38-496: Amarylleae Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae ( family Amaryllidaceae ). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus Crinum . They are generally treated as consisting of four subtribes . In addition to Crinum , other genera include Amaryllis , Boophone and Strumaria . The placement of Amaryllideae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae
76-639: A division of Monocotyledons , using a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers. The family Amaryllidaceae was named in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire . In 1810 Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of the ovaries (inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families. Samuel Frederick Gray 's A natural arrangement of British plants (1821). grouped together
114-473: A brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies ( Allioideae , Hemerocalloideae , Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies", Amarylloidinae and Pancratioidinae , an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In Dahlgren's system , a " splitter " who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted
152-424: A complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on morphology alone. Rather Amaryllidaceae resolved along biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae , and an Australasian tribe Calostemmateae
190-499: A cylindrical spike and a terete scape") or Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis (meaning " Nepeta with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike"). In Species Plantarum , these cumbersome names were replaced with two-part names, consisting of a single-word genus name, and a single-word specific epithet or "trivial name"; the two examples above became Plantago media and Nepeta cataria , respectively. The use of binomial names had originally been developed as
228-591: A kind of shorthand in a student project about the plants eaten by cattle. After the specific epithet, Linnaeus gave a short description of each species, and a synonymy . The descriptions were careful and terse, consisting of few words in small genera; in Glycyrrhiza , for instance, the three species ( Glycyrrhiza echinata , Glycyrrhiza glabra and " Glycyrrhiza hirsuta ", respectively) were described as " leguminibus echinatis ", " leguminibus glabris " and " leguminibus hirsutis ". Because it
266-589: A narrower circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as nine tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten tribes by which the family were divided, such as the Zephyrantheae . Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one ( Amaryllideae ) with two subtribes (For a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I). Thus Traub's Amaryllidoideae, which most later authors treated as Amaryllidaceae s.s. , became
304-490: A number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, within which he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae. John Lindley , in his An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830) divided the "Monocotyledonous Plants" into two tribes. He then further divided
342-667: A number of plants over the course of history. When Linnaeus formerly described the type genus Amaryllis , from which the family derives its name, in his Species Plantarum in 1753, there were nine species with this name. He placed Amaryllis in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia (i.e. six stamens and one pistil ) containing 51 genera in all in his sexual classification scheme. These genera have been treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see Taxonomy of Liliaceae ) over time. In 1763 Michel Adanson placed them in ' Liliaceae ' In 1789 Antoine Laurent de Jussieu placed Amaryllis and related genera within
380-650: A small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipeae , while large groups such as Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. Of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcisseae would remain as core amaryllids while the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within
418-490: A third edition in 1764, although this "scarcely differed" from the second. Further editions were published after Linnaeus' death in 1778, under the direction of Karl Ludwig Willdenow , the director of the Berlin Botanical Garden ; the fifth edition was titled "fourth edition" and was published by Willdenow in four volumes, 1798 (1), 1800 (2), 1801 (3 ), 1803 (3 ), 1804 (3 ), 1805 (4 ), 1806 (4 ), rather than
SECTION 10
#1732775619984456-516: A thousand genera, which were grouped into 24 classes, according to Linnaeus' sexual system of classification. There are no descriptions of the genera in Species Plantarum ; these are supplied in the companion volume Genera Plantarum ( lit. ' the genera of plants ' ), the fifth edition of which was printed at a similar time to the first edition of Species Plantarum . Linnaeus acknowledged his "sexual system"
494-529: A wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae s.s. . In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including Hutchinson (1926), Traub (1963), Dahlgren (1985), Müller-Doblies and Müller-Doblies (1996), Hickey and King (1997) and Meerow and Snijman (1998). Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from Liliaceae and had three tribes, Agapantheae , Allieae and Gilliesieae . Traub (who provides
532-575: A worldwide distribution. The Amaryllidoideae are herbaceous , perennial flowering plants , usually with bulbs (some are rhizomatous ). Their fleshy leaves are arranged in two vertical columns, and their flowers are large. Most of them are bulbous geophytes and many have a long history of cultivation as ornamental plants . They are distinguished from the other two Amaryllidaceae subfamilies ( Agapanthoideae and Allioideae ) by their unique alkaloidal chemistry, inferior ovary , and hollow style . The name Amaryllis had been applied to
570-476: Is a book by Carl Linnaeus , originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera . It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the starting point for the naming of plants . Species Plantarum was published on 1 May 1753 by Laurentius Salvius in Stockholm, in two volumes. A second edition was published in 1762–1763, and
608-494: Is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae , order Asparagales . The most recent APG classification, APG III , takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy genera , with over eight hundred species , and
646-423: Is petiolate. The consequent petiolate Eucharideae/Stenomesseae subclade could not be further resolved into distinct monophyletic tribes. Subsequent treatment has been variable. Meerow et al. state here that this subclade should be called Stenomesseae because the type species of Stenomesson was petiolate and thus transferred from the former Stenomesseae into the new petiolate clade. Subsequently, Meerow (2004) treated
684-886: Is shown in the following cladogram: Tribe Amaryllideae Tribe Cyrtantheae Tribe Haemantheae Tribe Calostemmateae Tribe Lycorideae Tribe Galantheae Tribe Pancratieae Tribe Narcisseae Tribe Griffineae Tribe Hippeastreae Tribe Eustephieae Tribe Eucharideae / Stenomesseae Tribe Clinantheae Tribe Hymenocallideae There are four subtribes: These are phylogenetically related as follows: Subtribe Amaryllidinae Subtribe Boophoninae Subtribe Strumariinae Subtribe Crininae Amaryllidinae : Type . Monogeneric subtribe for genus Amaryllis . Boophoninae : Monogeneric subtribe for genus Boophone . Crininae : Three genera including Crinum . Strumariinae : Six genera including Strumaria and Nerine . Amaryllidoideae See text Amaryllidoideae ( Amaryllidaceae s.s. , amaryllids )
722-705: Is the first work in which binomial nomenclature was consistently applied, Species Plantarum was chosen as the "starting point" for the nomenclature of most plants (the nomenclature of some non-vascular plants and all fungi uses later starting points). Species Plantarum contained descriptions of the thousands of plant species known to Linnaeus at the time. In the first edition, there were 5,940 names, from Acalypha australis to Zygophyllum spinosum . In his introduction, Linnaeus estimated that there were fewer than 10,000 plant species in existence; there are now thought to be around 400,000 species of flowering plants alone. The species were arranged in around
760-616: The Liliales . Since then seven of Linnaeus' genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section). Thus much of what we now consider Amaryllidoideae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae. The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by
798-471: The Petaloidea ( petaloid monocots ), into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae. He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a 6-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat spongy seeds" and included Amaryllis , Phycella , Nerine , Vallota , and Calostemma . By 1846 Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of
SECTION 20
#1732775619984836-442: The alliaceous ( i.e. Allioideae ) elements. Hutchinson also suggested that the elements now included in Amaryllidoideae's parent family (Amaryllidaceae) could all be placed in one family, although only Cronquist placed all the elements into a very large Liliaceae. The introduction of molecular methods in the 1990s confirmed the affinity of three major taxa corresponding to Alliaceae , Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. In 2009
874-625: The American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly within the Andean clade four subclades were identified, including Eustephieae which appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including Hymenocallideae . Of the remaining taxa, two subclades emerged that did not correspond to existing tribal structure, namely Eucharideae (3 genera) and Stenomesseae (6 genera). Rather
912-541: The Andean clade as having four tribes with Eucharis in Stenomesseae. However, since then the term Eucharideae has been used instead. For example, in a paper presented at Monocot IV (2008), a cladogram published in 2013, and in 2014 only Eucharideae is mentioned while in 2015 Meerow described new species of Stenomesson and Eucharis as being in Eucharideae. The combined clade would include Stenomessaea as
950-646: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) decided to amalgamate the three families, which together form a monophyletic group, into a single family, at first called Alliaceae and then Amaryllidaceae. The three families then became reduced to subfamilies, so that the historical Amaryllidaceae became subfamily Amaryllidoideae. To distinguish this new broader family from the older narrower family it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae sensu APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae s.l. . as opposed to Amaryllidaceae s.s. . The relationships between
988-455: The basis for Amaryllidoideae sensu APGIII . Of the other three subfamilies in Traub's system, Allioideae represents Amaryllidaceae subfamily Allioideae sensu APGIII. Hemerocalloideae was a small subfamily with a single tribe, Hemerocalleae consisting of two genera, Hemerocallis and Leucocrinum . Subsequent research has shown these to be very different taxa, Hemerocallis being placed in
1026-555: The dates printed on the volumes themselves. Species Plantarum was the first botanical work to consistently apply the binomial nomenclature system of naming to any large group of organisms (Linnaeus' tenth edition of Systema Naturae would apply the same technique to animals for the first time in 1758). Prior to this work, a plant species would be known by a long polynomial, such as Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti (meaning " plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves,
1064-816: The family Xanthorrhoeaceae , while Leucocrinum belongs in Asparagaceae, both part of Asparagales . Finally Ixiolirioideae was another very small subfamily, with two tribes, Gageeae and Ixiolirieae. Gageeae consisted of two genera, Gagea and Giraldiella , which was subsequently merged with Gagea ( Liliaceae , Liliales), while Ixiolirieae similarly contained only Ixiolirion and Kolpakowskia (merged with Ixiolirion ) belongs in Ixioliriaceae (Asparagales). so only two of his subfamilies now belong in Amaryllidaceae s.l. . Traubiinae Stenomesseae/Eucharideae Griffineae Hymenocallideae Calostemmateae The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced
1102-576: The monocots. He placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales , but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, hoping that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae. separate from the Amaryllidaceae, which was divided into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both his Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to
1140-655: The phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects, as described above. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape and subsequent creation of Clinanthieae as a separate grouping (see Cladogram ), the remainder being submerged into Eucharideae. Additional tribes: The subfamily includes about 70 genera arranged in tribes and subtribes. Species Plantarum Species Plantarum ( Latin for "The Species of Plants")
1178-430: The reduced Stenomesson ( sensu stricto ), Rauhia , Phaedranassa , and Eucrosia , together with Eucharideae as Eucharis , Caliphruria , and Urceolina . Based on the oldest published name for the remaining lorate Stenomesson species, which is Clinanthus , the lorate subclade was designated tribe Clinantheae , and the remaining species transferred. In this redescription, Clinanthus luteus becomes
Amaryllideae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-440: The remaining Mediterranean tribes. These relationships are summarised in the following cladogram: Tribe Amaryllideae Tribe Cyrtantheae Tribe Haemantheae Tribe Calostemmateae Tribe Lycorideae Tribe Galantheae Tribe Pancratieae Tribe Narcisseae Tribe Griffineae Tribe Hippeastreae Tribe Eustephieae Eucharideae / Stenomesseae Tribe Clinantheae Tribe Hymenocallideae Publication of
1254-487: The subfamilies within the Amaryllidaceae and the place of Amaryllidoideae is shown in the Cladogram . Subfamily Agapanthoideae Subfamily Allioideae Subfamily Amaryllidoideae Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae s.s. ) has proven difficult. Early studies lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group. Historically
1292-407: The taxa segregated on a morphological criterion, namely leaf shape. Stenomesseae was recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape ( lorate -leafed and petiolate -leafed), while Eucharideae was petiolate, together with three Stenomesseae genera and a number of species of the type genus Stenomesson . Furthermore, the type species of Stenomesson , Stenomesson flavum
1330-449: The third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae s.l. was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows: Family: Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. , Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134. Feb–Apr 1805, nom. cons. This circumscription differs from
1368-560: The time of the Bentham and Hooker classification (1883) the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) still represents the grouping now reflected in Amarylloideae. In the post-Darwinian era the amaryllids were mainly treated as part of a very large family Liliaceae, although the early twentieth century saw increasing doubts about the inclusion of many of its components, particularly
1406-479: The type species for tribe Clinantheae which includes Pamianthe , Paramongaia and Pucara . Although subsequent analysis resulted in submerging Pucara into Stenomesson (and hence Stenomesseae), rather than treating it as a separate genus. The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow et al. 2006) into four tribes, Pancratieae , Narcisseae , Galantheae and Lycorideae . This positioned Lycorideae as sister to
1444-456: Was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both Hippeastreae as a tribe (and Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade Further investigation of
#983016