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23-689: The American Hellenic Institute was created on August 1, 1974, by Eugene Rossides in response to the Turkish occupation of Cyprus . The Institute argued that Turkey had violated the US Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Foreign Military Sales Act, in that Turkish forces were purportedly using American weapons. They called upon Henry Kissinger , who would be a perennial obstacle to the AHI's goals, to condemn Turkey and to deny it further sales and aid until all Turkish troops were withdrawn from

46-835: A Greek-American Newspaper, from 1976 to 1979. In the wake of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus , Rossides founded the American Hellenic Institute in 1974 and his lobbying contributed to the US arms embargo against Turkey took effect on February 5, 1975, and remained in place until 1978. Rossides died at his home in Washington on Saturday, May 16, 2020. He is survived by his wife, Aphrodite Rossides, his brother, Daniel Rossides, four children, and seven grandchildren. Greek Orthodox Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek : Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία , Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía , IPA: [elinorˈθoðoksi ekliˈsia] )

69-636: Is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity , Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire . The broader meaning refers to "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity , sometimes also called 'Eastern Orthodox', 'Greek Catholic', or generally 'the Greek Church ' ". A second, narrower meaning refers to "any of several independent churches within

92-731: The Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the Tariff and Trade Office of Law Enforcement, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center and the IRS law enforcement operations. He was also the first American of Greek descent to be confirmed by the US Senate to an Executive Branch office. After leaving the administration, he worked at the law firm Rogers & Wells . He was the publisher of The National Herald ,

115-615: The Church of Greece , an Eastern Orthodox Church operating within the modern borders of Greece . Historically, the term "Greek Orthodox" has been used to describe all Eastern Orthodox churches, since the term "Greek" can refer to the heritage of the Byzantine Empire . During the first eight centuries of Christian history, most major intellectual, cultural, and social developments in the Christian Church took place in

138-503: The Republic of North Macedonia . AHI was integral in the movement to change the 7:10 power-sharing ratio on Cyprus to 1:1, which they perceived as more equitable. AHI both opposed American support of the 2004 Annan Plan for unification of Cyprus , calling the plan "undemocratic" and "unworkable." Each presidential election year, a policy statement is sent to the candidates by AHI and its affiliates informing them of issues of interest to

161-669: The name issue and find a mutually-acceptable solution to the name to be used by the Republic of Macedonia for all purposes. AHI maintains that the Republic of Macedonia should immediately cease their propaganda against Greece, propaganda which violates the U.N.-brokered Interim Accord between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece, as stated in Article 7 paragraph 1 of the Accord which was signed in New York, September 13, 1995. Since antiquity

184-579: The Byzantine Empire or its sphere of influence , where the Greek language was widely spoken and used for most theological writings. The empire's capital, Constantinople , was an early important center of Christianity, and its liturgical practices, traditions, and doctrines were gradually adopted throughout Eastern Orthodoxy , still providing the basic patterns of contemporary Orthodoxy. Thus, Eastern Orthodox came to be called "Greek" Orthodox in

207-752: The Cadet's 32-game unbeaten streak. He still holds the school record for scoring during a single game with five touchdowns. He and teammate Leo Kusserow became widely known as the "Goal Dust Twins" and the Columbia quarterback team In 1949, Rossides was drafted by the New York Giants during the 10th round. However, he declined to join the team and took up a scholarship to attend Columbia Law School . After graduating from law school, he went into public practice. He first served as Assistant Attorney General of New York from 1956 to 1958, Assistant to

230-538: The Golden Era of Columbia Football from 1945 to 1948 when the program was known as a powerhouse. He entered Columbia College as halfback for Columbia's 1945 team as was nominated to the 1945 College Football All-America Team . He switched to playing quarterback as a junior after being tutored by Sid Luckman . He is most remembered for sealing Columbia 's 21–20 victory over Army in October 1947 that snapped

253-583: The Greek province of Macedonia). Finally, the policy letters strongly suggested the inclusion of Greece in the American visa waiver program and the application of American pressure to ensure protection of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and Greek Orthodox theological centers in Turkey. AHI reached its peak of power in the late 1970s, due to the urgency of the situation on Cyprus at

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276-509: The Greek-American community and to coordinate stances among Greek-American groups. The issues outlined in the AHI policy letters sent to presidential candidates Obama and McCain were typical of policy points that AHI advocates. First and foremost was the question of American policy on Cyprus. The removal of all Turkish troops and the peaceful unification of the island feature prominently as goals in most Greek-American lobbying. In

299-729: The Greek-American community. In September 2008, the American Hellenic Institute contacted all members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , asking them to submit questions about American policy toward Cyprus to the new US Ambassador to Turkey, James F. Jeffrey . AHI has sponsored legislative conferences, notably in 1997, when three one-day Legislative Policy Conferences were held in New York City , Los Angeles , and Chicago to highlight contributions by grassroots activists in

322-786: The Undersecretary of Treasury in the Eisenhower Administration from 1958 to 1961, and as Assistant Secretary of Enforcement and Operations of the U.S. Treasury Department from 1969 to 1973, concurrently serving as the U.S. Representative and Vice President of Interpol . As Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Rossides was in charge of the Customs Service , the Secret Service , the US Mint ,

345-520: The event of continued Turkish military presence on Cyprus, AHI advised the application of economic sanctions and an arms embargo against Turkey because of restriction of human rights and lack of cooperation with American aims. The letter also called for reinforcement of maritime borders and airspace in the Aegean , which Turkey has purportedly repeatedly violated. AHI also urges the Republic of Macedonia to negotiate in good faith with Greece to resolve

368-531: The name Macedonia has referred to a geographical region and not to a nationality. Geographic Macedonia is within the borders of at least three countries. Only a small portion of geographic Macedonia lies within the Republic of Macedonia, whose population is one-third Albanian and two-thirds Slavic in origin, yet the government of the Republic of Macedonia continues to make territorial claims on parts of Greece (the largest part of geographic Macedonia lies within Greece in

391-515: The person of Henry Kissinger . By the 1980s and after, AHI had declined somewhat in influence, although, as mentioned earlier, they continued to be active in the political arena. Their relative decline can be attributed to a variety of factors, among them the fact that the Greek-American community had more issues by then to collectively tackle than that of the Cyprus conflict. Gene Rossides Gene Rossides (October 23, 1927 – May 16, 2020)

414-541: The same way that Western Christians came to be called "Roman" Catholic . However, the appellation "Greek" was abandoned by the Slavic and other Eastern Orthodox churches as part of their peoples' national awakenings , beginning as early as the 10th century A.D. Thus, by the early 21st century, generally only those churches most closely tied to Greek or Byzantine culture and ethnicity were called "Greek Orthodox" in common parlance. Greek Orthodoxy has also been defined as

437-524: The soil of Cyprus. This petition was denied, but under continued pressure from AHI, Congress decided on an arms embargo toward Turkey. In December 1974, an AHI-sponsored $ 25 million Congressional aid package to Cyprus was approved. Other groups include: AHI has been a part of many political activities and lobbying actions. Representatives of AHI have testified before Congress with great frequency on topics related to their interests, usually foreign aid proposals for Cyprus , Greece , Albania , Turkey , or

460-498: The time, in accordance with the theory of functionalism . Additional factors in AHI's high levels of influence at the time include the demise of the divisive Greek junta , a "new wave" of Greek immigration to the US, and the placement of many Greek-Americans in high levels in American politics and business. The organization did, however, face considerable opposition from the executive branch of government, notably as represented in

483-668: The worldwide communion of (Eastern) Orthodox Christianity that retain the use of the Greek language in formal ecclesiastical settings ". In this sense, the Greek Orthodox Churches are the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and its dependencies, the Patriarchates of Alexandria , Antioch and Jerusalem , the Church of Greece and the Church of Cyprus . The third meaning refers to

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506-475: Was an American football player who was drafted by the New York Giants in 1949. He was a lawyer by training, held political office in several administrations, and was the founder of the American Hellenic Institute . For his success in various fields of government, sports, and journalism, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs called him "one of the most emblematic figures of the Greek diaspora ." He

529-540: Was born Eugene Telemachus Rossides in Brooklyn, New York on Oct. 23, 1927 to Greek and Cypriot parents. His father died when he was one month old, leaving his mother to support the family. He was a star football player at Erasmus Hall High School , as was his mentor Sid Luckman . Rossides was recruited to follow in Luckman's footsteps as a halfback at Columbia on a scholarship in 1944. Rossides presided over

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