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87-488: Quakers traditionally oppose violence in all of its forms and therefore many refuse to serve in the military , even when drafted . AFSC's original mission arose from the need to provide conscientious objectors (COs) with a constructive alternative to military service. In 1947, AFSC, along with its British counterpart, the Friends Service Council (now known as Quaker Peace and Social Witness), received

174-530: A Man, CeaseFire Illinois, Chicago Area Project, Little Black Pearl, and Rainbow House". These programs are designed to help give the youth a safe place to go, stop the violence from occurring, offering counseling and mentoring to help stop the cycle of violence. If the youth do not have a safe place to go after school hours they will likely get into trouble, receive poor grades, drop out of school and use drugs and alcohol. The gangs look for youth who do not have positive influences in their life and need protection. This

261-620: A close relationship with one or more people. This is important because the trauma victims need to have people who are safe and trustworthy that they can relate and talk to about their horrible experiences. Some youth do not have adult figures at home or someone they can count on for guidance and comfort. Schools in bad neighborhoods where youth violence is prevalent should assign counselors to each student so that they receive regular guidance. In addition to counseling/therapy sessions and programs, it has been recommended that schools offer mentoring programs where students can interact with adults who can be

348-430: A country such as concentrated (regional) poverty , income and gender inequality , the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be relatively effective in preventing violence, although mental and physical health and individual responses, personalities, etc. have always been decisive factors in

435-591: A faith community due to "an increasingly pronounced drift toward a lefty secularism " since the 1970s. It was reported that the Committee in 1975 adopted "a formal decision to make the Middle East its major issue". Some Jewish supporters of Israeli government policies have accused AFSC of having an anti-Jewish bias. In 1993, Jacob Neusner called the Committee "the most militant and aggressive of Christian anti-Israel groups". The AFSC's position on its website

522-425: A given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth violence has immediate and long term adverse impact whether the individual was the recipient of the violence or a witness to it. Youth violence impacts individuals, their families, and society. Victims can have lifelong injuries which means ongoing doctor and hospital visits, the cost of which quickly add up. Since

609-660: A group of Quakers met in Philadelphia to discuss the impending military draft and its impact on members of peace churches such as Quakers, Mennonites , Brethren , and the Amish . They developed ideas for alternative services that could be performed directly in the battle zones of northern France. The group also formulated plans for interacting with the United States Army , which had been inconsistent in its treatment of pacifist churches were legally exempt from

696-404: A group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation." Injuries and violence are a significant cause of death and burden of disease in all countries; however, they are not evenly distributed across or within countries. Violence-related injuries kill 1.25 million people every year, as of 2024. This

783-572: A military array representing US deaths in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and shoes representing Iraqi and Afghan civilians. It was exhibited in 48 states and the District of Columbia, drawing national coverage The American Friends Service Committee's strategic plan for 2020-2030 lists three interconnected strategic goals. Throughout much of the group's history the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and other government agencies have monitored

870-458: A mutual flywheel effect between partners that is manifested by an escalation in the violence. A violent spin may occur in any other forms of violence, but in Intimate partner violence the added value is the mutual spin, based on the unique situation and characteristics of intimate relationship. The primary prevention strategy with the best evidence for effectiveness for intimate partner violence

957-655: A new generation of COs. When Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated from the West Coast to inland concentration camps, AFSC led efforts to help college students transfer to schools in the Midwest and East Coast to avoid internment, and assisted Japanese Americans in resettling in various cities during and after the war. Following the war, AFSC engaged in relief and reconstruction work in Europe , Japan , India , and China . In 1947, AFSC worked to resettle refugees during

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1044-422: A positive influence on them. Another way is to create more neighborhood programs to ensure that each child has a positive and stable place to go when school in not in session. Many children have benefited from formal organizations now which aim to help mentor and provide a safe environment for the youth especially those living in neighborhoods with higher rates of violence. This includes organizations such as Becoming

1131-452: A reduction in youth violence. Different types of youth on youth violence include witnessing or being involved in physical, emotional and sexual abuse (e.g. physical attacks, bullying, rape), and violent acts like gang shootings and robberies. According to researchers in 2018, "More than half of children and adolescents living in cities have experienced some form of community violence." The violence "can also all take place under one roof, or in

1218-656: A romantic relationship with the victim. It involves repeated physical, psychological or social harm, and often takes place in schools and other settings where children gather, and online. Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth violence refers to violence occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from bullying and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide. Worldwide some 250,000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which

1305-557: A significant statement of Christian pacifism , receiving widespread commentary in both secular and religious press. In the United States, AFSC supported the American Civil Rights Movement and advocated for the rights of African-Americans , Native Americans , Mexican Americans , and Asian Americans . Since the 1970s, AFSC has been heavily involved in the peace movement, particularly efforts to halt

1392-440: Is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year ("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20–40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment. Youth violence has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth violence greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases

1479-505: Is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. It is the most extreme form of collective violence. War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it. There are also ideological, religious and revolutionary wars . Since

1566-404: Is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment. Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences. It is complex and difficult to study. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and

1653-428: Is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person. While there is little information regarding the extent of maltreatment in elderly populations, especially in developing countries, it is estimated that 4–6% of elderly people in high-income countries have experienced some form of maltreatment at home However, older people are often afraid to report cases of maltreatment to family, friends, or to

1740-707: Is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object. Population-level surveys based on reports from victims estimate that between 0.3 and 11.5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence. Sexual violence has serious short- and long-term consequences on physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health for victims and for their children as described in

1827-533: Is estimated that up to 1 billion children aged 2–17 years, have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect in the past year. Most violence against children involves at least one of six main types of interpersonal violence that tend to occur at different stages in a child’s development. Maltreatment (including violent punishment) involves physical, sexual and psychological/emotional violence; and neglect of infants, children and adolescents by parents, caregivers and other authority figures, most often in

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1914-469: Is favored at the expense of another whenever a quota is invoked rather than factors such as grade point averages or test scores. They argue that using quotas displaces individuals that would normally be favored based on their individual achievements. Opponents of racial quotas believe that qualifications should be the only determining factor when competing for a job or admission to a school. It is argued this causes " reverse discrimination " where individuals in

2001-573: Is fixed, this proportion may get translated to a specific number. The Mongols divided different races into a four-class system during the Yuan dynasty . The Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan had introduced a hierarchy of reliability by dividing the population of the Yuan dynasty into the following classes: Several laws enforcing racial segregation of foreigners were passed during the Tang dynasty . In 779 AD,

2088-456: Is intrinsically violent. Slavoj Žižek in his book Violence stated that "something violent is the very symbolization of a thing." An ontological perspective considers the harm inflicted by the very interpretation of the world as a form of violence that is distinct from physical violence in that it is possible to avoid physical violence whereas some ontological violence is intrinsic to all knowledge. Both Foucault and Arendt considered

2175-612: Is often defined as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm and degradation to other living beings, such as humiliation , pain , injury , disablement , damage to property and ultimately death , as well as destruction to a civilization society's living environment . There's growing recognition among researchers and practitioners of the need to include violence that does not necessarily result in injury or death. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as "the intentional use of physical force or power , threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against

2262-399: Is possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences. Bullying (including cyber-bullying) is unwanted aggressive behaviour by another child or group of children who are neither siblings nor in

2349-877: Is relatively similar to 2014 (1.3 million people or 2.5% of global mortality), 2013 (1.28 million people) and 1990 (1.13 million people). For people aged 15–44 years, violence is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, as of 2014. Between 1990 and 2013, age-standardised death rates fell for self-harm and interpersonal violence. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000 were attributed to self-harm ( suicide ), 405,000 to interpersonal violence ( homicide ), and 31,000 to collective violence ( war ) and legal intervention. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments. Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development. It's particularly

2436-417: Is school-based programming for adolescents to prevent violence within dating relationships. Evidence is emerging for the effectiveness of several other primary prevention strategies—those that: combine microfinance with gender equality training; promote communication and relationship skills within communities; reduce access to, and the harmful use of alcohol; and change cultural gender norms. Sexual violence

2523-595: Is sometimes called “dating violence”. Sexual violence includes non-consensual completed or attempted sexual contact and acts of a sexual nature not involving contact (such as voyeurism or sexual harassment); acts of sexual trafficking committed against someone who is unable to consent or refuse; and online exploitation. Emotional or psychological violence includes restricting a child’s movements, denigration, ridicule, threats and intimidation, discrimination, rejection and other non-physical forms of hostile treatment. Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide

2610-413: Is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and self-abuse . The former includes suicidal thoughts , attempted suicides —also called para suicide or deliberate self-injury in some countries—and suicide itself. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation . Collective violence is the instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group – whether this group

2697-484: Is that it "supports the use of boycott and divestment campaigns targeting only companies that support the occupation, settlements, militarism, or any other violations of international humanitarian or human rights law. Our position does not call for a full boycott of Israel or of companies because they are either Israeli or doing business in Israel. Our actions also never focus on individuals." Violence Violence

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2784-571: Is that targeted violence does not just "come out of the blue". As an anthropological concept, "everyday violence" may refer to the incorporation of different forms of violence (mainly political violence) into daily practices. Latin America and the Caribbean , the region with the highest murder rate in the world, experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017. Some philosophers have argued that any interpretation of reality

2871-821: Is transitory or has a more permanent identity – against another group or set of individuals in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives. Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective violence suggest possible motives for violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts and mob violence. Political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple determinants of violence against civilians in such situations. Economic violence includes attacks motivated by economic gain—such as attacks carried out with

2958-495: Is why these programs are so important for the youth to have a safe environment rather than resorting to the streets. Intimate partner violence (or domestic violence) involves physical, sexual and emotional violence by an intimate partner or ex-partner. Although males can also be victims, intimate partner violence disproportionately affects females. It commonly occurs against girls within child marriages and early/forced marriages. Among romantically involved but unmarried adolescents it

3045-1041: The Bridgeport, Connecticut Police Department's new employees must be either black or Puerto Rican . In 1974, the Department of Justice and the United Steelworkers of America came to an agreement on the largest-to-then quota program, for steel unions. In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead. A 1979 Supreme Court case, United Steelworkers v. Weber , found that private employers could set rigid numerical quotas, if they chose to do so. In 1980,

3132-610: The Industrial Revolution the lethality of modern warfare has grown. World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million. Interpersonal violence is divided into two subcategories: Family and intimate partner violence —that is, violence largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community violence—violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside

3219-899: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and those in the West Bank and Israel came under the care of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In the Gaza Strip , the Egyptian Army had established eight improvised refugee camps containing at least 200,000 people, mostly living in tents. Of these, 56% had come from Gaza District , and 42% from Lydda District . AFSC's responsibilities included food distribution, public health, and education. The program

3306-654: The Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of all Quakers worldwide. Established in 1917 by Friends from different branches of American Quakerism, AFSC is connected to the Religious Society of Friends through its official Corporation, which is established in the organization's bylaws: "The members of the Corporation shall be those persons, being members of the Religious Society of Friends, as may from time to time be appointed to membership in accordance with

3393-603: The partition of India . Between 1937 and 1943, the organization built the Penn-Craft community for unemployed coal miners in Fayette County, Pennsylvania . Additionally in 1947, AFSC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its war relief efforts. Shortly afterward, AFSC became one of the first non-governmental organizations to be given Consultative Status at the United Nations , leading to

3480-535: The 1930s and through World War II , AFSC helped refugees escape Nazi Germany , focusing on those who were not being assisted by other organizations, primarily non-religious Jews and Jews married to non-Jews. AFSC also provided relief for children on both sides of the Spanish Civil War and supported refugees in Vichy France . Simultaneously, AFSC operated several Civilian Public Service camps for

3567-506: The American Friends Service Committee branched out to more domestic work in the United States. The Interracial Section was formed to improve race relations and civil rights. AFSC advocated for more inclusive immigration laws and opposed racial quotas . The organization also supported striking mine workers and helped unemployed individuals develop new skills, such as crafting furniture and other goods. During

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3654-829: The British Friends Service Council) and other partners. AFSC also provides administrative support to the Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO) in New York City . This office is the official voice of Quakerism in the United Nations headquarters. There is a second QUNO office in Geneva, Switzerland ; support for that office is provided by European Quakers. QUNO is overseen by the Friends World Committee for Consultation . AFSC carries out many programs around

3741-427: The Corporation to serve as members of the Corporation," and "Appointment of Members-at-Large. The Standing Nominating Committee shall provide nominations of the persons who are to be members of the Corporation for the ensuing year...taking AFSC’s policies regarding diversity and inclusion into consideration." In April 1917, just days after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany and its allies,

3828-608: The FGC Gathering, a letter listing the points of criticism was signed by 130 Friends and sent to the AFSC Board. In 1988, the book Peace and Revolution by conservative scholar Guenter Lewy repeated charges that AFSC had abandoned pacifism and religion. In response to Lewy's book, Chuck Fager published Quaker Service at the Crossroads in 1988. In 2010, Fager described that AFSC was "divorced" from Quakers' life as

3915-456: The French government enacted a series of racial quotas on certain professions. See Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses . See Bumiputera (Malaysia) . The National Origins Formula was an American system of immigration quotas, between 1921 and 1965, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population. The goal was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of

4002-510: The Supreme Court found that a 10% racial quota for federal contractors was permitted. In 1990 City University of New York was accused of discriminatory hiring practices against Italian-Americans. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush made an attempt to abolish affirmative action altogether, maintaining that "any regulation, rule, enforcement practice or other aspect of these programs that mandates, encourages, or otherwise involves

4089-649: The Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uighurs to wear their ethnic dress, and restricted them from marrying Chinese. In 836 AD, Lu Chun was appointed as governor of Canton . He was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and intermarriage . Lu enforced separation, banning interracial marriages , and prevented foreigners from owning properties. The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or " People of colour ", terms referring to foreigners, such as "Iranians, Sogdians, Arabs, Indians, Malays, Sumatrans", etc. By 1935,

4176-402: The United States have had racial quotas; see Numerus clausus § United States for details. These have notably included blanket bans on African-Americans , Jewish quotas from 1918 to the 1950s, and an alleged Asian quota from the 1980s and ongoing as of 2017 . Local trade unions commonly use the term "Absolute representation" in this regard. Opponents of quotas object that one group

4263-404: The United States, led to a considerable body of research on ascertainable behaviors of persons who have planned or carried out such attacks. These studies (1995–2002) investigated what the authors called "targeted violence," described the "path to violence" of those who planned or carried out attacks and laid out suggestions for law enforcement and educators. A major point from these research studies

4350-477: The United States. It had the effect of giving low quotas to Eastern and Southern Europe. Such racial quotas were restored after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , especially during the 1970s. Richard Nixon 's Labor Secretary George P. Shultz demanded that anti-black construction unions allow a certain number of black people into the unions. The Department of Labor began enforcing these quotas across

4437-620: The absence of political progress on repatriation and limited resources, AFSC decided not to commit to a long-term aid program. In April 1950, they transferred their entire program to the newly created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). As the Cold War intensified, AFSC continued its relief and service efforts, often supporting civilians on both sides of conflicts around

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4524-954: The authorities. Data on the extent of the problem in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are scarce. Elder maltreatment can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences. Elder maltreatment is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations. Many strategies have been implemented to prevent elder maltreatment and to take action against it and mitigate its consequences including public and professional awareness campaigns, screening (of potential victims and abusers), caregiver support interventions (e.g. stress management, respite care), adult protective services and self-help groups. Their effectiveness has, however, not so far been well-established. Several rare but painful episodes of assassination , attempted assassination and school shootings at elementary, middle, high schools, as well as colleges and universities in

4611-696: The brain becomes used to violence it may stay continually in an alert state (similar to being stuck in the fight or flight mode). "Researchers claim that the youth who are exposed to violence may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have trouble controlling emotions, paying attention in school, withdraw from friends, or show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder". It is important for youth exposed to violence to understand how their bodies may react so they can take positive steps to counteract any possible short- and long-term negative effects (e.g., poor concentration, feelings of depression, heightened levels of anxiety). By taking immediate steps to mitigate

4698-416: The case if it happened in childhood . In 2013, of the estimated 405,000 deaths due to interpersonal violence globally, assault by firearm was the cause in 180,000 deaths, assault by sharp object was the cause in 114,000 deaths, and the remaining 110,000 deaths from other causes. Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors in

4785-412: The country. After a U.S. Supreme Court case, Griggs v. Duke Power Company , found that neutral application tests and procedures that still resulted in de facto segregation of employees (if previous discrimination had existed) were illegal, more companies began implementing quotas on their own. In a 1973 court case, a federal judge created one of the first mandated quotas when he ruled that half of

4872-482: The draft, individual state draft boards interpreted the law in various ways. Many Quakers and other COs were ordered to report to army camps for military service. Some COs, unaware of the significance of reporting for duty, were surprised to learn that this was interpreted by the military as a willingness to fight. One of AFSC's first tasks was to identify COs, locate the camps where they were held, and visit them to provide spiritual guidance and moral support. In areas where

4959-399: The effects of the trauma they've experienced, negative repercussions can be reduced or eliminated. As an initial step, the youths need to understand why they may be feeling a certain way and to understand how the violence they have experienced may be causing negative feelings and making them behave differently. Pursuing a greater awareness of their feelings, perceptions, and negative emotions is

5046-576: The establishment of the Quaker United Nations Office . On December 7, 1948, UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie officially invited AFSC to participate in a one-year emergency relief program for Palestinians displaced by the creation of the state of Israel . The program had a budget of $ 32 million, with $ 16 million provided by the US . AFSC was given responsibility for the Gaza Strip , while displaced persons in Lebanon , Syria , and Jordan were allocated to

5133-702: The first step that should be taken as part of recovering from the trauma they have experienced. "Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves". Some of the ways to combat the adverse effects of exposure to youth violence would be to try various mindfulness and movement activities, deep breathing exercises and other actions that enable youths to release their pent up emotions. Using these techniques will teach body awareness, reduce anxiety and nervousness, and reduce feelings of anger and annoyance. Youth who have experienced violence benefit from having

5220-552: The formation of these behaviors. The World Health Organization (WHO) divides violence into three broad categories: This initial categorization differentiates between violence that a person inflicts upon themself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as states , organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. Alternatively, violence can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile. Self-directed violence

5307-420: The home but also in settings such as schools and orphanages. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse , neglect , negligence and commercial or other child exploitation , which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power. Exposure to intimate partner violence

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5394-500: The home. The former group includes forms of violence such as child abuse and child corporal punishment , intimate partner violence and abuse of the elderly . The latter includes youth violence, random acts of violence, rape or sexual assault by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as schools , workplaces , prisons and nursing homes. When interpersonal violence occurs in families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in

5481-500: The majority to lose out to a minority. Some affirmative action programs openly involve quotas such as the admission program of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul . (See also: Vestibular exam#Racial quotas .) The law student organization Building a Better Legal Profession developed a method to encourage politically liberal students to avoid law firms whose racial makeup is markedly different from that of

5568-479: The method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused. Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development. Preventing child maltreatment before it starts

5655-946: The most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings. A study conducted by WHO in 10 mainly developing countries found that, among women aged 15 to 49 years, between 15% (Japan) and 70% (Ethiopia and Peru) of women reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner. A growing body of research on men and intimate partner violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work. Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for victims and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. These include both fatal and non-fatal injuries, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, unintended pregnancies , sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Factors associated with

5742-432: The opposite, against the disadvantaged majority group (see numerus clausus or bhumiputra systems). Conversely, quotas have also been used historically to promote discrimination against minority groups by limiting access to influential institutions in employment and education. These quotas may be determined by governmental authority and backed by governmental sanctions. When the total number of jobs or enrollment slots

5829-529: The organization. In June 1979, a cover article in The New Republic attacked AFSC for abandoning the tradition of pacifism . The criticisms became prominent after a gathering of Friends General Conference (FGC) in Richmond, Indiana, in the summer of 1979 when many Friends joined with prominent leaders, such as Kenneth Boulding , to call for a firmer Quaker orientation toward public issues. After

5916-862: The pacifist churches were more wildly recognized, such as Pennsylvania , several of draft boards were willing to assign COs to AFSC for alternative service. In addition to organizing alternative service programs for COs, AFSC collected relief in the form of food, clothing, and other supplies for displaced persons in France . Quakers were encouraged to donate old and make new garments; grow fruits and vegetables, can them, and send them to AFSC headquarters in Philadelphia . The AFSC then shipped these materials to France for distribution. Young men and women were sent to work in France alongside British Quakers, providing relief and medical care to refugees, repairing and rebuilding homes, assisting farmers in replanting fields damaged by

6003-479: The perpetration and experiencing of intimate partner violence are low levels of education, history of violence as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness of parental violence, harmful use of alcohol, attitudes that are accepting of violence as well as marital discord and dissatisfaction. Factors associated only with perpetration of intimate partner violence are having multiple partners, and antisocial personality disorder . A recent theory named "The Criminal Spin" suggests

6090-404: The production and deployment of nuclear weapons. In fiscal year 2022, AFSC had revenues of US$ 40.9 million and expenses of US$ 37.8 million. AFSC had net assets of US$ 166 million. Today AFSC programs address a wide range of issues, countries, and communities. AFSC describes the programs as united by "the unfaltering belief in the essential worth of every human being, non-violence as

6177-513: The provisions of these Bylaws." The members are a combination of " Yearly Meeting appointees" and "at-large members." The bylaws further state: "Appointment of Members by Yearly Meetings. Each Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends in the United States of America shall be entitled Bylaws of the American Friends Service Committee to appoint such number of persons as may be fixed by the Friends Relations Committee of

6264-407: The purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives. Slow violence is a long-duration form of violence which is often invisible (at least to those not impacted by it), such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change. War

6351-470: The relationship between power and violence but concluded that while related they are distinct. Racial quota Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements or quotas for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group . Racial quotas are often established as means of diminishing racial discrimination , addressing under-representation and evident racism against those racial groups or,

6438-800: The section on intimate partner violence. If perpetrated during childhood, sexual violence can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviors in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence and being a victim of violence. Many of the risk factors for sexual violence are the same as for domestic violence . Risk factors specific to sexual violence perpetration include beliefs in family honor and sexual purity, ideologies of male sexual entitlement and weak legal sanctions for sexual violence. Few interventions to prevent sexual violence have been demonstrated to be effective. School-based programmes to prevent child sexual abuse by teaching children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations are run in many parts of

6525-495: The short- and long-terms. Violence against children includes all forms of violence against people under 18 years old, whether perpetrated by parents or other caregivers, peers, romantic partners, or strangers. Exposure to any form of trauma, particularly in childhood, can increase the risk of mental illness and suicide; smoking, alcohol and substance abuse; chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes and cancer; and social problems such as poverty, crime and violence. Globally, it

6612-430: The use of quotas, preferences, set-asides or other devices on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin are to be terminated as soon as is legally feasible". This claim led up to the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 ; however, the document was not able to implement these changes. It only covered the terms for settling cases where discrimination has been confirmed to have occurred. College admissions in

6699-722: The value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society. Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth violence include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns. Also, given significant neighbourhood effects on youth violence, interventions involving relocating families to less poor environments have shown promising results. Similarly, urban renewal projects such as business improvement districts have shown

6786-410: The victim and maybe even their caretakers have to obtain government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has found that psychological trauma during childhood can change a child's brain. "Trauma is known to physically affect the brain and the body which causes anxiety, rage, and the ability to concentrate. They can also have problems remembering, trusting, and forming relationships." Since

6873-415: The victims of youth-on-youth violence may not be able to attend school or work because of their physical and/or mental injuries, it is often up to their family members to take care of them, including paying their daily living expenses and medical bills. Their caretakers may have to give up their jobs or work reduced hours to provide help to the victim of violence. This causes a further burden on society because

6960-403: The war, and founding a maternity hospital . After World War I ended in 1918, AFSC expanded its work to Russia , Serbia , and Poland , assisting orphans and victims of famine and disease. In Germany and Austria , they established kitchens to feed hungry children. Eventually, AFSC was chartered by President Herbert Hoover to provide United States-sponsored relief to Germans. In the 1920s,

7047-548: The way to resolve conflict, and the power of love to overcome oppression, discrimination, and violence". AFSC employs more than 350 staff working in dozens of programs throughout the United States and works in thirteen other nations. AFSC has divided the organization's programs between eight geographic regions, each of which runs programs related to peace, immigrant rights , restorative justice , economic justice, and climate justice. AFSC's international programs often work in conjunction with Quaker Peace and Social Witness (formerly

7134-474: The work of this and many other similar organizations. Since the 1970s, criticism has also come from liberals within the Society of Friends, who charge that AFSC has drifted from its Quaker roots and has become indistinguishable from other political pressure groups . Quakers expressed concern with AFSC's abolition of their youth work camps during the 1960s and what some saw as a decline of Quaker participation in

7221-409: The world and appear promising, but require further research. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that protect women; address discrimination against women and promote gender equality; and help to move the culture away from violence. Elder maltreatment is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there

7308-926: The world, including the Korean War , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the Algerian War , and the Nigerian-Biafran War . During the Vietnam War, AFSC collaborated with U.S. scholars of China to organize conferences that sought to raise awareness about the U.S.'s non-recognition of the People's Republic of China. In 1966, AFSC developed programs to aid children and provided medical supplies and artificial limbs to civilians in both North and South Vietnam . When U.S. State Department approval to send medical supplies to North Vietnam

7395-628: The world. The organization's 2010 annual report describes work in several African countries, Haiti, Indonesia, and the United States. Recently AFSC opened a traveling art exhibit called Windows & Mirrors , examining the impact of the war in Afghanistan on civilians. In 2004, AFSC started the project Eyes Wide Open in Chicago . Eyes Wide Open is an exhibition on the human cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . The exhibit featured boots in

7482-520: Was denied, the committee routed goods through Canada . AFSC also supported draft counseling for young American men throughout the conflict. In 1955, AFSC published Speak Truth to Power: A Quaker Search for an Alternative to Violence , authored by a group including Stephen G. Cary, A. J. Muste , Robert Pickus , and Bayard Rustin . Focused on the Cold War, the 71-page pamphlet aimed to demonstrate "the effectiveness of love in human relations" and became

7569-570: Was managed by 50 volunteers, many from pacifist or CO backgrounds, and eventually employed over 1,000 Palestinians. One of the initial tasks was registering the refugees by their village of origin and establishing a rationing system, including a baby milk program. The goal was to provide each person with 2000 calories per day. Following this, AFSC established clinics for distributing medicines, conducted malaria control efforts, and organized water distribution. By March 30, 1949, rudimentary schools had been established for 16,000 children. However, due to

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