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83-528: The America COMPETES Act (formally America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act of 2007 ) was authored by Bart Gordon and signed into law on August   9, 2007, by President George W. Bush . The act aimed to invest in innovation through research and development and improve the competitiveness of the United States. On May 29, 2010,

166-636: A congressional conference committee . It was signed into law by President Joe Biden as the CHIPS and Science Act , with CHIPS standing for Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors. Main provisions include: In addition to aspects related to semiconductors, the America COMPETES Act of 2022 contains a rider revising the Lacey Act . If adopted, this bill would create a whitelist of animal species that would be legal to import into

249-526: A metrology agency, the Bureau of Standards was directed by Herbert Hoover to set up divisions to develop commercial standards for materials and products. Some of these standards were for products intended for government use, but product standards also affected private-sector consumption. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, antifreeze , and electrical safety. During World War I ,

332-476: A neutron science user facility: the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of neutron scattering instruments, which they use in many research fields (materials science, fuel cells, biotechnology, etc.). The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of synchrotron radiation , in continuous operation since 1961. SURF III now serves as

415-582: A NIST team as part of a DARPA competition. In September 2013, both The Guardian and The New York Times reported that NIST allowed the National Security Agency (NSA) to insert a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator called Dual EC DRBG into NIST standard SP 800-90 that had a kleptographic backdoor that the NSA can use to covertly predict the future outputs of this pseudorandom number generator thereby allowing

498-708: A STEM baccalaureate degree to become certified as elementary and secondary teachers. The program requires its trainees to complete a final evaluation of their teaching proficiency based on their classroom teaching performance and a portfolio of their accomplishments. The program awards grants annually on a competitive basis to institutions of higher education in the amount of $ 2,000,000 per institution. Under Title   II, NASA must carry out education programs that are designed to increase student interest and participation in STEM, improve literacy in STEM, and provide curriculum support and materials. NASA must also conduct an assessment of

581-694: A combination of vacuum tubes and solid-state diode logic. About the same time the Standards Western Automatic Computer , was built at the Los Angeles office of the NBS by Harry Huskey and used for research there. A mobile version, DYSEAC , was built for the Signal Corps in 1954. Due to a changing mission, the "National Bureau of Standards" became the "National Institute of Standards and Technology" in 1988. Following

664-488: A draft of the CSF 2.0 for public comment through November 4, 2023. NIST decided to update the framework to make it more applicable to small and medium size enterprises that use the framework, as well as to accommodate the constantly changing nature of cybersecurity. In August 2024, NIST released a final set of encryption tools designed to withstand the attack of a quantum computer. These post-quantum encryption standards secure

747-465: A former basketball player at the University of Tennessee who is now a radio talk show host. Gordon only won by one percentage point, but managed to defeat Gill more handily in 1996. Gordon was re-elected in 1998 and 2000 by margins similar to those he scored in the 1980s and early 1990s. He faced no significant opposition in 2002, 2004 and 2006 and was unopposed in 2008. This is largely because

830-863: A partner in the global law firm K&L Gates and is a distinguished fellow at the Council on Competitiveness. He was appointed by President Obama to the U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel, the panel traveled to the Antarctic in December 2011 and put out the report “More and Better Science in Antarctica Through Increased Logistical Effectiveness” in July 2012. He is a member of the Brookings Leadership Advisory Board and

913-539: A program to provide metrology services for United States scientific and commercial users. A laboratory site was constructed in Washington, DC , and instruments were acquired from the national physical laboratories of Europe. In addition to weights and measures, the Bureau developed instruments for electrical units and for measurement of light. In 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first "National Conference on Weights and Measures". Initially conceived as purely

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996-644: A user-accessible cleanroom nanomanufacturing facility. This "NanoFab" is equipped with tools for lithographic patterning and imaging (e.g., electron microscopes and atomic force microscopes ). NIST has seven standing committees: As part of its mission, NIST supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1,300 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). These artifacts are certified as having specific characteristics or component content, used as calibration standards for measuring equipment and procedures, quality control benchmarks for industrial processes, and experimental control samples. NIST publishes

1079-577: A vote of 262–150. On December   17, 2010, the Senate passed an amended version of H.R.   5116 by unanimous consent. Then, on December   22, the House voted 228–130 to pass the Senate's version and allow it to become law. Reauthorization of America COMPETES Act provided increased funding, expanding the authorization of committees involved in STEM and business fields, and established an undersecretary position. There are two authorization acts: one for

1162-548: A wide range of electronic information, from confidential email messages to e-commerce transactions that propel the modern economy. Four scientific researchers at NIST have been awarded Nobel Prizes for work in physics : William Daniel Phillips in 1997, Eric Allin Cornell in 2001, John Lewis Hall in 2005 and David Jeffrey Wineland in 2012, which is the largest number for any US government laboratory not accounting for ubiquitous government contracts to state institutions and

1245-880: Is a project member for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ' New Models for U.S. Science and Technology Policy. He is a board member of the U.S Association of Former Members of Congress, and the Middle Tennessee State University Foundation and he is on the Board of Counselors for the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. He also is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In 2012 Gordon

1328-479: Is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into physical science laboratory programs that include nanoscale science and technology , engineering , information technology , neutron research, material measurement, and physical measurement. From 1901 to 1988, the agency

1411-649: Is now the Handbook 44 since 1918 and began publication under the current name in 1949. The 2010 edition conforms to the concept of the primary use of the SI (metric) measurements recommended by the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 . NIST is developing government-wide identity document standards for federal employees and contractors to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to government buildings and computer systems. In 2002,

1494-417: Is primarily focused on encouraging and strengthening American scientific and technological innovation, research, and development. The bill passed the House on February   4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R.   4521 for the text of the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act on March   28, 2022. The differences between the House and Senate bills were worked out in

1577-575: Is providing practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities to respond to future disasters. The investigation portion of the response plan was completed with the release of the final report on 7 World Trade Center on November 20, 2008. The final report on the WTC Towers—including 30 recommendations for improving building and occupant safety—was released on October 26, 2005. NIST works in conjunction with

1660-533: The Nashville Banner . However, he won handily in November 1984, riding Gore's coattails in the midst of Ronald Reagan 's landslide victory in that year's presidential election. Gordon is regarded as a moderate . He has favored the repeal of the inheritance tax and the "marriage tax penalty". Gordon was re-elected by huge margins until 1994, when his Republican opponent was attorney Steve Gill ,

1743-575: The Biden administration began plans to create a U.S. AI Safety Institute within NIST to coordinate AI safety matters. According to The Washington Post , NIST is considered "notoriously underfunded and understaffed", which could present an obstacle to these efforts. NIST, known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory , also known as

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1826-683: The COMPETES Act and the 2007 Energy Bill ." In December 2008, Gordon came under fire from Tennessee conservatives for failing to vote on the auto bailout, stating that his failure to vote was due to a "technical glitch" in the voting system. In March 2010, Gordon announced that he would vote in favor of the Senate Health Care bill. Gordon has been the fastest runner of foot races in Congress for 20 years. Most recently, he defeated Congressman Aaron Schock , 33 years his younger at

1909-462: The Constitution of the United States , ratified in 1789, granted these powers to the new Congress: "The Congress shall have power ... To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures". In January 1790, President George Washington , in his first annual message to Congress , said, "Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of

1992-608: The Department of Commerce . The America COMPETES Act of 2007 created the President's Council on Innovation and Competitiveness. The council was never formed. Instead, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) was formed in 2010 by President Barack Obama to serve in its place. It called for a National Science and Technology Summit; numerous reports on the state of innovation and competitiveness in

2075-752: The Handbook 44 each year after the annual meeting of the National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM). Each edition is developed through cooperation of the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances of the NCWM and the Weights and Measures Division (WMD) of NIST. The purpose of the book is a partial fulfillment of the statutory responsibility for "cooperation with the states in securing uniformity of weights and measures laws and methods of inspection". NIST has been publishing various forms of what

2158-568: The National Construction Safety Team Act mandated NIST to conduct an investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings 1 and 2 and the 47-story 7 World Trade Center. The "World Trade Center Collapse Investigation", directed by lead investigator Shyam Sunder, covered three aspects, including a technical building and fire safety investigation to study the factors contributing to

2241-672: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the Department of Commerce , and one for the National Science Foundation . The act laid out several studies to be completed and establishes a new office in the Department of Commerce. The act mainly affected the Department of Commerce, Department of Energy , National Science Foundation, and the White House . The act requires

2324-559: The National Medal of Science has been awarded to NIST researchers Cahn (1998) and Wineland (2007). Other notable people who have worked at NBS or NIST include: Since 1989, the director of NIST has been a Presidential appointee and is confirmed by the United States Senate , and since that year the average tenure of NIST directors has fallen from 11 years to 2 years in duration. Since the 2011 reorganization of NIST,

2407-575: The National Science and Technology Council to coordinate federal agencies with advanced manufacturing research and development progress. Several merit-based partnerships between the federal government and higher education institutions or businesses were extended or created under COMPETES. In order to help ensure a well-trained manufacturing workforce, the director will award grants to strengthen and expand scientific and technical education and training in advanced manufacturing, including through

2490-737: The September 11, 2001 attacks, under the National Construction Safety Team Act (NCST), NIST conducted the official investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings. Following the 2021 Surfside condominium building collapse , NIST sent engineers to the site to investigate the cause of the collapse. In 2019, NIST launched a program named NIST on a Chip to decrease the size of instruments from lab machines to chip size. Applications include aircraft testing, communication with satellites for navigation purposes, and temperature and pressure. In 2023,

2573-870: The Technical Guidelines Development Committee of the Election Assistance Commission to develop the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines for voting machines and other election technology. In February 2014 NIST published the NIST Cybersecurity Framework that serves as voluntary guidance for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. It was later amended and Version 1.1 was published in April 2018. Executive Order 13800, Strengthening

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2656-842: The Treaty of the Meter , which established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures under the control of an international committee elected by the General Conference on Weights and Measures . NIST is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland , and operates a facility in Boulder, Colorado , which was dedicated by President Eisenhower in 1954. NIST's activities are organized into laboratory programs and extramural programs. Effective October 1, 2010, NIST

2739-599: The U.S. House passed a measure to reauthorize the America COMPETES Act. On July   22, 2010, the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation approved the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 and sent it to the U.S. Senate for a vote. On January   4, 2011, President Barack Obama signed the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 into law. On February 4, 2022,

2822-700: The proximity fuze and the standardized airframe used originally for Project Pigeon , and shortly afterwards the autonomously radar-guided Bat anti-ship guided bomb and the Kingfisher family of torpedo-carrying missiles. In 1948, financed by the United States Air Force, the Bureau began design and construction of SEAC , the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer. The computer went into operation in May 1950 using

2905-541: The 2002 reapportionment by the Democratic-controlled Tennessee General Assembly removed Williamson County , a wealthy and heavily Republican suburban area south of Nashville, from the 6th District and added it to the already heavily Republican 7th District . From 2003 to 2019, that district was held by Marsha Blackburn , a Williamson County resident who was Gordon's opponent in 1992–the first time since his initial run for

2988-406: The Bureau worked on multiple problems related to war production, even operating its own facility to produce optical glass when European supplies were cut off. Between the wars, Harry Diamond of the Bureau developed a blind approach radio aircraft landing system. During World War II, military research and development was carried out, including development of radio propagation forecast methods,

3071-600: The COMPETES Act, the Secretary of Commerce established an Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship to foster innovation and the commercialization of new technologies, products, processes, and services to promote productivity and economic growth in the United States. The Office of Innovation and Entrepreneurship is responsible for developing policies to advance the commercialization of research and development, including federally funded research and development. Additionally,

3154-803: The Capital Challenge Charity Race. Gordon voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act in November 2009 but voted for both the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 in March 2010. In April 2009, Gordon voted against the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act . Gordon is currently

3237-729: The Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Critical Infrastructure , made the Framework mandatory for U.S. federal government agencies. An extension to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is the Cybersecurity Maturity Model (CMMC) which was introduced in 2019 (though the origin of CMMC began with Executive Order 13556). It emphasizes the importance of implementing Zero-trust architecture (ZTA) which focuses on protecting resources over

3320-702: The EC-DRBG algorithm from the NIST SP 800-90 standard. In addition to these journals, NIST (and the National Bureau of Standards before it) has a robust technical reports publishing arm. NIST technical reports are published in several dozen series, which cover a wide range of topics, from computer technology to construction to aspects of standardization including weights, measures and reference data. In addition to technical reports, NIST scientists publish many journal and conference papers each year; an database of these, along with more recent technical reports, can be found on

3403-588: The Foundation's Advanced Technological Education program. Merit-based grants and funding were made available to higher education institutions that promote innovation and increase the impact of research by developing tools and resources to connect new scientific discoveries to practical uses. Also, merit-based grants are made available to support research into green and sustainable chemistry which will lead to clean, safe, and economical alternatives to traditional chemical products and practices. Title V also continues

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3486-633: The House passed the America COMPETES Act of 2022 , followed by the Senate on March   28, 2022. The provisions of The America COMPETES Act of 2007 covered a wide range of activities of a number of federal agencies and offices, including: In many places, the Act mandates that each agency cooperate with its partner agencies and offices, calling attention to the importance of high-risk, high-reward research in areas of national importance. The American COMPETES Act of 2007 also appropriated funds to

3569-480: The NIST cryptography process because of its recognized expertise. NIST is also required by statute to consult with the NSA." Recognizing the concerns expressed, the agency reopened the public comment period for the SP800-90 publications, promising that "if vulnerabilities are found in these or any other NIST standards, we will work with the cryptographic community to address them as quickly as possible". Due to public concern of this cryptovirology attack, NIST rescinded

3652-546: The NIST. Section 403 of Title IV established the Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology . Section 405 established a research initiative to support the development of emergency communication and tracking technologies for use in locating trapped individuals in confined spaces where conventional radio communication is limited. Section 408 states the Director will carry out a green manufacturing and construction initiative to develop accurate sustainability metrics and advanced standards for use in manufacturing. Through

3735-513: The National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce . The institute's official mission is to: Promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science , standards , and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life . NIST had an operating budget for fiscal year 2007 (October 1, 2006 – September 30, 2007) of about $ 843.3 million. NIST's 2009 budget

3818-427: The Nuclear Science Talent Program, Hydrocarbon Systems Talent Program, Protecting America's Competitive Edge (PACE) Graduate Student Fellowship, Distinguished Scientist Program, and the Advanced Research Project Agency–Energy ( ARPA-E ). On January   25, 2022, The House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology , voted to advance H.R.   4521 America COMPETES Act of 2022 . The bill has bipartisan support and

3901-439: The Secretary of Commerce. The maximum amount of loan principal guaranteed under this subsection may not exceed $ 50   million for a single project and $ 300   million for all projects. Section 604 of the COMPETES Act required a study on the competitive and innovative capacity of the United States. The Economic and Statistics Administration in the Department of Commerce completed the report. The report included an analysis of

3984-463: The US national standard for source-based radiometry throughout the generalized optical spectrum. All NASA -borne, extreme-ultraviolet observation instruments have been calibrated at SURF since the 1970s, and SURF is used for the measurement and characterization of systems for extreme ultraviolet lithography . The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in nanotechnology , both through internal research efforts and by running

4067-544: The United States economy and innovation infrastructure. The report also assessed various matters, including the United States' economic competitiveness, various impacts on economic competitiveness, export policies and programs, the effectiveness of federally-funded research and development centers in supporting and promoting technology commercialization, domestic and international intellectual property policies and practices, US manufacturing capacity and supply chain dynamics of major export sectors, and policies related to STEM and

4150-426: The United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to." On October 25, 1791, Washington again appealed Congress: A uniformity of the weights and measures of the country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public council than conducive to

4233-481: The United States. Additionally, the bill expands the authority of the US Fish and Wildlife Service and will limit interstate transit of any species not included in the whitelist. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government . Bart Gordon Gordon was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee , where he has lived all of his life. His father and grandfathers were farmers, and his mother

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4316-452: The United States; and assessments of each unit's effective support of the Act's science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education agenda. In several places, it called for the enhancement of research capabilities and coordination and emphasized the importance of undergraduate research experiences as tools that promote careers in STEM fields . The act also set baselines for targeted funding appropriations. The act aimed to double

4399-412: The White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy to establish a committee to coordinate federal programs and activities in support of STEM education. The committee was to include representatives of the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, NASA , NOAA , Department of Education , OMB , and other agencies. Sec   102 of Title   I established the Committee on Technology under

4482-430: The act is titled Foreign Language Partnership Program. It aimed to increase opportunities to study critical foreign languages. Subtitle D of the act is called Alignment of Education Programs, and it aimed to coordinate learning outcomes and assessments across state and federal stakeholders. Subtitle D of the act called Mathematics and Science Partnership Bonus Grants, sets awards for high-need schools in each state which show

4565-410: The act, titled Mathematics, aimed to enable all elementary and middle school students to reach or exceed grade-level academic achievement standards and to prepare the students to enroll in and pass algebra; to provide summer term programs in mathematics, technology, and problem-solving; and to provide targeted support for low-income and special needs middle school students and their teachers. Subtitle C of

4648-456: The annual appropriations for the National Science Foundation by the year 2011. The act addressed efforts each agency makes in the area of educating future STEM wage workers. In addition, the act addressed education and, placing it at the same level of prominence in the act as the federal agencies. Title VI, Subtitle A is titled "Teacher Assistance" and is divided into parts, each of which addresses separate provisions: Title VI, Subtitle B of

4731-402: The country. NIST publishes the Handbook 44 that provides the "Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices". The Congress of 1866 made use of the metric system in commerce a legally protected activity through the passage of Metric Act of 1866 . On May 20, 1875, 17 out of 20 countries signed a document known as the Metric Convention or

4814-439: The director also holds the title of Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology. Fifteen individuals have officially held the position (in addition to four acting directors who have served on a temporary basis). NIST holds patents on behalf of the Federal government of the United States , with at least one of them being custodial to protect public domain use, such as one for a Chip-scale atomic clock , developed by

4897-471: The district, the more rural areas began shedding their "Yellow Dog Democratic" roots. The Republican trend in the district really manifested itself after Gordon's retirement; his replacement as Democratic candidate, Brett Carter , only tallied 29.3 percent of the vote, barely half that of Republican State Senator Diane Black . No Democrat has crossed the 30 percent mark in the district since Gordon's retirement. During his tenure in Congress, Gordon "helped pass

4980-427: The greatest improvement on assessments in mathematics and science. The National Science Foundation 's (NSF) FY 2008 appropriation was set at $ 6.6   billion by the act, and $ 8.132   billion in FY2010. The act mandated new proposal requirements such as a mentoring plan for all postdoctoral positions, that institutions receiving funding have plans to provide training on the responsible conduct of research, and

5063-492: The impediments to the space science workforce for minority and underrepresented groups. The act directed NOAA to identify emerging and innovative research and development priorities to enhance the United States' competitiveness. The act also aimed for NOAA to promote United States leadership in oceanic and atmospheric science and competitiveness in the applied uses of such knowledge. The act also directed NOAA to collaborate with other relevant federal agencies, academic institutions,

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5146-409: The national physical laboratory for the United States. Southard had previously sponsored a bill for metric conversion of the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Samuel W. Stratton as the first director. The budget for the first year of operation was $ 40,000. The Bureau took custody of the copies of the kilogram and meter bars that were the standards for US measures, and set up

5229-429: The network perimeter. ZTA utilizes zero trust principles which include "never trust, always verify", "assume breach" and "least privileged access" to safeguard users, assets, and resources. Since ZTA holds no implicit trust to users within the network perimeter, authentication and authorization are performed at every stage of a digital transaction. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access to resources. NIST released

5312-413: The private sector, and nongovernmental programs. Under the act, NOAA must also continue to carry out and support research-based programs and activities designed to increase student interest and participation in STEM and improve public literacy in STEM. Referred to as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Authorization Act of 2010, it authorizes an appropriations to the Secretary of Commerce for

5395-417: The private sector. All four were recognized for their work related to laser cooling of atoms, which is directly related to the development and advancement of the atomic clock. In 2011, Dan Shechtman was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on quasicrystals in the Metallurgy Division from 1982 to 1984. In addition, John Werner Cahn was awarded the 2011 Kyoto Prize for Materials Science, and

5478-423: The probable cause of the collapses of the WTC Towers (WTC 1 and 2) and WTC 7. NIST also established a research and development program to provide the technical basis for improved building and fire codes, standards, and practices, and a dissemination and technical assistance program to engage leaders of the construction and building community in implementing proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes. NIST also

5561-408: The promotion of commercial innovation. The report developed recommendations on how the US should invest in human capital , how the US should facilitate entrepreneurship and innovation, how to develop opportunities for local and regional innovation through federal support, how to strengthen the economic infrastructure of the US, and how to improve the international competitiveness of the US. The report

5644-428: The public convenience. In 1821, President John Quincy Adams declared, "Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessities of life to every individual of human society.". Nevertheless, it was not until 1838 that the United States government adopted a uniform set of standards. From 1830 until 1901, the role of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, which

5727-454: The seat that he faced a reasonably well-financed Republican challenger. Even as Gordon continued to win reelection, the 6th began trending heavily Republican at the local level in the 1990s and 2000s. For instance, even with Gore atop the ticket as Bill Clinton 's running mate in 1996 and as presidential candidate in 2000, the Republican nominee for president carried the district in both elections. In addition to Nashville's suburbs bleeding into

5810-461: The secretary shall establish a program to provide loan guarantees for obligations to small- or medium-sized manufacturers for the use or production of innovative technologies. Under the COMPETES Act, the federal government encourages and supports the development of regional innovation strategies, including regional innovation clusters and science and research parks. Grants awarded under this subsection may be used for activities determined appropriate by

5893-410: The sharing of final project reports. The act also mandated that the NSF commission a report from the National Academies of Sciences about barriers to increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in STEM fields. In Sec. 6002, the act made specific provisions on the appropriation of funds for the following NSF programs for FY2008–2010: The House reauthorized the act on May   28, 2010, by

5976-431: The standard by NSA). NIST responded to the allegations, stating that "NIST works to publish the strongest cryptographic standards possible" and that it uses "a transparent, public process to rigorously vet our recommended standards". The agency stated that "there has been some confusion about the standards development process and the role of different organizations in it...The National Security Agency (NSA) participates in

6059-491: The support of the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation Program, which permits specialized STEM high schools conducting research to participate in major data collection initiatives. It also provides merit-based grants for institutions providing STEM education research and internship opportunities for undergraduates. The STEM Training grant program is designed to recruit and prepare students who pursue

6142-415: The surreptitious decryption of data. Both papers report that the NSA worked covertly to get its own version of SP 800-90 approved for worldwide use in 2006. The whistle-blowing document states that "eventually, NSA became the sole editor". The reports confirm suspicions and technical grounds publicly raised by cryptographers in 2007 that the EC-DRBG could contain a kleptographic backdoor (perhaps placed in

6225-523: Was $ 992 million, and it also received $ 610 million as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates (guest researchers and engineers from American companies and foreign countries) complement the staff. In addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around

6308-503: Was a fifteen-member group of business and nonprofit leaders in the fields of science, technology and innovation: Robert Atkinson , Rebecca Bagley, Jim Clements , Abby Joseph Cohen , Larry Cohen , Judy Estrin , Rebecca Henderson, Irwin Jacobs , Arthur Levinson , James Manyika, Natalia Olson-Urtecho, Kim Polese , Lucy Sanders, Julie Shimer, and Stephen Tang. The COMPETES 2010 reauthorization increased funding for STEM education programs,

6391-779: Was a teacher in the Rutherford County schools. He served in the United States Army Reserve in 1971 and 1972. He graduated cum laude from Middle Tennessee State University in 1971, where he was student body president, and earned a J.D. degree from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1973. He is a member of the Kappa Alpha Order . He then entered private practice in Murfreesboro. Active in Democratic politics early on, he

6474-509: Was bestowed the insignia of Officer in the French Legion of Honor . He delivered the commencement keynote address and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in May 2012. In May 2013, he received the first honorary doctorate given by his alma mater Middle Tennessee State University . National Institute of Standards and Technology The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST )

6557-505: Was briefly executive director of the Tennessee Democratic Party in 1979 and state party chairman from 1981 to 1983. When 6th District Congressman Al Gore announced in 1983 that he would run for the United States Senate in 1984, Gordon stepped down as state party chairman to run for the seat. He initially faced a hard-fought race against the brother of the publisher of Nashville's former conservative newspaper ,

6640-497: Was named the National Bureau of Standards . The Articles of Confederation , ratified by the colonies in 1781, provided: The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States. Article 1, section 8, of

6723-719: Was part of the Survey of the Coast—renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878—in the United States Department of the Treasury . In 1901, in response to a bill proposed by Congressman James H. Southard (R, Ohio), the National Bureau of Standards was founded with the mandate to provide standard weights and measures, and to serve as

6806-619: Was realigned by reducing the number of NIST laboratory units from ten to six. NIST Laboratories include: Extramural programs include: NIST's Boulder laboratories are best known for NIST‑F1 , which houses an atomic clock . NIST‑F1 serves as the source of the nation's official time. From its measurement of the natural resonance frequency of cesium —which defines the second —NIST broadcasts time signals via longwave radio station WWVB near Fort Collins , Colorado, and shortwave radio stations WWV and WWVH , located near Fort Collins and Kekaha, Hawaii , respectively. NIST also operates

6889-460: Was released on January 6, 2012, by Secretary of Commerce John Bryson . The report outlined the major accomplishments of the American model and offered brief recommendations for ensuring future success. The COMPETES report advocated for increased federal support for basic research, the redoing of the American education system, and the reallocation of wireless spectrum. The innovation advisory board

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