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40-574: The American Paint Horse's combination of color and conformation has made the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) the second-largest breed registry in the United States. While the colorful coat pattern is essential to the identity of the breed, American Paint Horses have strict bloodline requirements and a distinctive stock-horse body type. To be eligible for registry, a Paint's sire and dam must be registered with

80-577: A gene complex or a recessive gene ; thus two solid-colored horses could produce a spotted foal if both were carriers. It is also known now that lethal white behaves like a recessive, and even two solid-colored horses can carry the LWS gene. Since the advent of DNA parentage testing and a test for LWS has also been developed, the AQHA has repealed its "white rule" and there are now Paint horses of verifiable Quarter Horse bloodlines that are cross-registered with both

120-713: A Paint is a breed with a specific type and bloodlines. The Pinto Horse Association of America (PtHA) is a color breed, which accepts horses based on coat color regardless of ancestry. They maintain three registries: the Color Registry, which accepts pinto colored horses; the Solid Registry, which accepts any horse not accepted by the Colored Registry; and the Long Ear Registry, which accepts donkeys and mules of any color. To count as Pinto,

160-646: A horse must have at least four square inches of white fur and pink skin in areas other than the face and lower legs. The Color Registry does not accept horses with appaloosa characteristics, but the Solid Registry does. The Color Registry also requires that both parents of stallions be registered with the PtHA or an approved outcross breed, though this is not required for ponies, miniatures, or horses of Vanner or Drum type. The PtHA has over 157,000 registered Pintos. Horses with pinto coloring and verifiable pedigrees tracing to Quarter Horses or Thoroughbreds have been named

200-702: A minimum of three white spots three inches wide on their body, and that mostly white horses must have a dark spot at least six inches wide on their body. Both registries agreed to merge in 1965, although the APHA calls the APSHA its forerunner. The need for these registries arose because, in the days prior to DNA parentage testing, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) would not register horses with excessive white markings, sometimes called " cropouts ", thinking that such markings were

240-452: A particular combination of white and another color of the equine spectrum. Most common are horses with white spots combined with black , bay , brown , and chestnut or sorrel . Less common are horses with spot colors influenced by dilution genes such as palomino , buckskin , cremello , perlino , pearl or "Barlink factor" , and champagne , various shades of roan , or various shades of dun , including grullo . Paints may also carry

280-434: A sign of non- purebred breeding and was maintained for several decades because it was also feared that excess white increased the risk of horses producing a foal with lethal white syndrome (LWS). This policy was known as the "white rule." (The AQHA also would not register Appaloosa , cremello or perlino horses for similar reasons.) This policy arose in part from long observation of the tobiano spotting pattern, which

320-600: A tobiano horse that lived about 5600 years ago, and a sabino-1 horse that lived about 5000 years ago. Tobiano was at first favored by humans and became especially common during the Iron Age (900 BC to 400 AD), before becoming less frequent again in the Middle Ages. Images from pottery and other art of ancient antiquity show horses with flashy, spotted patterns, indicating that they may have been desirable traits and selectively bred for. Images of spotted horses appear in

360-773: Is a breed registry for the American Paint Horse . It is currently headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas . It was founded in 1965 with the merging of two different color breed registries that had been formed to register pinto -colored horses of Quarter Horse bloodlines. One of these organizations was the American Paint Quarter Horse Association (or APQHA) and the other was the American Paint Stock Horse Association (or APSHA). The APQHA

400-723: Is a dominant gene , and was known to not occur unless one parent is tobiano, a color not recognized in the foundation breeds, such as the Thoroughbred , that were the predecessors of the American Quarter Horse . What was not understood then is that the overo pattern, found in the Spanish mustang ancestors of the Quarter horse, and sabino pattern, which exists in the Arabian and Thoroughbred , occur as either

440-495: Is a very popular breed in the United States, with around 10,000 horses registered annually, roughly two thirds of which are in the US. Many breed registries do not, or at some point in the past did not, accept cropout horses with spots or "excess" white for registration, believing that such animals were likely to be crossbreds , or due to a fear of producing lethal white foals. This exclusion of offspring from pedigreed parents led to

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480-418: Is available for LWS so that horses who are carriers of this gene are not bred to one another. Horses can carry the LWS gene and not visibly exhibit overo coloring; cases have appeared in the offspring of both tobiano and solid-colored parents, though all cases to date are horses that had overo ancestors. LWS is also not unique to Paint Horses; it can occur in any equine breed where the frame overo coat pattern

520-684: Is found. Due to the heavy influx of American Quarter Horse breeding, some Paints may also carry genetic disorders such as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (called PSSM - polysaccharide storage myopathy - in Paints, Quarter Horses and Appaloosas), malignant hyperthermia (MH) and glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED). The influence of Thoroughbred breeding puts some bloodlines at higher risk for Wobbler's syndrome . American Paint Horse Association The American Paint Horse Association ( APHA )

560-423: Is linked to a recessive gene associated with the frame overo pattern. Horses that are heterozygous carriers of the gene do not develop the condition and are physically healthy. However, when a foal is born that is homozygous for the LWS gene, it should be humanely euthanized shortly after birth, or else will die within a few days from complications involving an underdeveloped intestinal tract. A DNA test

600-439: Is no clear dividing line for how much white counts as pinto and how much counts as only white markings, and various breed registries have slightly different rules on how much white must be present and where it must be placed to count as pinto. The word pinto is Spanish for "painted", "dappled", or "spotted". The earliest known pinto horses appeared shortly after horses were domesticated. Analysis of ancient horse DNA found

640-490: Is not always included in the APHA hosted shows. They also have a trail program which records and rewards Paint horses and their owners for time spent in saddle pleasure riding or trail riding . Pinto horse A pinto horse has a coat color that consists of large patches of white and any other color. Pinto coloration is also called paint , particolored , or in nations that use British English , simply coloured . Pinto horses have been around since shortly after

680-531: Is specifically called "Paint", and "pinto" actually refers to the color. The American Paint Horse shares a common ancestry with the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred . A registered Paint horse should conform to the same "stock horse" body type desired in Quarter Horses: a muscular animal that is heavy but not too tall, with a low center of gravity for maneuverability, and powerful hindquarters suitable for rapid acceleration and sprinting. When

720-412: Is used in a variety of equestrian disciplines, most commonly Western pleasure , reining , barrel racing, and other Western events, although it is also ridden English in hunt seat or show jumping competition. One medical issue associated with the breed is the genetic disease lethal white syndrome (LWS). Also called Overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS) or, less often, white foal syndrome (WFS), it

760-690: The American Paint Horse , and are recorded in a separate registry, the American Paint Horse Association. While a Pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds (possibly with restrictions depending on the registry), a horse that is registered as an American Paint Horse must have at least one parent recorded with the APHA, and both parents must be only of registered American Quarter Horse , American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred bloodlines. Therefore, most Paint horses may also be registered as Pintos, but not all Pintos are qualified to be registered as Paints. The American Paint Horse

800-501: The American Paint Horse . Color breed registries such as the Pinto Horse Association of America record pedigree and horse show results for pinto horses, regardless of ancestry. Both the terms "Pinto" and "Paint" may sometimes refer to breeds or registries rather than coat color. Pinto patterns are visually and genetically distinct from the leopard complex spotting patterns characteristic of horse breeds such as

840-464: The Appaloosa . Breeders who select for color are often careful not to cross the two patterns, and registries that include spotting color preferences often refuse registration to horses that exhibit characteristics of the "wrong" pattern. A pinto horse has a coat with patches of white fur and patches of another color. The white on a pinto horse is generally asymmetric, unlike for example white added by

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880-900: The gray gene and have spots that eventually fade to white hair, though retaining pigmented skin underneath the areas that were once dark. Spots can be any shape or size, except leopard complex patterning, which is characteristic of the Appaloosa , and located virtually anywhere on the Paint's body. Although Paints come in a variety of colors with different markings and different underlying genetics, these are grouped into only four defined coat patterns: overo (includes frame , splash and sabino), tobiano and tovero and solid. Breeding Stock Paints can sometimes showcase small color traits, particularly if they carry sabino genetics. Such traits include blue eyes, pink skin on lips and nostrils, roan spots, and minimal roaning. The terms "paint" and "pinto" are sometimes both used to describe paint horses. The breed

920-426: The leopard complex . The non-white area has the same colors in the same arrangements as one would see on a solid horse. Overall, the effect is as if a horse with a solid coat had white painted in patches over top. The white areas of a pinto horse generally have pink skin underneath. A horse with small amounts of white only on the face and/or legs is not called "pinto" but instead said to have white markings . There

960-629: The APHA and the AQHA. The APHA currently registers horses that exhibit the overo (which, under APHA categories, includes sabino ), tobiano , and tovero spotting patterns, as well as solid colored horses with Paint bloodlines. It also keeps track of each horse's performance and progeny record. It allows registration of Paint to Paint breedings, as well as Paint to Quarter Horse and Paint to Thoroughbred . They allow live cover , artificial insemination , shipped cooled semen, frozen semen and embryo transfers . The APHA sanctions horse shows and holds an annual Youth World Championship Paint Horse Show in

1000-553: The American Paint Horse Association, the American Quarter Horse Association , or the Jockey Club ( Thoroughbreds ). At least one of the parents must be a registered American Paint Horse. There are two categories of registration, regular, for horses with color, and solid Paint-bred, for those without color. In addition to bloodlines, to be eligible for the Regular Registry of the American Paint Horse Association (APHA),

1040-536: The American Quarter Horse Association emerged in 1940 to preserve horses of the "stock" type, it excluded those with pinto coat patterns and "crop out" horses, those born with white body spots or white above the knees and hocks. Undeterred, fans of colorful stock horses formed a variety of organizations to preserve and promote Paint horses. In 1965 some of these groups merged to form the American Paint Horse Association. The Paint Horse

1080-557: The Americas, some of which were sold, while others were simply turned loose to run wild. The color became popular, particularly among Native Americans , and was specifically bred for in the United States, which now has the greatest number of pinto horses in the world. A few words describe pinto horses by giving more detail about the color of the non-white areas, mainly used in British English. This can also be done by including

1120-636: The art of Ancient Egypt , and archaeologists have found evidence of horses with spotted coat patterns on the Russian steppes before the rise of the Roman Empire . Later, spotted horses were among those brought to the Americas by the conquistadores . By the 17th century in Europe, spotted horses were quite fashionable, though when the fad ended, large numbers of newly unsellable horses were shipped to

1160-432: The base color in the coat name, such as "bay pinto" or "pinto palomino". While pinto horses in general have patches of white and patches of color, there are a number of different, separately inherited patterns which tend to arrange the white and colored areas differently. The same gene that causes the frame pattern can also cause lethal white syndrome . Although frame overo horses are themselves healthy, if two horses with

1200-441: The domestication of the horse. Pinto colors can come in a number of genetically distinct patterns, which have different visual characteristics and tend to make white or leave colored different areas of the horse. These include tobiano, sabino, splashed white, frame, and manchado. A pinto horse may also have a combination of these patterns, such as tovero. Pinto patterns can be found in various breeds of horses, notably including

1240-628: The early summer, and an annual Open and Amateur World Championship Paint Horse Show every November. They also offer racing and added money to Paint horses competing in open shows held by the National Snaffle Bit Association and the National Reining Horse Association . The APHA also has programs such as PAC which is an open show program, in which Paint Horses are rewarded for their performance in other events such as show jumping which

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1280-686: The formation not only of the American Paint Horse Association, but also other pinto registries. Among the breeds that excluded such horses were the Arabian Horse and American Quarter Horse registries. Modern DNA testing, though, has revealed that some breeds do possess genes for spotting patterns, such as a non- SB-1 sabino pattern in Arabians, and sabino, overo, and tobiano in Quarter Horses. Therefore, these registries have modified their rules, allowing horses with extra white, if parentage

1320-405: The frame gene are bred together, there is a 25% chance that the foal will have lethal white syndrome. Affected foals are fully white and die shortly after birth. Some additional terms describe the pattern without specifying the exact pinto pattern. These include: In biology, pinto is considered a type of piebaldism , which is itself a type of leucism . As noted in the description of patterns,

1360-444: The frame gene is associated with a condition called lethal white syndrome . This is a genetic disorder causing foals to die shortly after birth. Affected foals are fully white and have a non-functional colon. The gene that causes lethal white syndrome is the same gene that causes the frame overo pinto pattern. A single copy results in a frame overo horse, while two copies being present causes lethal white syndrome. Some horses may have

1400-481: The gene without visually appearing to be frame patterned, but a DNA test exists to determine whether a horse is a carrier. Lethal white syndrome can be avoided by not breeding two carriers together. A number of color breed registries encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses, with varying registration requirements. The less restrictive organizations allow registration of a horse of any breed or combination of breeds with as little as three square inches of white above

1440-427: The horse must also exhibit a "natural paint marking", meaning either a predominant hair coat color with at least one contrasting area of solid white hair of the required size with some underlying unpigmented skin present on the horse at the time of its birth. Or, in the case of a predominantly white hair coat, at least one contrasting area of the required size of colored hair with some underlying pigmented skin present on

1480-454: The horse. Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches and be located in certain designated areas of the body. Solid colored offspring of two registered Paint parents, called "Solid Paint-Breds" or "Breeding Stock Paints," are also eligible for registration, with certain restrictions. They are able to participate in some recognized Paint breed shows, and there are alternative programs offered, and many incentive programs within

1520-500: The knees or hocks, not including facial markings. Some pinto registries do not accept animals with draft horse or mule breeding, though others do. None accepts horses with the genetically distinct Appaloosa pattern, produced by genes in the leopard complex , and the Appaloosa registry in turn does not accept animals with pinto patterns. When used to refer to breeds, Pinto is a color breed that can be of any type or ancestry, while

1560-481: The registry are available to Solid Paint-bred horses. If a solid-colored horse is bred to a regular registry Paint horse, it is possible to produce a spotted foal. In some cases, such as the recessive sabino patterns, described below, even a solid colored horse may still carry genes for color. However, in the case of the dominant tobiano pattern, a Breeding Stock Paint will not carry these color genes, though it may retain other desirable traits. Each Paint Horse has

1600-536: Was formed in 1961 in Abilene, Texas , mainly to register cropout horses from the matings of registered Quarter Horses. They also allowed the registering of non-cropouts ("solids") who had Quarter Horse conformation and bloodlines. The APSHA was formed in February 1962. The APSHA registration rules differed from APQHA in that they excluded gaited horses and mandated that horses that were mainly dark colored must have

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