News and the Edinburgh Daily Record . Harmsworth founded the Daily Mail in 1896, which was a success, having the world record for daily circulation until Harmsworth's death. Harmsworth founded
4095-562: Was responsible for the unprecedented success of a charitable appeal for the dependents of soldiers fighting in the South African War by inviting Rudyard Kipling and Arthur Sullivan to write the song " The Absent-Minded Beggar ". Harmsworth also initiated The Daily Mirror during 1903, and rescued the financially desperate The Observer and The Times during 1905 and 1908, respectively. During 1908, he also acquired The Sunday Times . The Amalgamated Press subsidiary
4160-531: Was to prove important to his future was J. V. Milne, the father of A. A. Milne , who according to H. G. Wells was at school with him at the time and encouraged Harmsworth to start the school magazine. In 1880 he first visited the Sylvan Debating Club , founded by his father, and of which he later served as Treasurer. Beginning as a freelance journalist, he initiated his first newspaper, Answers (original title: Answers to Correspondents ), and
4225-550: Was unveiled in 1930. The obelisk was designed by Edwin Lutyens and the bronze bust is by Kathleen Scott . His body was buried at East Finchley Cemetery in North London. Historian Ian Christopher Fletcher states: Northcliffe's drive for success and respectability found its main outlet in the commercial world of journalism, not the political world the parties and parliaments. Perhaps his greatest accomplishment, underlying
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