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131-681: Visual art of the United States or American art is visual art made in the United States or by U.S. artists. Before colonization, there were many flourishing traditions of Native American art , and where the Spanish colonized Spanish Colonial architecture and the accompanying styles in other media were quickly in place. Early colonial art on the East Coast initially relied on artists from Europe, with John White (1540-c. 1593)

262-708: A Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici . Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting . Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation . Much of what defines

393-533: A craft , and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture , from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and

524-563: A Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut. In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the Song dynasty , artists began to cut landscapes. During

655-531: A carrier (or medium ) and a binding agent (a glue ) to a surface (support) such as paper , canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing , composition , or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel , to

786-660: A department in the University of Buenos Aires , the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes . Drawing is a means of making an image , illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on

917-1603: A few continuing and current directions in painting at the beginning of the 21st century. A few American artists of note include: Ansel Adams , John James Audubon , Milton Avery , Jean-Michel Basquiat , Thomas Hart Benton , Albert Bierstadt , Alexander Calder , Mary Cassatt , Frederic Edwin Church , Chuck Close , Thomas Cole , Robert Crumb , Edward S. Curtis , Richard Diebenkorn , Thomas Eakins , Jules Feiffer , Lyonel Feininger , Helen Frankenthaler , Arshile Gorky , Keith Haring , Marsden Hartley , Al Hirschfeld , Hans Hofmann , Winslow Homer , Edward Hopper , Jasper Johns , Georgia O'Keeffe , Jack Kirby , Franz Kline , Willem de Kooning , Lee Krasner , Dorothea Lange , Roy Lichtenstein , Morris Louis , John Marin , Agnes Martin , Joan Mitchell , Grandma Moses , Robert Motherwell , Nampeyo , Kenneth Noland , Jackson Pollock , Man Ray , Robert Rauschenberg , Frederic Remington , Norman Rockwell , Mark Rothko , Albert Pinkham Ryder , John Singer Sargent , Cindy Sherman , David Smith , Frank Stella , Clyfford Still , Gilbert Stuart , Louis Comfort Tiffany , Cy Twombly , Andy Warhol , Grant Wood , Frank Lloyd Wright , and Andrew Wyeth . Visual art The visual arts are art forms such as painting , drawing , printmaking , sculpture , ceramics , photography , video , filmmaking , comics , design , crafts , and architecture . Many artistic disciplines, such as performing arts , conceptual art , and textile arts , also involve aspects of

1048-490: A long time, especially during the French Revolution , history painting often focused on depictions of the heroic male nude. The large production, using the finest French artists, of propaganda paintings glorifying the exploits of Napoleon , were matched by works, showing both victories and losses, from the anti-Napoleonic alliance by artists such as Goya and J. M. W. Turner . Théodore Géricault 's The Raft of

1179-442: A method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ukiyo-e and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as modern art . In the early 20th century, shin-hanga that fused the tradition of ukiyo-e with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of Hasui Kawase and Hiroshi Yoshida gained international popularity. Institutes such as

1310-436: A new understanding of process. The emphasis and intensification of color and large open expanses of surface were two of the principles applied to the movement called Color Field painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman were categorized as such. Another movement was called Action Painting , characterized by spontaneous reaction, powerful brushstrokes, dripped and splashed paint and

1441-441: A result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming

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1572-504: A significant influence on several of the younger artists who would soon become known as Abstract Expressionists. Joseph Cornell , inspired by Surrealism , created boxed assemblages incorporating found objects and collage . In the years after World War II, a group of New York artists formed the first American movement to exert major influence internationally: abstract expressionism . This term, which had first been used in 1919 in Berlin,

1703-842: A single copy that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author. A work of visual art does not include — (A)(i) any poster, map, globe, chart, technical drawing , diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, data base, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;   (ii) any merchandising item or advertising, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;   (iii) any portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii); (B) any work made for hire ; or (C) any work not subject to copyright protection under this title. History painting In modern English, "historical painting"

1834-500: A surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , pastels , and markers . Digital tools, including pens, stylus , that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching , crosshatching, random hatching, shading , scribbling, stippling , and blending. An artist who excels at drawing

1965-446: A template. Computer clip art usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer. Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics . The term has also been applied to all

2096-412: Is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble ), clay , metal , glass , or wood . Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving ; others are assembled, built together and fired , welded , molded , or cast . Sculptures are often painted . A person who creates sculptures

2227-462: Is a moment in a narrative. The genre includes depictions of moments in religious narratives, above all the Life of Christ , Middle eastern culture as well as narrative scenes from mythology , and also allegorical scenes. These groups were for long the most frequently painted; works such as Michelangelo 's Sistine Chapel ceiling are therefore history paintings, as are most very large paintings before

2358-407: Is above another who only produces fruit, flowers or seashells. He who paints living animals is more than those who only represent dead things without movement, and as man is the most perfect work of God on the earth, it is also certain that he who becomes an imitator of God in representing human figures, is much more excellent than all the others ... a painter who only does portraits still does not have

2489-712: Is among the best-known U.S. paintings. The historical and military paintings of William B. T. Trego were widely published after his death (according to Edwin A. Peeples, "There is probably not an American History book which doesn't have (a) Trego picture in it"). Portrait painters in the U.S. in the 19th century included untrained limners such as Ammi Phillips , and painters schooled in the European tradition, such as Thomas Sully and G.P.A. Healy . Middle-class city life found its painter in Thomas Eakins (1844–1916), an uncompromising realist whose unflinching honesty undercut

2620-508: Is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, animation , video , CD-ROM , DVD , video game , website , algorithm , performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines now integrate digital technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As

2751-650: Is called a sculptor. The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the Aurignacian culture , which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic . As well as producing some of the earliest known cave art , the people of this culture developed finely-crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines. Because sculpture involves

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2882-525: Is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Edward Hicks was a U.S. folk painter and distinguished minister of the Society of Friends . He became a Quaker icon because of his paintings. Paintings of the Great West, many of which emphasized the sheer size of the land and the cultures of the native people living on it, became a distinct genre as well. George Catlin depicted

3013-600: Is generally not used in art history in speaking of medieval painting, although the Western tradition was developing in large altarpieces , fresco cycles, and other works, as well as miniatures in illuminated manuscripts . It comes to the fore in Italian Renaissance painting , where a series of increasingly ambitious works were produced, many still religious, but several, especially in Florence, which did actually feature near-contemporary historical scenes such as

3144-876: Is in the collection of The National Gallery of Art while there is another version in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and a third version in the Detroit Institute of Arts . Benjamin West painted portraits as well as history paintings of the French and Indian War . West also worked in London where many American artists studied under him, including Washington Allston , Ralph Earl , James Earl , Samuel Morse , Charles Willson Peale, Rembrandt Peale, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, Mather Brown , Edward Savage and Thomas Sully . John Trumbull painted large battle scenes of

3275-437: Is often used to refer to video-based processes as well. Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual arts media . Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images (including exploring multiple compositions ) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D printing ). Computer art

3406-812: Is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman . Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are found in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung , Australia. In ancient Egypt , ink drawings on papyrus , often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases , initially geometric, later developed into

3537-453: Is sometimes used to describe the painting of scenes from history in its narrower sense, especially for 19th-century art, excluding religious, mythological, and allegorical subjects, which are included in the broader term "history painting", and before the 19th century were the most common subjects for history paintings. History paintings almost always contain a number of figures, often a large number, and normally show some typical states on that

3668-425: Is the painting of scenes from secular history, whether specific episodes or generalized scenes. In the 19th century, historical painting in this sense became a distinct genre. In phrases such as "historical painting materials", "historical" means in use before about 1900, or some earlier date. History paintings were traditionally regarded as the highest form of Western painting, occupying the most prestigious place in

3799-423: Is traditional in geometric optics .) Architecture is the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. The earliest surviving written work on

3930-476: Is — (1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or (2) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in

4061-653: The chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space. Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to achieve depth and luminosity. The 17th century witnessed

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4192-541: The Armory Show in 1913. After World War II, New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. Since then many U.S. movements have shaped Modern and Postmodern art . Art in the United States today covers a huge range of styles. One of the first painters to visit British America was John White (c. 1540 – c. 1606), who made important watercolor records of Native American life on the Eastern seaboard (now in

4323-608: The British Museum ). White first visited America as the artist and map-maker for an expedition of exploration, and in the early years of the Colonial period most other artists trained in Western styles were officers in the army and navy, whose training included sketching landscapes. Eventually the English settlements grew large enough to support professional artists, mostly portrait-painters, often largely self-taught. Among

4454-555: The Great Depression including American scene painting , Regionalism , and Social Realism . Thomas Hart Benton , John Steuart Curry , Grant Wood , Maxine Albro , Ben Shahn , Joseph Stella , Reginald Marsh , Isaac Soyer , Raphael Soyer , Spencer Baird Nichols and Jack Levine were some of the best-known artists. Not all of the artists who emerged in the years between the wars were Regionalists or Social Realists; Milton Avery 's paintings, often nearly abstract, had

4585-584: The Great Depression worsened, president Roosevelt's New Deal created several public arts programs. The purpose of the programs was to give work to artists and decorate public buildings, usually with a national theme. The first of these projects, the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), was created after successful lobbying by the unemployed artists of the Artists Union . The PWAP lasted less than one year, and produced nearly 15,000 works of art. It

4716-756: The Impressionists (except for Édouard Manet ) and the Symbolists , and according to one recent writer " Modernism was to a considerable extent built upon the rejection of History Painting... All other genres are deemed capable of entering, in one form or another, the 'pantheon' of modernity considered, but History Painting is excluded". Initially, "history painting" and "historical painting" were used interchangeably in English, as when Sir Joshua Reynolds in his fourth Discourse uses both indiscriminately to cover "history painting", while saying "...it ought to be called poetical, as in reality it is", reflecting

4847-588: The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings. Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before

4978-826: The New York School in the 1940s and 1950s. Many first generation abstract expressionists were influenced both by the Cubists ' works (which they knew from photographs in art reviews and by seeing the works at the 291 Gallery or the Armory Show), by the European Surrealists , and by Pablo Picasso , Joan Miró and Henri Matisse as well as the Americans Milton Avery , John D. Graham , and Hans Hofmann . Most of them abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects. Often

5109-1056: The Photo-Secession movement, which created pathways for photography as an emerging art form. Soon the Ashcan school artists gave way to modernists arriving from Europe—the cubists and abstract painters promoted by Stieglitz at his 291 Gallery in New York City. John Marin , Marsden Hartley , Alfred Henry Maurer , Arthur B. Carles , Arthur Dove , Henrietta Shore , Stuart Davis , Wilhelmina Weber , Stanton Macdonald-Wright , Morgan Russell , Patrick Henry Bruce , Andrew Dasburg , Georgia O'Keeffe , and Gerald Murphy were some important early American modernist painters. Early modernist sculptors in America include William Zorach , Elie Nadelman , and Paul Manship . Florine Stettheimer developed an extremely personal faux-naif style. After World War I many American artists rejected

5240-575: The Revolutionary War . When landscape was painted it was most often done to show how much property a subject owned, or as a picturesque background for a portrait. The first well-known U.S. school of painting—the Hudson River School —appeared in 1820. Thomas Cole pioneered the movement which included Albert Bierstadt , Frederic Edwin Church , Thomas Doughty and several others. As with music and literature, this development

5371-646: The first World War , the completion of the Santa Fe Railroad enabled American settlers to travel across the west, as far as the California coast. New artists' colonies started growing up around Santa Fe and Taos , the artists' primary subject matter being the native people and landscapes of the Southwest . Images of the Southwest became a popular form of advertising, used most significantly by

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5502-734: The four arts of scholar-officials in imperial China. Leading country in the development of the arts in Latin America , in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters Eduardo Schiaffino , Eduardo Sívori , and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic Ernesto de la Cárcova , as

5633-412: The hierarchy of genres , and considered the equivalent to the epic in literature. In his De Pictura of 1436, Leon Battista Alberti had argued that multi-figure history painting was the noblest form of art, as being the most difficult, which required mastery of all the others, because it was a visual form of history, and because it had the greatest potential to move the viewer. He placed emphasis on

5764-764: The modern trends emanating from the Armory Show and European influences such as those from the School of Paris . Instead they chose to adopt various—in some cases academic —styles of realism in depicting American urban and rural scenes. Grant Wood , Reginald Marsh , Guy Pène du Bois , and Charles Sheeler exemplify the realist tendency in different ways. Sheeler and the modernists Charles Demuth and Ralston Crawford were referred to as Precisionists for their sharply defined renderings of machines and architectural forms. Edward Hopper , who studied under Henri, developed an individual style of realism by concentrating on light and form, and avoiding overt social content. Following

5895-559: The "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past. Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure . The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras . The word comes from

6026-528: The "Intimate Romantic", and in French it was known as the "peinture de genre historique" or "peinture anecdotique" ("historical genre painting" or "anecdotal painting"). Church commissions for large group scenes from the Bible had greatly reduced, and historical painting became very significant. Especially in the early 19th century, much historical painting depicted specific moments from historical literature, with

6157-619: The 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte . Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype , the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print. Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are woodcut , line engraving , etching , lithography , and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally,

6288-456: The 1960s, as Morris Louis, Jules Olitski , Kenneth Noland , Gene Davis , Helen Frankenthaler , and others sought to make paintings which would eliminate superfluous rhetoric with repetition, stripes and large, flat areas of color. During the 1950s abstract painting in America evolved into movements such as Neo-Dada , Post painterly abstraction , Op Art , hard-edge painting , Minimal art , Shaped canvas painting, Lyrical Abstraction , and

6419-455: The 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural color to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin , who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh , a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec , remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in

6550-485: The 19th century. The term covers large paintings in oil on canvas or fresco produced between the Renaissance and the late 19th century, after which the term is generally not used even for the many works that still meet the basic definition. History painting may be used interchangeably with historical painting , and was especially so used before the 20th century. Where a distinction is made, "historical painting"

6681-514: The 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages , the next significant contribution to European art was from Italy's renaissance painters . From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as

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6812-506: The Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals. Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and

6943-901: The English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood continued to regard history painting as the ideal for their most ambitious works. Others such as Jan Matejko in Poland, Vasily Surikov in Russia, José Moreno Carbonero in Spain and Paul Delaroche in France became specialized painters of large historical subjects. The style troubadour (" troubadour style") was a somewhat derisive French term for earlier paintings of medieval and Renaissance scenes, which were often small and depicting moments of anecdote rather than drama; Ingres , Richard Parkes Bonington and Henri Fradelle painted such works. Sir Roy Strong calls this type of work

7074-566: The French state, but after the fall of Napoleon in 1815 the French governments were not regarded as suitable for heroic treatment and many artists retreated further into the past to find subjects, though in Britain depicting the victories of the Napoleonic Wars mostly occurred after they were over. Another path was to choose contemporary subjects that were oppositional to government either at home and abroad, and many of what were arguably

7205-530: The French term peinture historique , one equivalent of "history painting". The terms began to separate in the 19th century, with "historical painting" becoming a sub-group of "history painting" restricted to subjects taken from history in its normal sense. In 1853 John Ruskin asked his audience: "What do you at present mean by historical painting? Now-a-days it means the endeavour, by the power of imagination, to portray some historical event of past days." So for example Harold Wethey 's three-volume catalogue of

7336-481: The Greek φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê , together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph . The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph. (The term image

7467-492: The Medusa (1818–1819) was a sensation, appearing to update the history painting for the 19th century, and showing anonymous figures famous only for being victims of what was then a famous and controversial disaster at sea. Conveniently their clothes had been worn away to classical-seeming rags by the point the painting depicts. At the same time the demand for traditional large religious history paintings very largely fell away. In

7598-569: The Paris district of Montmartre . Edvard Munch , a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet . The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Germany at

7729-657: The Peale family), William Michael Harnett , and John F. Peto . The most successful U.S. sculptor of his era, Hiram Powers , left the U.S. in his early thirties to spend the rest of his life in Europe, where he adopted a conventional style for his idealized female nudes such as Eve Tempted . Several important painters who are considered American spent much of their lives in Europe, notably Mary Cassatt , James McNeill Whistler , and John Singer Sargent , all of whom were influenced by French Impressionism . Theodore Robinson visited France in 1887, befriended Monet , and became one of

7860-625: The Santa Fe Railroad to entice settlers to come west and enjoy the "unsullied landscapes." Walter Ufer , Bert Geer Phillips , E. Irving Couse , William Henry Jackson , Marsden Hartley , Andrew Dasburg , and Georgia O'Keeffe were some of the more prolific artists of the Southwest. Georgia O'Keeffe, who was born in the late 19th century, became known for her paintings featuring flowers, bones, and landscapes of New Mexico as seen in Ram's Head White Hollyhock and Little Hills . O'Keeffe visited

7991-486: The Southwest in 1929 and moved there permanently in 1949; she lived and painted there until she died in 1986. The Harlem Renaissance was another significant development in American art. In the 1920s and 30s a new generation of educated and politically astute African-American men and women emerged who sponsored literary societies and art and industrial exhibitions to combat racist stereotypes. The movement, which showcased

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8122-629: The United States, despite modernism's impact; the realist tendency is evident in the city scenes of Edward Hopper , the rural imagery of Andrew Wyeth , and the illustrations of Norman Rockwell . In certain places Abstract Expressionism never caught on; for example, in Chicago, the dominant art style was grotesque, symbolic realism, as exemplified by the Chicago Imagists Cosmo Campoli (1923–1997), Jim Nutt (1938- ), Ed Paschke (1939–2004), and Nancy Spero (1926–2009). At

8253-634: The West and its people as honestly as possible. George Caleb Bingham , and later Frederic Remington , Charles M. Russell , the photographer Edward S. Curtis , and others recorded the U.S. Western heritage and the Old American West through their art. History painting was a less popular genre in U.S. art during the 19th century, although Washington Crossing the Delaware , painted by the German-born Emanuel Leutze ,

8384-554: The ability to depict the interactions between the figures by gesture and expression. This view remained general until the 19th century, when artistic movements began to struggle against the establishment institutions of academic art , which continued to adhere to it. At the same time, there was from the latter part of the 18th century an increased interest in depicting in the form of history painting moments of drama from recent or contemporary history, which had long largely been confined to battle-scenes and scenes of formal surrenders and

8515-455: The abstract expressionists decided to try instinctual, intuitive, spontaneous arrangements of space, line, shape and color. Abstract Expressionism can be characterized by two major elements: the large size of the canvases used (partially inspired by Mexican frescoes and the works they made for the WPA in the 1930s), and the strong and unusual use of brushstrokes and experimental paint application with

8646-480: The advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency. After the decline of ukiyo-e and introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as

8777-450: The artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with 3-d printing technology. In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art". A "work of visual art"

8908-771: The artistic superhighway filled to capacity. Consequently, magnificent and important works of art continue to be made in the United States albeit in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments, the marketplace being left to judge merit. Hard-edge painting , Geometric abstraction , Appropriation , Hyperrealism , Photorealism , Expressionism , Minimalism , Lyrical Abstraction , Pop art, Op art, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, Monochrome painting , Neo-expressionism , Collage , Intermedia painting, Assemblage painting, Digital painting , Postmodern painting, Neo-Dada painting, Shaped canvas painting, environmental mural painting , Graffiti , traditional figure painting , Landscape painting , Portrait painting , are

9039-445: The beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect. In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By

9170-509: The beginning of the 21st century, contemporary art in the United States in general continues in several contiguous modes, characterized by the idea of Cultural pluralism . The "crisis" in painting and current art and current art criticism today is brought about by pluralism. There is no consensus, nor need there be, as to a representative style of the age. There is an anything goes attitude that prevails; an "everything going on" syndrome; with no firm and clear direction and yet with every lane on

9301-399: The best painters above all on their production of large works of history painting (though in fact the only modern (post-classical) work described in De Pictura is Giotto 's huge Navicella in mosaic). Artists continued for centuries to strive to make their reputation by producing such works, often neglecting genres to which their talents were better suited. There was some objection to

9432-407: The best-received. From 1760 onwards, the Society of Artists of Great Britain , the first body to organize regular exhibitions in London, awarded two generous prizes each year to paintings of subjects from British history. The unheroic nature of modern dress was regarded as a serious difficulty. When, in 1770, Benjamin West proposed to paint The Death of General Wolfe in contemporary dress, he

9563-484: The boundaries of abstract painting and Minimalism by focusing on process, new materials and new ways of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, fabrications, found objects, installation, serial repetition, and often with references to Dada and Surrealism is best exemplified in the sculptures of Eva Hesse . Lyrical Abstraction, Conceptual Art , Postminimalism, Earth Art , Video , Performance art , Installation art , along with

9694-475: The catalog of Three American painters: Kenneth Noland , Jules Olitski , Frank Stella at the Fogg Art Museum in 1965. Despite the disagreements between art critics, Abstract Expressionism marks a turning-point in the history of American art: the 1940s and 1950s saw international attention shift from European (Parisian) art, to American (New York) art. Color field painting continued as a movement in

9825-1153: The classic statement of the theory for the 18th century: Celui qui fait parfaitement des païsages est au-dessus d'un autre qui ne fait que des fruits, des fleurs ou des coquilles. Celui qui peint des animaux vivants est plus estimable que ceux qui ne représentent que des choses mortes & sans mouvement; & comme la figure de l'homme est le plus parfait ouvrage de Dieu sur la Terre, il est certain aussi que celui qui se rend l'imitateur de Dieu en peignant des figures humaines, est beaucoup plus excellent que tous les autres ... un Peintre qui ne fait que des portraits, n'a pas encore cette haute perfection de l'Art, & ne peut prétendre à l'honneur que reçoivent les plus sçavans. Il faut pour cela passer d'une seule figure à la représentation de plusieurs ensemble; il faut traiter l'histoire & la fable; il faut représenter de grandes actions comme les historiens, ou des sujets agréables comme les Poëtes; & montant encore plus haut, il faut par des compositions allégoriques, sçavoir couvrir sous le voile de la fable les vertus des grands hommes, & les mystères les plus relevez. He who produces perfect landscapes

9956-615: The colonial period, achieved a sophisticated style based on Smibert's example. Charles Willson Peale , who gained much of his earliest art training by studying Smibert's copies of European paintings, painted portraits of many of the important figures of the American Revolution . Peale's younger brother James Peale and six of Peale's nieces and sons— Anna Claypoole Peale , Sarah Miriam Peale , Raphaelle Peale , Rembrandt Peale , Rubens Peale and Titian Peale —were also artists. Painters such as Gilbert Stuart made portraits of

10087-545: The continuation of Abstract expressionism . As a response to the tendency toward abstraction imagery emerged through various new movements like Pop Art , the Bay Area Figurative Movement and later in the 1970s Neo-expressionism . Lyrical Abstraction along with the Fluxus movement and Postminimalism (a term first coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) sought to expand

10218-451: The continuation of Fluxus, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Hard-edge painting, Minimal Art , Op art, Pop Art , Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of Contemporary Art in the mid-1960s through the 1970s. Lyrical Abstraction shares similarities with Color Field Painting and Abstract Expressionism, especially in the freewheeling usage of paint texture and surface. Direct drawing , calligraphic use of line,

10349-424: The earliest example. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, artists primarily painted portraits, and some landscapes in a style based mainly on English painting . Furniture-makers imitating English styles and similar craftsmen were also established in the major cities, but in the English colonies, locally made pottery remained resolutely utilitarian until the 19th century, with fancy products imported. But in

10480-454: The earliest was John Smybert (1688–1751), a trained artist from London who emigrated in 1728 intending to be a professor of fine art, but instead became a portrait painter and printseller in Boston. His friend Peter Pelham was a painter and printmaker. Both needed other sources of income and had shops. Meanwhile, the Spanish territories later to be American could see mostly religious art in

10611-616: The early 19th century) consists of history painting and especially portraits . As in Colonial America, many of the painters who specialized in portraits were essentially self-taught; notable among them are Joseph Badger , John Brewster Jr. , and William Jennys . The young nation's artists generally emulated the style of British art, which they knew through prints and the paintings of English-trained immigrants such as John Smibert (1688–1751) and John Wollaston (active 1742–1775). Robert Feke (1707–1752), an untrained painter of

10742-1124: The effects of brushed, splattered, stained, squeegeed, poured, and splashed paint superficially resemble the effects seen in Abstract Expressionism and Color Field Painting. However the styles are markedly different. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s painters as powerful and influential as Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston , Lee Krasner , Cy Twombly , Robert Rauschenberg , Jasper Johns , Richard Diebenkorn , Josef Albers , Elmer Bischoff , Agnes Martin , Al Held , Sam Francis , Kenneth Noland , Jules Olitski , Ellsworth Kelly , Morris Louis , Gene Davis , Frank Stella , Joan Mitchell , Friedel Dzubas , Paul Jenkins and younger artists like Brice Marden , Robert Mangold , Sam Gilliam , Sean Scully , Elizabeth Murray , Walter Darby Bannard , Larry Zox , Ronnie Landfield , Ronald Davis , Dan Christensen , Susan Rothenberg , Ross Bleckner , Richard Tuttle , Julian Schnabel , Peter Halley , Jean-Michel Basquiat , Eric Fischl and dozens of others produced vital and influential paintings. Members of

10873-409: The emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life. The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio , who made heavy use of tenebrism . Peter Paul Rubens ,

11004-515: The fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts . The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting ,

11135-454: The first U.S. painters to adopt the new technique. In the last decades of the century American Impressionism , as practiced by artists such as Childe Hassam and Frank W. Benson , became a popular style. Controversy soon became a way of life for American artists. In fact, much of American painting and sculpture since 1900 has been a series of revolts against tradition. "To hell with the artistic values," announced Robert Henri (1865–1929). He

11266-857: The genre. In the Raphael Rooms in the Vatican Palace , allegories and historical scenes are mixed together, and the Raphael Cartoons show scenes from the Gospels, all in the Grand Manner that from the High Renaissance became associated with, and often expected in, history painting. In the Late Renaissance and Baroque the painting of actual history tended to degenerate into panoramic battle-scenes with

11397-510: The genteel preference for romantic sentimentalism. As a result, he was not notably successful in his lifetime, although he has since been recognized as one of the most significant U.S. artists. One of his students was Henry Ossawa Tanner , the first African-American painter to achieve international acclaim. A trompe-l'œil style of still-life painting, originating mainly in Philadelphia, included Raphaelle Peale (one of several artists of

11528-538: The great temple of Ramses II , Nefertari , his queen, is depicted being led by Isis . The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits . Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii , which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in

11659-423: The highest perfection of his art, and cannot expect the honour due to the most skilled. For that he must pass from representing a single figure to several together; history and myth must be depicted; great events must be represented as by historians, or like the poets, subjects that will please, and climbing still higher, he must have the skill to cover under the veil of myth the virtues of great men in allegories, and

11790-478: The human body itself. Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In

11921-440: The human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli , Raphael , Michelangelo , and Leonardo da Vinci , who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in

12052-401: The impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colors and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artist's eye. Towards the end of

12183-410: The infrastructure to train artists began to be established, and from 1820 the Hudson River School began to produce Romantic landscape painting that were original and matched the huge scale of U.S. landscapes. The American Revolution produced a demand for patriotic art, especially history painting, while other artists recorded the frontier country. A parallel development taking shape in rural U.S.

12314-548: The last great generation of history paintings were protests at contemporary episodes of repression or outrages at home or abroad: Goya 's The Third of May 1808 (1814), Théodore Géricault 's The Raft of the Medusa (1818–19), Eugène Delacroix 's The Massacre at Chios (1824) and Liberty Leading the People (1830). These were heroic, but showed heroic suffering by ordinary civilians. Romantic artists such as Géricault and Delacroix, and those from other movements such as

12445-467: The late Baroque style, mostly by native artists, and Native American cultures continued to produce art in their various traditions. After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which marked the official beginning of the American national identity, the new nation needed a history, and part of that history would be expressed visually. Most of early American art (from the late 18th century through

12576-461: The later 18th century two U.S. artists, Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley , became the most successful painters in London of history painting , then regarded as the highest form of art, giving the first sign of an emerging force in Western art . American artists who remained at home became increasingly skilled, although there was little awareness of them in Europe. In the early 19th century

12707-453: The like. Scenes from ancient history had been popular in the early Renaissance , and once again became common in the Baroque and Rococo periods, and still more so with the rise of Neoclassicism . In some 19th or 20th century contexts, the term may refer specifically to paintings of scenes from secular history, rather than those from religious narratives, literature or mythology. The term

12838-507: The lives of the great, or of scenes centred on unnamed figures involved in historical events, as in the Troubadour style . At the same time scenes of ordinary life with moral, political or satirical content became often the main vehicle for expressive interplay between figures in painting, whether given a modern or historical setting. By the later 19th century, history painting was often explicitly rejected by avant-garde movements such as

12969-467: The mid-nineteenth century there arose a style known as historicism , which marked a formal imitation of historical styles and/or artists. Another development in the nineteenth century was the treatment of historical subjects, often on a large scale, with the values of genre painting , the depiction of scenes of everyday life, and anecdote . Grand depictions of events of great public importance were supplemented with scenes depicting more personal incidents in

13100-492: The most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes. Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe, the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of

13231-523: The mysteries they reveal". By the late 18th century, with both religious and mytholological painting in decline, there was an increased demand for paintings of scenes from history, including contemporary history. This was in part driven by the changing audience for ambitious paintings, which now increasingly made their reputation in public exhibitions rather than by impressing the owners of and visitors to palaces and public buildings. Classical history remained popular, but scenes from national histories were often

13362-456: The newly elected government officials, which became iconic after being reproduced on various U.S. Postage stamps of the 19th century and early 20th century. John Singleton Copley painted emblematic portraits for the increasingly prosperous merchant class, including a portrait of Paul Revere (ca. 1768–1770). The original version of his most famous painting, Watson and the Shark (1778),

13493-535: The next artistic generation favored a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were Robert Rauschenberg (1925–2008) and Jasper Johns (1930- ), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in their compositions. Pop artists , such as Andy Warhol (1928–1987), Larry Rivers (1923–2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923–1997), reproduced, with satiric care, everyday objects and images of American popular culture—Coca-Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips. Realism has also been continually popular in

13624-768: The novels of Sir Walter Scott a particular favourite, in France and other European countries as much as Great Britain. By the middle of the century medieval scenes were expected to be very carefully researched, using the work of historians of costume, architecture and all elements of decor that were becoming available. An example of this is the extensive research of Byzantine architecture, clothing, and decoration made in Parisian museums and libraries by Moreno Carbonero for his masterwork The Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople . The provision of examples and expertise for artists, as well as revivalist industrial designers,

13755-465: The numerous artists encompassed by this label had widely different styles, contemporary critics found several common points between them. Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Kline, Hofmann, Motherwell, Gottlieb, Rothko, Still, Guston, and others were an American painters associated with the abstract expressionist movement and in most cases Action painting (as seen in Kline's Painting Number 2 , 1954); as part of

13886-433: The paintings of Titian (Phaidon, 1969–75) is divided between "Religious Paintings", "Portraits", and "Mythological and Historical Paintings", though both volumes I and III cover what is included in the term "History Paintings". This distinction is useful but is by no means generally observed, and the terms are still often used in a confusing manner. Because of the potential for confusion modern academic writing tends to avoid

14017-531: The people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems. In East Asia , arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; calligraphy was numbered among the Six Arts of gentlemen in the Chinese Zhou dynasty , and calligraphy and Chinese painting were numbered among

14148-470: The phrase "historical painting", talking instead of "historical subject matter" in history painting, but where the phrase is still used in contemporary scholarship it will normally mean the painting of subjects from history, very often in the 19th century. "Historical painting" may also be used, especially in discussion of painting techniques in conservation studies, to mean "old", as opposed to modern or recent painting. In 19th-century British writing on art

14279-422: The prevailing historical narrative of national history in the popular mind. In France, L'art Pompier ("Fireman art") was a derisory term for official academic historical painting, and in a final phase, "History painting of a debased sort, scenes of brutality and terror, purporting to illustrate episodes from Roman and Moorish history, were Salon sensations. On the overcrowded walls of the exhibition galleries,

14410-495: The print is printed on paper , but other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials. Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known as old master prints . In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut , was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich ,

14541-722: The range of talents within African-American communities, included artists from across America, but was centered in Harlem . The work of the Harlem painter and graphic artist Aaron Douglas and the photographer James VanDerZee became emblematic of the movement. Artists associated with the Harlem Renaissance include Romare Bearden , Jacob Lawrence , Charles Alston , Augusta Savage , Archibald Motley , Lois Mailou Jones , Palmer Hayden and Sargent Johnson . When

14672-429: The rural U.S.—the sea, the mountains, and the people who lived near them. The Hudson River School landscape painter Robert S. Duncanson was one of the first important African American painters . John James Audubon , an ornithologist whose paintings documented birds, was one of the most important naturalist artists in the early U.S. His major work, a set of colored prints entitled The Birds of America (1827–1839),

14803-461: The same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry. Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators , photographers , photo editors , 3-D modelers , and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may become digital artists . Illustrators may become animators . Handicraft may be computer-aided or use computer-generated imagery as

14934-536: The set of three huge canvases on The Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello , the abortive Battle of Cascina by Michelangelo and the Battle of Anghiari by Leonardo da Vinci , neither of which were completed. Scenes from ancient history and mythology were also popular. Writers such as Alberti and the following century Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Artists , followed public and artistic opinion in judging

15065-522: The strong physical movements used in the production of a painting. Jackson Pollock is an example of an Action Painter: his creative process , incorporating thrown and dripped paint from a stick or poured directly from the can, revolutionized painting methods. Willem de Kooning famously said about Pollock "he broke the ice for the rest of us." Ironically Pollock's large repetitious expanses of linear fields are characteristic of Color Field painting as well, as art critic Michael Fried wrote in his essay for

15196-677: The subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight . An equivalent in modern English would be: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became

15327-415: The term, as many writers preferred terms such as "poetic painting" ( poesia ), or wanted to make a distinction between the "true" istoria , covering history including biblical and religious scenes, and the fabula , covering pagan myth, allegory, and scenes from fiction, which could not be regarded as true. The large works of Raphael were long considered, with those of Michelangelo, as the finest models for

15458-455: The terms " subject painting " or "anecdotic" painting were often used for works in a line of development going back to William Hogarth of monoscenic depictions of crucial moments in an implied narrative with unidentified characters, such as William Holman Hunt 's 1853 painting The Awakening Conscience or Augustus Egg 's Past and Present , a set of three paintings, updating sets by Hogarth such as Marriage à-la-mode . History painting

15589-416: The turn of the 20th century, the term ' artist ' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms. Art schools made a distinction between

15720-479: The use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts . The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden . Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication,

15851-468: The victorious monarch or general perched on a horse accompanied with his retinue, or formal scenes of ceremonies, although some artists managed to make a masterpiece from such unpromising material, as Velázquez did with his The Surrender of Breda . An influential formulation of the hierarchy of genres, confirming the history painting at the top, was made in 1667 by André Félibien , a historiographer, architect and theoretician of French classicism became

15982-443: The visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts . Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation. This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian 's use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, " Neoplasticism ." Sculpture

16113-542: The visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts , such as industrial design , graphic design , fashion design , interior design , and decorative art . Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as applied or decorative arts and crafts , but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at

16244-650: Was delayed until artists perceived that the New World offered subjects unique to itself; in this case the westward expansion of settlement brought the transcendent beauty of frontier landscapes to painters' attention. The Hudson River painters' directness and simplicity of vision influenced and inspired such later artists as John Kensett and the Luminists ; as well as George Inness and the tonalists (which included Albert Pinkham Ryder and Ralph Blakelock among others), and Winslow Homer (1836–1910), who depicted

16375-400: Was firmly instructed to use classical costume by many people. He ignored these comments and showed the scene in modern dress. Although George III refused to purchase the work, West succeeded both in overcoming his critics' objections and inaugurating a more historically accurate style in such paintings. Other artists depicted scenes, regardless of when they occurred, in classical dress and for

16506-602: Was followed by the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (FAP/WPA) in 1935, which funded some of the most well-known American artists . The style of much of the public art commissioned by the WPA was influenced by the work of Diego Rivera and other artists of the contemporary Mexican muralism movement. Several separate and related movements began and developed during

16637-540: Was one of the motivations for the establishment of museums like the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. New techniques of printmaking such as the chromolithograph made good quality reproductions both relatively cheap and very widely accessible, and also hugely profitable for artist and publisher, as the sales were so large. Historical painting often had a close relationship with Nationalism , and painters like Matejko in Poland could play an important role in fixing

16768-610: Was the American craft movement, which began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution . After 1850 Academic art in the European style flourished, and as richer Americans became very wealthy, the flow of European art, new and old, to the US began; this has continued ever since. Museums began to be opened to display much of this. Developments in modern art in Europe came to the U.S. from exhibitions in New York City such as

16899-464: Was the dominant form of academic painting in the various national academies in the 18th century, and for most of the 19th, and increasingly historical subjects dominated. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods the heroic treatment of contemporary history in a frankly propagandistic fashion by Antoine-Jean, Baron Gros , Jacques-Louis David , Carle Vernet and others was supported by

17030-588: Was the leader of what critics called the Ashcan school of painting, after the group's portrayals of the squalid aspects of city life. American realism became the new direction for American visual artists at the turn of the 20th century. The Ashcan painters George Bellows , Everett Shinn , George Benjamin Luks , William Glackens , and John Sloan were among those who developed socially conscious imagery in their works. The photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) led

17161-1109: Was used again in 1946 by Robert Coates in The New York Times , and was taken up by the two major art critics of that time, Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg . It has always been criticized as too large and paradoxical, yet the common definition implies the use of abstract art to express feelings, emotions, what is within the artist, and not what stands without. The first generation of abstract expressionists included Jackson Pollock , Willem de Kooning , Mark Rothko , Franz Kline , Arshile Gorky , Robert Motherwell , Clyfford Still , Barnett Newman , Adolph Gottlieb , Phillip Guston , Ad Reinhardt , James Brooks , Richard Pousette-Dart , William Baziotes , Mark Tobey , Bradley Walker Tomlin , Theodoros Stamos , Jack Tworkov , Wilhelmina Weber Furlong , David Smith , and Hans Hofmann , among others. Milton Avery , Lee Krasner , Louise Bourgeois , Alexander Calder , Tony Smith , Morris Graves and others were also related, important and influential artists during that period. Though

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