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46-660: The American Radiator Company was established in 1892 by the merger of a number of North American radiator manufacturers. The company expanded in the early 20th century into Europe under the brand National Radiator Company . In 1929, it amalgamated with the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation , which evolved in 1967 into today's American Standard Companies . The Michigan Radiator & Iron Manufacturing Company

92-579: A branch in London, England. The company began manufacturing in several west European countries, starting in 1898 and continuing into the 1920s. The company was successful in the United States and European markets, and attracted the attention of J.P. Morgan . Morgan helped the firm to combine most of the radiator manufactories in the US. In 1899, the company was re-incorporated under the same name, absorbing

138-465: A central boiler and circulated by pumps through radiators within the building, where this heat is transferred to the surroundings. In some countries, portable radiators are common to heat a single room, as a safer alternative to space heater and fan heater . Radiators are used in dry cooling towers and closed-loop cooling towers for cooling buildings using liquid-cooled chillers for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) while keeping

184-399: A factory extension. By 1938 a new plant producing vitreous sanitary ware had begun operation. During World War II the plant produced munitions including mortar bombs and grenades, as well as boilers and vitreous china for military use. In 1953 the company was renamed "Ideal Standard". In 1976 the boiler and radiator operations of the plant were acquired by Stelrad Group (Metal Box), whilst

230-611: A factory. A site in Kingston-upon-Hull was selected for the factory. Construction of the factory began in 1906, and the first casting was produced in December. The plant was expanded in 1910. During World War I, much of the production was shifted to the munition production. In 1917 the factory was further expanded, in anticipation of a post-war building boom. In 1934 the company was publicly listed as "Ideal Boilers and Radiators" (capital £750,000) in order to raise cash for

276-616: A foundry in Dole (Jura). The factory was acquired by the American Radiator Company in 1898, and a new company established as the Compagnie Nationale de Radiateurs , with a capital of 500,000 francs. Courtot became the managing director of the plant. The company had with low wage costs and fair productivity, resulting in a saving compared to importing products. By 1903, the plant employed 180 people. In 1905,

322-406: A lower heat capacity and density than liquid coolants, a fairly large volume flow rate (relative to the coolant's) must be blown through the radiator core to capture the heat from the coolant. Radiators often have one or more fans that blow air through the radiator. To save fan power consumption in vehicles, radiators are often behind the grille at the front end of a vehicle. Ram air can give

368-439: A portion or all of the necessary cooling air flow when the coolant temperature remains below the system's designed maximum temperature, and the fan remains disengaged. As electronic devices become smaller, the problem of dispersing waste heat becomes more difficult. Tiny radiators known as heat sinks are used to convey heat from the electronic components into a cooling air stream. Heatsinks do not use water, rather they conduct

414-405: A primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating. Heat transfer from a radiator occurs by two mechanisms: thermal radiation and convection into flowing air or liquid. Conduction is not normally a major source of heat transfer in radiators. A radiator may even transfer heat by phase change , for example, drying a pair of socks. In practice,

460-533: A profit of $ 400,000 in its first year, but was subsequently affected by an economic depression (see also Panic of 1893 ). In 1894, Mr. Woolley convinced the other officers of the company to pay his way to Europe, whereupon he booked the sale of $ 50,000 worth of cast iron radiators for the Swiss capitol. This was the start of the company's entry into the European market. By the following year, the company had established

506-702: The Compagnie Nationale de Radiateurs . In 1901, the company made the decision to establish a manufacturing plant in Germany, a site was selected in Schönebeck . Both establishments proved successful and in 1905 the company began planning for a factory in England, and a site was selected in Hull . By 1906, the European operations were so successful that on one occasion profits generated exceeded those from

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552-743: The German Empire . During the Second World War the Neuss factory was heavily targeted by bombing campaigns and required rebuilding at the end of the war. The Schönebeck plant became a subsidiary of Volkswagen in 1944 and was used to manufacture V1 rockets ; the factory was supplied with slave labour from the Schönebeck camp, a sub-camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp , an estimated 200–400 concentration camp prisoners were used at

598-709: The St. Louis Radiator Manufacturing Company , and the Standard Radiator Manufacturing Company of Buffalo , and the radiator business of the Titusville Iron Company (Pennsylvania). After the death of Mr. Bond in 1902, Mr. Woolley, at age 39, succeeded him as president and chairman of the board. The American Radiator Building was constructed in New York in 1924. In the 1920s the company added several manufacturing plants in

644-493: The Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company (founded 1875 ) to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation. The plumbing division, Standard Sanitary, would continue to sell their products under the "Standard" label until 1967, when the company changed its name to American Standard Corporation. The American Standard label was used for both divisions from that year on. In 1929, American Standard bought

690-460: The 1920s, new plants were constructed at Clichy-sous-Bois / Aulnay-sous-Bois and Argenteuil . As a consequence, in 1932 the plant in Dole switched to the manufacture of bathroom furniture, including porcelain sanitary ware. The Aulnay-sur-Bois plant opened in 1923. The two main factory buildings 270 by 70 metres (890 by 230 ft) were built of reinforced concrete by the Limousin company to

736-793: The 1960s, during the German economic boom the company expanded, with a sites in Wittlich (radiators), and in Waldbröl und Berlin (boilers, radiators; acquired from the Projahn-Werkes). At the end of the 1960s, the Wittlich site was concentrated on the production of fittings serving the whole European market; valve production was reduced at Neuss in favour of the Clichy factory in France, and

782-544: The American Radiator Company decided to add a foundry to their existing operations in Germany, which had been assembling and finishing imported radiator parts in Hamburg from the late 1890s. In 1901, Nationale Radiator Gesellschaft mbH was formed in Berlin as a subsidiary of the American Radiator Company; a factory was established at Schönebeck in 1902. The company was known under the abbreviation NARAG. An additional factory

828-520: The English plant agreed to supply Belgium with hand-grenades, and also undertook contracts for the British state. The European operations were incorporated into the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation in 1929, forming the basis of that company's international operations. In the 1880s, engineer Louis Courtot developed a central heating system using radiators and boiler, and established

874-751: The Kewanee Toilet Boiler Company, which it kept until the early 1970s. In 1968, the group purchased earthmoving and mining product range of the Westinghouse Air Brake Company (WABCO). It divested itself of these assets in 1984. In 1984, the group acquired HVAC manufacturer Trane . In 1999, American Standard purchased control of the United Kingdom-based plumbing fixture companies Armitage Shanks and Ceramica Dolomite of Italy from Blue Circle Industries for $ 430 million. On February 1, 2007

920-466: The US, as well as expanding a distribution network. In 1929, the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company consolidated with the American Radiator Company to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation , which evolved in 1967 into today's American Standard Companies . In 1894, following the Panic of 1893 and the consequent fall in demand for its products the company began investigating

966-446: The chiller coolant isolated from the surroundings. Radiators are used for cooling internal combustion engines , mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives , motorcycles , stationary generating plants and other places where heat engines are used ( watercrafts , having an unlimited supply of a relatively cool water outside, usually use the liquid-liquid heat exchangers instead). To cool down

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1012-477: The company opened a new factory in Dole, and the earlier factory gradually ceased production. The factory became the largest in Dole employing nearly 2000. During the First World War the plant produced 155 and 380mm artillery shells, employing mainly female workers. At the end of the war, the shortage of manpower led to managed immigration of Polish workers, with a housing built for their families. During

1058-665: The company's American operations. Much of the profit was re-invested in expansion, and the construction of new factories was initiated in Italy (1910, opened 1911) and Austria (1912, opened by 1914). During World War I the plant became in involved in war work: the Dôle plant was requisitioned by the French state, and manufactured shells; the German, Italian, and Austrian plants were also involved in producing munitions for their respective states;

1104-486: The coolant; today, however, all but the smallest engines use pumps . Up to the 1980s, radiator cores were often made of copper (for fins) and brass (for tubes, headers, and side-plates, while tanks could also be made of brass or of plastic , often a polyamide ). Starting in the 1970s, use of aluminium increased, eventually taking over the vast majority of vehicular radiator applications. The main inducements for aluminium are reduced weight and cost. Since air has

1150-494: The designs of Eugène Freyssinet . An extension was built in 1930, also by Limousin. Foundry work (boilers, cast iron baths) was switched to Aulnay. In 1929, a factory was opened in Dammarie-lès-Lys ; the factory structure was also to the design of Freyssinet/Limousin. From 1931, the factory was used entirely for the manufacture of radiators, with a staff of 750. In 1949, after the parent company had become involved in

1196-417: The heat engine, a coolant is passed through the engine block , where it absorbs heat from the engine. The hot coolant is then fed into the inlet tank of the radiator (located either on the top of the radiator, or along one side), from which it is distributed across the radiator core through tubes to another tank on the opposite end of the radiator. As the coolant passes through the radiator tubes on its way to

1242-512: The heat from the source. High-performance heat sinks have copper to conduct better. Heat is transferred to the air by conduction and convection; a relatively small proportion of heat is transferred by radiation owing to the low temperature of semiconductor devices compared to their surroundings. Radiators are also used in liquid cooling loops for rejecting heat. Radiators are found as components of some spacecraft. These radiators work by radiating heat energy away as light (generally infrared given

1288-506: The lives and social history of North Americans, in 2012 the American Radiator Company was inducted into the North American Railway Hall of Fame. Radiator A radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating an environment, or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for automotive engine cooling and HVAC dry cooling towers. Despite

1334-430: The name, most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation . The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed

1380-402: The opposite tank, it transfers much of its heat to the tubes which, in turn, transfer the heat to the fins that are lodged between each row of tubes. The fins then release the heat to the ambient air. Fins are used to greatly increase the contact surface of the tubes to the air, thus increasing the exchange efficiency. The cooled liquid is fed back to the engine, and the cycle repeats. Normally,

1426-409: The plant, other employees during the period included forced labour from eastern Europe, and Italy. The Schönebeck facility was in soviet occupied East Germany at the end of the second world war; as a result in 1950 the Neuss site began production of boilers. In 1951, the company was renamed Ideal Standard GmbH. A refrigeration company 'Gesellschaft die Rheinkälte' (Düsseldorf) was acquired in 1955. In

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1472-492: The potential of Europe as a market, and a sales branch was opened in London. In 1897, the company began investigating manufacturing in Europe, specifically France and Germany, countries with high trade tariffs; a branch was opened in Hamburg, which assembled and machine finished cast radiator parts shipped in knock down form . In 1898, the company acquired the established plant of Louis Courtot, in Dôle, France ( Dole, Jura ) forming

1518-490: The production of bathroom fixtures (see American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation , formed 1929) the company was renamed "Idéal Standard". Manufacture of radiators in Aulnay ceased in 1968. The oil crisis negatively affected the company's activities, and the plant in Aulnay closed. The Dammarie plant closed in 1975. In 1975, production of bathroom furniture ended at Dole. A new company Société Nouvelle Idéal Standard

1564-418: The radiator does not reduce the temperature of the coolant back to ambient air temperature, but it is still sufficiently cooled to keep the engine from overheating. This coolant is usually water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion , erosion and cavitation . However, the coolant may also be an oil. The first engines used thermosiphons to circulate

1610-468: The site in Neuss became focused on ceramic manufacture. In the mid-1970s, the company withdrew from the heating business, and the sites in Waldbröl and Berlin shut. In 1905 the company's operations in France and Germany were proving successful, and the firm decided to open a factory in England. The company "National Radiator Company, Ltd." was established, and $ 500,000 was provided for the establishment of

1656-602: The spin off of the automotive parts business as WABCO Vehicle Control Systems and sale of the plumbing fixtures business as American Standard Brands . The remaining business was renamed Trane , which continues to build HVAC systems under the American Standard name. Trane was acquired by Ingersoll Rand in 2008, and the parent company has since been renamed Trane Technologies . In 1929, the American Radiator Company (founded 1892) merged with

1702-499: The temperatures at which spacecraft try to operate) because in the vacuum of space neither convection nor conduction can work to transfer heat away. On the International Space Station , these can be seen clearly as large white panels attached to the main truss . They can be found on both crewed and uncrewed craft. American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation American Standard Companies Inc.

1748-407: The term "radiator" refers to any of a number of devices in which a liquid circulates through exposed pipes (often with fins or other means of increasing surface area). The term " convector " refers to a class of devices in which the source of heat is not directly exposed. To increase the surface area available for heat exchange with the surroundings, a radiator will have multiple fins, in contact with

1794-407: The tube carrying liquid pumped through the radiator. Air (or other exterior fluid) in contact with the fins carries off heat. If air flow is obstructed by dirt or damage to the fins, that portion of the radiator is ineffective at heat transfer. Radiators are commonly used to heat buildings on the European continent. In a radiative central heating system , hot water or sometimes steam is generated in

1840-587: The vitreous china (bathroom furniture) operations remained under the control of Ideal Standard. Radiator production was ended at Stelrad's Hull site, and production was focused on boilers. In 1989 the Metal Box company demergered, and MB group formed; Caradon was acquired by MB group becoming MB Caradon in 1989 and the Hull boiler factory became Caradon Ideal in 1993. In the 2010s the Ideal Boilers' foundry

1886-421: Was a manufacturer of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing fixtures , and automotive parts. The company was formed in 1929 through the merger of the American Radiator Company and Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company forming the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation . The name was simplified to American Standard in 1967. The company was broken up in 2007 with

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1932-462: Was closed with the loss of 57 jobs and outsource casting to third parties. As of 2014 the boiler plant operated as "Ideal Boilers" as part of the Ideal Stelrad group, and the bathroom fittings plant is part of Ideal Standard . In 2015 Ideal Boilers was acquired from holding company ISG Holdings 1 by French HVAC business Groupe Atlantic . In consequence of the radiator's contribution to

1978-484: Was established in Neuss and production of radiators concentrated at Neuss, boilers at Schönebeck. With the incorporation of the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company into the parent company in 1929, its German subsidiaries were also merged into a division of NARAG, adding cast iron baths, brass water fittings, and porcelain bathroom fittings to the company's output. During World War I, the factory manufactured shells for

2024-675: Was established in 1892 by Nelson Holland. The American Radiator company was formed in 1892 from the Detroit Radiator Company, the Michigan Radiator & Iron Manufacturing Company, and the Pierce Steam Heating Company of Buffalo. The company was headed by Joseph Bond, (of Pierce Steam Heating Co.), as president, Charles Hodges, (of Detroit Radiator) as treasurer, and Clarence Woolley (of Michigan Radiator) as secretary. The company made

2070-499: Was established under the control of Société Générale de Fonderie (65%) and Société de Dietrich. In 1984 the company came back under the control of American Standard . Bath production using acrylic resin started in 1986. In 1996, the company Sanifrance was created by the combination of activities of Idéal Standard, Porcher, Piel, and Emafrance as a subsidiary of American Standard. In 2005, Sanifrance became Idéal Standard France , and in 2006, Idéal Standard Industrie France . In 1900,

2116-518: Was founded in 1888. John B. Dyar, manager and owner of the Detroit Metal & Heating Works, was the main promoter. Clarence M. Woolley joined the firm in 1887. The Detroit Radiator Company was founded in 1882 by Henry C. and Charles C. Hodges. The Pierce Steam Heating Company was founded in 1881 by John B. Pierce and Joseph Bond in Buffalo. The Standard Radiator Company (Buffalo)

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