123-508: Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz . The name comes from the Koine Greek αμέθυστος amethystos from α- a- , "not" and μεθύσκω ( Ancient Greek ) methysko / μεθώ metho ( Modern Greek ), "intoxicate", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness . Ancient Greeks wore amethyst and carved drinking vessels from it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. Amethyst,
246-571: A gaucho culture with its neighbors Argentina and Uruguay. Before the arrival of Portuguese and Spanish settlers, it was inhabited mostly by the Guarani and Kaingang peoples (with smaller populations of Charrúa and Minuane ). The first Europeans there were Jesuits , followed by settlers from the Azores . In the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Ragamuffin War and
369-402: A semiprecious stone, is often used in jewelry . Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz ( SiO 2 ) and owes its violet color to irradiation , impurities of iron ( Fe ) and in some cases other transition metals , and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions. The irradiation causes the iron Fe ions that replace Si in
492-535: A Province of Brazil (Província Cisplatina). This situation outlasted Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822; in 1825, however, Juan Antonio Lavalleja proclaimed the independence of Uruguay; war followed, until in 1828 Brazil recognized Uruguayan independence. Populating Rio Grande do Sul was a constant concern of the Portuguese. To that end, the metropolitan Crown distributed land in the form of enormous latifundia . In those large latifundia, cattle raising
615-522: A genetic study from 2013, Brazilians in Rio Grande do Sul have an average of 73% European, 14% African and 13% Amerindian ancestry. Ethnicities of Rio Grande do Sul in 2022 People of Portuguese – mostly Azorean – background predominate in the coastal region. The Southwest, on the other hand, was originally populated by Pampeano Indians. Like the other Gauchos from the La Plata Basin
738-595: A hero in his native Italy). The Empire soon retook initiative, though, and from them on the rebels fought in the defensive. In 1842, the Empire assigned a new Provincial governor and military commander, the Baron, later Duke of Caxias . The inability of the rebels to secure contact with the world through a seaport, the dwindling economy of the Province, combined with Caxias' superior capabilities as military commander, led to
861-521: A kind of violet dye by combining the juice of the mulberry with crushed green grapes. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls used a violet dye made from bilberry to color the clothing of slaves. These dyes made a satisfactory purple, but it faded quickly in sunlight and when washed. Violet and purple retained their status as the color of emperors and princes of the church throughout
984-421: A letter about the painting to his brother Theo, he wrote, "The color here...should be suggestive of sleep and repose in general....The walls are a pale violet. The floor is of red tiles. The wood of the bed and the chairs are fresh butter yellow, the sheet and the pillows light lemon green. The bedspread bright scarlet. The window green. The bed table orange. The bowl blue. The doors lilac....The painting should rest
1107-539: A light lavender or pale violet to a deep purple. Amethyst may exhibit one or both secondary hues, red and blue. High-quality amethyst can be found in Siberia , Sri Lanka , Brazil , Uruguay , and the Far East. The ideal grade, called "Deep Siberian", has a primary purple hue of around 75–80%, with 15–20% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues. "Rose de France" is defined by its markedly light shade of
1230-600: A pigment made from the same plant. The " New Age Prophetess", Alice Bailey , in her system called the Seven Rays which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical psychological types , the "seventh ray" of "Ceremonial Order" is represented by the color violet. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be "on the Violet Ray". In the Ascended Master Teachings ,
1353-589: A secondary front. But in 1865 a Paraguayan division invaded the state, occupying Uruguaiana by August 5. By August 16, troops of the Triple Alliance put siege to Uruguaiana, and by September 17, an ultimatum was delivered to General Estigarribia, commander of the Paraguayan division. Having no possibility of breaking the siege or defending the position, the Paraguayans surrendered, under conditions,
SECTION 10
#17327808543911476-548: A similar position farther south, on the Uruguayan border, and is about 175 kilometres (109 mi) long by 10 to 35 km wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as the São Gonçalo Channel . A part of the lake lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs exclusively to Brazil. Both of these lakes are evidently
1599-479: A single crystal) can be used to identify most synthetic amethyst rather easily. Synthesizing twinned amethyst is possible, but this type is not available in large quantities in the market. Treated amethyst is produced by gamma ray , X-ray , or electron-beam irradiation of clear quartz ( rock crystal ), which has been first doped with ferric impurities. Exposure to heat partially cancels the irradiation effects and amethyst generally becomes yellow or even green. Much of
1722-477: A solution of ammonium carbonate . The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-foot high wall built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy. French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen
1845-452: A statue of pure crystalline quartz to protect her from the brutal claws. Dionysus wept tears of wine in remorse for his action at the sight of the beautiful statue. The god's tears then stained the quartz purple. This myth and its variations are not found in classical sources. However, the goddess Rhea does present Dionysus with an amethyst stone to preserve the wine-drinker's sanity in historical text. Tibetans consider amethyst sacred to
1968-613: A variety of colors between blue and red in hue . Violet has a long history of association with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye was extremely expensive in antiquity. The emperors of Rome wore purple togas, as did the Byzantine emperors. During the Middle Ages , violet was worn by bishops and university professors and was often used in art as the color of the robes of the Virgin Mary . In Chinese painting ,
2091-809: A violet dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin . In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura , found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua . The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, and the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty. During the Middle Ages, most artists made purple or violet on their paintings by combining red and blue pigments; usually blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre , cinnabar or minium . They also combined lake colors by mixing dye with powder; woad or indigo dye for blue and cochineal dye for red. Orcein , or purple moss ,
2214-582: Is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino) phenazinium acetate. In the 1950s, a new family of violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridones came onto the market. They had originally been discovered in 1896, synthesized in 1936 and manufactured in the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to violet in color, and have the molecular formula C 20 H 12 N 2 O 2 . They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are used in oil paints, watercolors and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings. Violet
2337-584: Is at Four Peaks, Gila and Maricopa Counties , Arizona, and Jackson's Crossroads, Wilkes County, Georgia . Smaller occurrences have been reported in the Red Feather Lakes , near Fort Collins, Colorado ; Amethyst Mountain, Texas ; Yellowstone National Park ; Delaware County, Pennsylvania ; Haywood County, North Carolina ; Deer Hill and Stow, Maine , and in the Lake Superior region of Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan . Amethyst
2460-506: Is at one end of the spectrum of visible light , between blue light, which has a longer wavelength, and ultraviolet light, which has a shorter wavelength and is not visible to humans. Violet wavelengths are between approximately 380 and 435 nanometers. Violet objects often appear dark, because human vision becomes less sensitive at wavelengths this short. The reason why to (typical trichromat ) humans violet light appears slightly reddish compared to spectral blue (despite spectral red being at
2583-542: Is available in two varieties — a deep less saturated blueish type and a lighter and brighter somewhat more reddish type. Cobalt lithium phosphate is a saturated lighter-valued bluish violet. A color similar to cobalt ammonium phosphate, cobalt magnesium borate, was introduced in the later 20th century but was not deemed sufficiently lightfast for artistic use. Cobalt violet is the only truly lightfast purple pigment with relatively strong color saturation. All other light-stable purple pigments are dull by comparison. The high price of
SECTION 20
#17327808543912706-488: Is called The Violet Party. It believes in direct democracy , a guaranteed minimum income and politics based on spirituality . It was founded in Dortmund in 2001. Violet flowers and their color became symbolically associated with lesbianism . It was used as a special code by lesbians and bisexual women for self-identification and also to communicate support for the sexual preference. This connection originates from
2829-564: Is created with a combination of magenta and cyan pigments, with more magenta than cyan. On the RGB / CMY ( K ) color wheel, violet is located between blue and magenta. Violet is closely associated with purple . In optics , violet is a spectral color (referring to the color of different single wavelengths of light), whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red and blue (or violet) light, some of which humans perceive as similar to violet. In common usage, both terms are used to refer to
2952-573: Is derived from the Viola genus of flowers . In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, violet is produced by mixing red and blue light, with more blue than red. In the RYB color model historically used by painters, violet is created with a combination of red and blue pigments and is located between blue and purple on the color wheel . In the CMYK color model used in printing, violet
3075-400: Is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride ; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples. Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of
3198-526: Is found in many locations around the world. Between 2000 and 2010, the greatest production was from Marabá and Pau d'Arco , Pará, and the Paraná Basin , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Sandoval, Santa Cruz, Bolivia ; Artigas, Uruguay; Kalomo, Zambia ; and Thunder Bay, Ontario . Lesser amounts are found in many other locations in Africa, Brazil, Spain, Argentina, Russia, Afghanistan, South Korea, Mexico, and
3321-448: Is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Riograndia , a cynodont from these deposits, was named after the state in 2001. Other animals from Caturrita Formation include a dicynodont Jachaleria , a traversodontid Exaeretodon and a rhynchosaur Scaphonyx . The presence of Exaeretodon and Scaphonyx shows the relationships with the fauna of Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina while Jachaleria better correlates with
3444-660: Is one of the most important rivers of the state, rising in the ranges of the Coxilha Grande of the north and flowing south and southeast to the Guaíba estuary, with a course of nearly 480 kilometres (300 mi) It has two large tributaries, the Vacacaí from the south and the Taquari from the north, and many small streams. The Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, is navigable 42 km up to and beyond
3567-607: Is one of the oldest colors used by humans. Traces of very dark violet, made by grinding the mineral manganese , mixed with water or animal fat and then brushed on the cave wall or applied with the fingers, are found in the prehistoric cave art in Pech Merle , in France, dating back about 25,000 years. It has also been found in the cave of Altamira and Lascaux . It was sometimes used as an alternative to black charcoal. Sticks of manganese, used for drawing, have been found at sites occupied by Neanderthals in France and Israel. From
3690-526: Is produced by a synthesis method called hydrothermal growth, which grows the crystals inside a high-pressure autoclave. Synthetic amethyst is made to imitate the best quality amethyst. Its chemical and physical properties are the same as those of natural amethyst, and it cannot be differentiated with absolute certainty without advanced gemmological testing (which is often cost-prohibitive). One test based on "Brazil law twinning" (a form of quartz twinning where right- and left-hand quartz structures are combined in
3813-852: Is relatively common in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia . The largest amethyst mine in North America is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Amethyst is the official state gemstone of South Carolina . Several South Carolina amethysts are on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History . Amethyst was used as a gemstone by the ancient Egyptians and was largely employed in antiquity for intaglio engraved gems . The ancient Greeks believed amethyst gems could prevent intoxication, while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle in
Amethyst - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-421: Is relatively insensitive to those wavelengths. Monochromatic lamps emitting spectral-violet wavelengths can be roughly approximated by the color named electric violet, which is a composed-light violet producing a similar effect to the human eye. The earliest violet pigments used by humans, found in prehistoric cave paintings, were made from the minerals manganese and hematite . Manganese is still used today by
4059-781: Is the liturgical color of Advent and Lent , which respectively celebrate the expectant waiting and preparation for the celebration of the Crucifixion of Jesus and the time for penance and/or mourning . A stained glass window installed in the early 1920s in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles depicts God the Father wearing a violet robe. After the Vatican II Council , which modified many of
4182-469: Is the color of various combinations of red, blue and violet light, some of which some humans perceive as similar to violet. In common usage, both terms are used to refer to a variety of colors between blue and red in hue . Historically, violet has tended to be used for bluer hues and purple for redder hues. In the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue, with violet being closer to blue. Violet
4305-643: Is the participation of its servicemen in both the coup attempt of 1961 and the military coup in 1964. According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 10,882,965 people residing in the state. The population density was 38.63 inhabitants per square kilometre (100.1/sq mi). Urbanization: 81% (2004); population growth: 1.2% (1991–2000); houses: 3,464,544 (2005). The last 2022 census counted 8,534,229 white people (78.4%), 1,596,357 brown ( Multiracial ) people (14.7%), 709,837 black people (6.5%), 34,184 Amerindian people (0.3%), 8,158 Asian people (0.1%). According to
4428-521: Is well distributed throughout the year, but occasional droughts can occur. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by a cold southwesterly wind, called minuano , which sometimes lowers the temperature to below freezing, especially in the mountainous municipalities , where snowfalls can occur. The lowest official temperature registered in the state was −9.8 °C (14 °F) in Bom Jesus , on August 1, 1955. In summer,
4551-587: The Aranda people , a group of indigenous Australians , as a traditional pigment for coloring the skin during rituals. It is also used by the Hopi Indians of Arizona to color ritual objects. The most famous violet-purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple , made from a type of sea snail called the murex , found around the Mediterranean. In western Polynesia , residents of the islands made
4674-582: The Buddha and make prayer beads from it. Amethyst is considered the birthstone of February. In the Middle Ages, it was considered a symbol of royalty and used to decorate English regalia. In the Old World , amethyst was considered one of the cardinal gems , in that it was one of the five gemstones considered precious above all others, until large deposits were found in Brazil. Until the 18th century, amethyst
4797-546: The Ekaterinburg district, where it occurs in drusy cavities in granitic rocks . Amethyst was historically mined in many localities in south India , though these are no longer significant producers. One of the largest global amethyst producers is Zambia in southern Africa , with an annual production around 1000 tons. Amethyst occurs at many localities in the United States. The most important production
4920-622: The Middle English and Old French violete , in turn from the Latin viola , the name of the violet flower. The first recorded use as a color name in English was in 1370. Violet is closely associated with purple . In optics , violet is a spectral color : It refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum (between approximately 380 and 435 nanometers), whereas purple
5043-522: The Paraguayan War , known in Portuguese as Guerra do Paraguai. In the war against Rosas, 75% of the Brazilian troops were gaúchos . As the only Brazilian boundaries actually facing foreign armies able to project the Empire's power, Rio Grande do Sul and its gaúchos quickly developed a reputation as soldiers. During this long and bloody war against Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul remained usually
Amethyst - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-595: The Paraguayan War . Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state as well. Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the northeast by the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Uruguay , and to the northwest by the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones . The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of
5289-741: The Serra do Mar on the Atlantic coast, and the Uruguay River forms the northern and western boundary line of the state down to the mouth of the Quaraí, on the Uruguayan frontier. Rio Grande do Sul lies within the south temperate zone and is predominantly humid subtropical ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ). The climate is subtropical highland ( Cfb ) in the highest areas. There are four relatively well-defined seasons and rainfall
5412-561: The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) newspaper, designed the color scheme for the suffragette movement in Britain and Ireland, with violet for loyalty and dignity, white for purity and green for hope. The pan-European movement Volt Europa and its national subsidiary parties use violet in their uniforms. A small New Age political party in Germany with about 1,150 members
5535-414: The citrine , cairngorm , or yellow quartz of jewelry is said to be merely "burnt amethyst". The Greek word amethystos may be translated as "not drunken", from Greek a- , "not" + methustos , "intoxicated". Amethyst was considered to be a strong antidote against drunkenness.{{efn| In his poem "L'Amethyste, ou les Amours de Bacchus et d'Amethyste" (Amethyst or the loves of Bacchus and Amethyste),
5658-416: The purple , reminiscent of a lavender / lilac shade. These pale colors were once considered undesirable, but have recently become popular due to intensive marketing. Green quartz is sometimes called green amethyst ; the scientific name is prasiolite . Other names for green quartz are vermarine and lime citrine . Amethyst frequently shows color zoning, with the most intense color typically found at
5781-417: The women's suffrage movement in the United States, seeking the right to vote for women. The colors were said to represent liberty and dignity. For this reason, the postage stamp issued in 1936 to honor Susan B. Anthony , a prominent leader of the suffrage movement in the United States, was colored the reddish tone of violet sometimes known as red-violet . In 1908, Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence , co-editor of
5904-458: The 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to dye wool and silk , without the use of mordant . Cudbear was developed by Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland : production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in
6027-411: The 18th century, purple was a color worn by royalty, aristocrats and other wealthy people. Good-quality purple fabric was too expensive for ordinary people. The first cobalt violet , the intensely red-violet cobalt arsenate, was highly toxic. Although it persisted in some paint lines into the 20th century, it was displaced by less toxic cobalt compounds such as cobalt phosphate. Cobalt violet appeared in
6150-687: The 19th and the early 20th centuries. According to the treaty of Tordesillas , the region was to be part of the Spanish possessions in South America. However, the Spanish were much more interested in the Pacific Coast, where gold, silver, and gems were quickly found. Even in the Atlantic coast, their attention was on the River Plate where they built the seaport of Buenos Aires, on its right bank. Consequently, Spanish settlement followed
6273-412: The 19th century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue , cerulean blue and cobalt green . It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists, along with manganese violet . Mauveine , also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve , was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered serendipitously during an attempt to make quinine in 1856. Its chemical name
SECTION 50
#17327808543916396-475: The Empire was able to control most of the coastal region, achieving decisive strategic advantage from this. However, in 1839, the rebels were still able to invade Santa Catarina, where they proclaimed a Juliana Republic , in a federal relationship with Rio Grande do Sul (during the Santa Catarina campaign, Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels for a while before he returned to Europe and eventually became
6519-454: The French poet Rémy Belleau (1528–1577) invented a myth in which Bacchus , the god of intoxication, of wine, and grapes was pursuing a maiden named Amethyste , who refused his affections. Amethyste prayed to the gods to remain chaste, a prayer which the chaste goddess Diana answered, transforming her into a white stone. Humbled by Amethyste's desire to remain chaste, Bacchus poured wine over
6642-833: The Italians settled in the Serra Gaúcha, and most of the Germans in the valleys of the Jacuí, Sinos, and Caí, as small landed proprietors, and agricultural producers. In the area of German settlements, a messianic movement, the Muckers (German for False Saints) erupted in 1874, and was smashed by the Brazilian Army. Also during this period, the Liberal Party established its hegemony over the province, meaning control of
6765-597: The Jesuits were back in the region, having refounded seven reductions, the Misiones Orientales . The region remained under Spanish sovereignty, though in practice the Jesuits operated quite independently as consequence of the spanish laws, up to the late 17th century. But in 1680, the Portuguese founded Colônia do Sacramento on the northern bank of the River Plate, in what is now Uruguay . War ensued and
6888-790: The Lagoa dos Patos, and the Jaguarão which flows into the Lagoa Mirim. All of the first named, except the Camaquã, discharge into one of the two arms or estuaries opening into the northern end of Lagoa dos Patos, which is called the Guaíba River , though technically it is not a river but a lake. The Guaíba River is broad, comparatively deep and about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long, and with the rivers discharging into it affords upwards of 320 kilometres (200 mi) of fluvial navigation. The Jacuí
7011-406: The Portuguese. The capture of Rio Grande in 1763 caused the removal of the seat of government to Viamão at the head of Lagoa dos Patos; in 1773, Porto dos Cazaes, renamed Porto Alegre , became the capital. These historic acts were planned and directed by Manuel Sepúlveda, who used the pseudonym José Marcelino de Figueiredo, to hide his identity. In 1801, news of war between Spain and Portugal led to
7134-505: The Provincial President (appointed by the Regency on behalf of the Emperor, who was a minor). Rebellion broke out in the province on September 20, 1835; giving up hope of redress of the situation by the Imperial Government, the gaúchos proclaimed independence of the Riograndense Republic on September 11, 1836. The ensuing Farroupilha Revolution (known locally as Guerra dos Farrapos ) lasted ten years. The rebels stormed Porto Alegre, but were driven out from there in June 1836. From then on,
7257-404: The Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing violet robes. The 15th-century Florentine painter Cennino Cennini advised artists: "If you want to make a lovely violet colour, take fine lacca, ultramarine blue (the same amount of the one as of the other)..." For fresco painters, he advised a less-expensive version, made of a mixture of blue indigo and red hematite . In
7380-463: The Serra do Mar is occupied by the Araucaria moist forests , a subtropical forests characterized by evergreen, laurel-leaved forests interspersed with emergent Brazilian Pines (Araucaria angustifolia) . The Alto Paraná Atlantic forests lie on the lower slopes of the plateau south and east of the Araucaria forests, including much of the lower basin of the Jacuí and its tributaries. These forests are semi-deciduous, with many trees losing their leaves in
7503-402: The South") is a state in the southern region of Brazil . It is the fifth-most populous state and the ninth-largest by area . Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Uruguayan departments of Rocha , Treinta y Tres , Cerro Largo , Rivera , and Artigas to
SECTION 60
#17327808543917626-486: The United States. Amethyst is produced in abundance in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil where it occurs in large geodes within volcanic rocks . Many of the hollow agates of southwestern Brazil and Uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior. Artigas, Uruguay and neighboring Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul are large world producers, with lesser quantities mined in Minas Gerais and Bahia states. The largest amethyst geode found as of 2007
7749-421: The Uruguay, the largest are the Ijuí of the plateau region, the Ibicuí , which has its source near Santa Maria in the central part of the state and flows westward to the Uruguay a short distance above Uruguaiana , and the Quaraí River which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of the Canoas and Pelotas rivers. The Pelotas, which has its source in
7872-401: The Vargas dictatorship in 1937 and the period known as the Estado Novo . What is now the Rio Grande do Sul Military Brigade fought on the side of the state leadership and, as a result, was never reformed. In fact, the Brigade remains the only state militia in Brazil. (The Military Police is the federal force that polices in the other states.) A poignant example of the Brigade's quasi-autonomy
7995-508: The beginning of the 19th century, wheat was the main export product of Rio Grande do Sul. However, the introduction of charqueadas in the Southern coast, following the 1777 drought in Ceará , opened new opportunities to husbandry, as from them on, instead of moving herds by land to São Paulo, cattle could be sold in the relatively nearby region of Pelotas, to be slaughtered and processed there, and further transported by sea to Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and other Brazilian harbours. The cheap jerky
8118-478: The belief that amethysts heal people and keep them cool-headed. Beads of amethyst were found in Anglo-Saxon graves in England. Anglican bishops wear an episcopal ring often set with an amethyst, an allusion to the description of the Apostles as "not drunk" at Pentecost in Acts 2:15. A large geode , or "amethyst-grotto", from near Santa Cruz in southern Brazil was presented at a 1902 exhibition in Düsseldorf , Germany. Synthetic (laboratory-grown) amethyst
8241-517: The capture of the Sete Povos and some frontier posts. In 1777, the Santo Ildefonso Treaty granted the coastal region to Portugal, and the Missões to Spain; but, in practice, both regions were populated by Portuguese and Brazilian settlers. In 1801, the Badajoz treaty handed the Misiones (Missões) to the Portuguese; only the borders between modern Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul remained in dispute. The districts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande had been separated in 1760 for military convenience, and in 1807
8364-484: The chemical industry and fashion. Violet or purple neckties became popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. In a European survey, three percent of respondents said violet is their favorite color, ranking it behind blue, green, red, black and yellow (in that order), and tied with orange. Ten percent called it their least favorite color; brown, pink and gray were more unpopular. Because of its status as
8487-405: The coastline, northeast and southwest, and is about 214 kilometres (133 mi) long exclusive of the two arms at its northern end, 40 58 km long respectively, and of its outlet, the Rio Grande, about 39 km long. Its width varies from 35 to 58 km. The lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies
8610-460: The color of Roman emperors, monarchs and princes, purple and violet are often associated with luxury. Certain luxury goods, such as watches and jewelry, are often placed in boxes lined with violet velvet, since violet is the complementary color of yellow and shows gold to best advantage. While violet is the color of humility in the symbolism of the Catholic Church, it has exactly the opposite meaning in general society. A European poll in 2000 showed it
8733-465: The color violet is used to represent the Ascended Master St. Germain . The Invocation of the Violet Flame is a system of meditation practice used in the "I AM" Activity and by the Church Universal and Triumphant (both Ascended Master Teaching religions). In the Roman Catholic church, violet is worn by bishops and archbishops , red by cardinals and white by the Pope . Ordinary priests wear black. As in many other Western churches , violet
8856-400: The color violet represents the "unity transcending the duality of Yin and yang " and "the ultimate harmony of the universe ". In New Age thinking, purple and/or violet is associated with the crown chakra . One European study suggests that violet is the color people most often associate with extravagance, individualism, vanity and ambiguity. The word violet as a color name derives from
8979-477: The course of the River Plate and its tributaries, especially the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, largely ignoring the Rio Grande do Sul area. The Spanish introduced livestock which escaped into the plains and attracted gauchos to the area. The first Spanish to settle in the region that is now Paraguay , northwestern Argentina ( Corrientes , Misiones ), and Rio Grande do Sul were Jesuit missionary priests who came with
9102-410: The crystal terminations. One of gem cutters' tasks is to make a finished product with even color. Sometimes, only a thin layer of a natural, uncut amethyst is violet colored, or the color is very uneven. The uncut gem may have only a small portion that is suitable for faceting. The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron (Fe) for silicon in
9225-452: The elevated plateau extending southward from São Paulo across the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, and is much broken by low mountain ranges whose general direction across the trend of the slope gives them the appearance of escarpments. A range of low mountains extends southward from the Serra do Mar of Santa Catarina and crosses the state into Uruguay. West of this range is a vast grassy plain devoted principally to stock-raising –
9348-566: The end of the conflict. In 1923, civil war again exploded between supporters of State President Borges de Medeiros and opposition linked to the Partido Libertador and Assis Brasil . In 1930, State President Getúlio Vargas , after unsuccessfully running in the presidential elections against the candidate of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, led a revolt against the Federal government, and succeeded in overthrowing it. This eventually led to
9471-502: The fall, in 1843, of important rebel strongholds, Caçapava do Sul , Bagé , and Alegrete . Economically exhausted and militarily defeated, the rebels accepted Caxias' terms of surrender. A general amnesty was declared, the rebellious officials were incorporated into the Imperial Army, slaves enrolled in the rebel Army were freed. Additionally, the Empire imposed a 25% tax on foreign jerky imports. The province suffered greatly in
9594-470: The following day. But if the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was spared most action, its dwellers provided a very significant part of the Brazilian troops: about 34,000 soldiers, more than 25% of the Brazilian army. This military characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul lasted long after the Paraguayan War: In 1879, of a standing army of less than 15,000, more than 5,000 were in Rio Grande do Sul. On
9717-505: The grinding tools at various sites, it appears it may also have been used to color the body and to decorate animal skins. More recently, the earliest dates on cave paintings have been pushed back farther than 35,000 years. Hand paintings on rock walls in Australia may be even older, dating back as far as 50,000 years. Berries of the genus rubus , such as blackberries , were a common source of dyes in antiquity. The ancient Egyptians made
9840-458: The head or the imagination." In 1856, a young British chemist named William Henry Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine . His experiments produced instead an unexpected residue, which turned out to be the first synthetic aniline dye , a deep purple color called mauveine , or abbreviated simply to mauve (the dye being named after the lighter color of the mallow [mauve] flower). Used to dye clothes, it became extremely fashionable among
9963-450: The highest-grade sapphires or rubies are still orders of magnitude more expensive than amethyst. The most suitable setting for gem amethyst is a prong or a bezel setting. The channel method must be used with caution. Amethyst has a good hardness, and handling it with proper care will prevent any damage to the stone. Amethyst is sensitive to strong heat and may lose or change its colour when exposed to prolonged heat or light. Polishing
10086-519: The historical knowledge about the region. In fact, there was always some Spanish colonial presence there, however in practice restricted to Jesuit religious initiatives towards the Amerindian populations, which had limited genetic impact in the demographic composition of aboriginal populations. On the other hand, it is broadly accepted that it is northern Uruguay that always has had an important Luso-Brazilian influence, which in fact impacts to this day
10209-549: The idea of converting the indigenous population to Catholic Christianity . To that end, they founded missionary villages known in Spanish as misiones or reducciones , populated by Guarani Indians . In the early 17th century, the Jesuits founded missions to the east of the Uruguay river, and in the northwest of modern Rio Grande do Sul. The missions were destroyed and their Guarani inhabitants were enslaved in large raids by bandeirantes between 1636 and 1638; however, in 1687,
10332-420: The inverted black triangle set against a violet background. [REDACTED] Media related to Purple flags at Wikimedia Commons Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul ( UK : / ˌ r iː uː ˌ ɡ r æ n d i d uː ˈ s ʊ l / , US : /- ˌ ɡ r ɑː n d i d uː ˈ s uː l / , Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒ(i) du ˈsuw] ; lit. "Great River of
10455-473: The latter was elevated to the category of a "capitania-geral", with the designation of "Sao Pedro do Rio Grande", independent of Rio de Janeiro, and with Santa Catarina as a dependency. In 1812 Rio Grande and Santa Catarina were organized into two distinct comarcas , the latter becoming an independent province in 1822 when the Empire of Brazil was organized. In 1816, the Portuguese captured Uruguay, which became
10578-484: The lattice to lose an electron and form a [FeO 4 ] color center. Amethyst is a three-dimensional network of tetrahedra where the silicon atoms are in the center and are surrounded by four oxygen atoms located at the vertices of a tetrahedron . This structure is quite rigid and results in quartz's hardness and resistance to weathering. The hardness of the mineral is the same as quartz, thus making it suitable for use in jewelry. Amethyst occurs in primary hues from
10701-472: The long rule of the Byzantine Empire . While violet was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often wore square violet caps and violet robes, or black robes with violet trim. Violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of
10824-703: The lower part of Los Colorados Formation . All three genera confirm the Late Triassic age of the deposits, older than the upper section of Los Colorados Formation. During the Brazilian Colonial period, the province of South Rio Grande was the scene of small wars and border skirmishes between Portugal and Spain for the region, the Sacramento Colony , and the Guarani Missions . It was also a focal point for internal rebellions in
10947-606: The mixed Spanish-Portuguese language of northern Uruguay along the border with Brazil (borderlands). People of German descent predominate in the Sinos Valley ( Novo Hamburgo , São Leopoldo , Nova Hartz, Dois Irmãos, Morro Reuter, etc.) and in the center-eastern part of the State ( Santa Cruz do Sul ). People of Italian descent predominate in the mountains ( Serra Gaúcha : Caxias do Sul , Bento Gonçalves , Farroupilha , Garibaldi , etc.). The Northern and Northwestern parts of
11070-584: The nobility and upper classes in Europe, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton so almost anyone could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both
11193-452: The northern and most elevated part being suitable in pasturage and climate for sheep, and the southern for cattle. East of it is a wide coastal zone only slightly elevated above the sea; within it are two great estuarine lagoons, the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim , which are separated from the ocean by two sandy, partially barren peninsulas. The coast is one great sand beach, broken only by
11316-741: The other end of the visible spectrum) is, according to the opponent process hypothesis of color vision , that the S- cone type (i.e. the one most sensitive to short wavelengths) contributes some red to the red-versus-green opponent channel (which at the longer blue wavelengths gets counteracted by the M-cone type). Computer and television screens, using the RGB color model , cannot produce actual violet light and instead mimic it by combining blue light at high intensity with red light at less intensity. Violet objects are normally composed-light violet. Objects reflecting spectral violet appear very dark, because human vision
11439-505: The other hand, during the late Empire, more Brazilian generals were from Rio Grande do Sul than from any other province. In 1889, of 25 generals born in Brazil, four were from Rio Grande do Sul; and of the three born abroad, two were born in Uruguay but made their careers in Rio Grande do Sul. Political agitation was frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, but no important revolution occurred after the Ponche Verde Treaty in 1845 until
11562-598: The outlet of the two lakes, called the Rio Grande, which affords an entrance to navigable inland waters and several ports. There are two distinct river systems in Rio Grande do Sul – that of the eastern slope draining to the lagoons, and that of the Río de la Plata basin draining westward to the Uruguay River . The larger rivers of the eastern group are the Jacuí , Sinos , Caí , Gravataí and Camaquã , which flow into
11685-668: The pigment and the toxicity of cobalt have limited its use. In the 1860s, the popularity of using violet colors suddenly rose among painters and other artists. For example, Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) was an avid student of color theory. He used violet in many of his paintings of the 1880s, including his paintings of irises and the swirling and mysterious skies of his starry night paintings, and often combined it with its complementary color , yellow. In his painting of his bedroom in Arles (1888), he used several sets of complementary colors; violet and yellow, red and green and orange and blue. In
11808-416: The poet Sappho and fragments of her poems. In one poem, she describes a lost partner wearing a garland of "violet tiaras, braided rosebuds, dill and crocus twined around" her neck. In another fragment, she recalls her partner as having "put around yourself [many wreaths] of violets and roses." The labrys lesbian flag, created in 1999 by graphic designer Sean Campbell, features a labrys superimposed on
11931-400: The population there was a result from the mixture of Spanish and Portuguese men with Amerindian women with a possible predominant Spanish ancestry and also a significant African contribution, resulting in a population that is 81.20% White. These theoretical speculations about Spanish predominance among the population of Southwestern Rio Grande do Sul are widely presumed, but they contradict
12054-452: The presidency at Rio de Janeiro of General Floriano Peixoto , whose ill-considered interference with state governments led to the revolt of 1892–94, under Gumercindo Saraiva . After the Paraguayan War , Rio Grande do Sul underwent important changes in its economy. Railways connected the countryside to Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Together with the introduction of steam ships, this reduced the costs and duration of transportation, facilitating
12177-401: The province's exports. New cattle breeds were introduced, and barbed wire was used to demarcate properties. As a consequence, the population of the province doubled between 1872 and 1890, from 434,813 inhabitants to 897,455. This was partly due to immigration: about 60,000 immigrants, mostly from Italy, and, in lesser numbers, from Germany, came to Rio Grande do Sul during this period. Most of
12300-736: The provincial legislature, the National Guard in Rio Grande do Sul, and most of the municipal governments. Before the War of the Triple Alliance, the Conservative and Liberal parties had alternated in local power, following the national tendency. But, from 1872 on, the Liberals, under the leadership of Gaspar da Silveira Martins , were able to retain provincial power, even when the Conservatives won at national level. In this struggle
12423-538: The region came definitely into Portuguese hegemony. In 1738, the territory (which included the present state of Santa Catarina) became the Capitania d'el Rei and was made a dependency of Rio de Janeiro. Territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal led to the occupation by the Spaniards of the town of Rio Grande (then the capital of the capitania) and neighboring districts from 1763 to 1776, when they reverted to
12546-721: The regional elites soon started to demand customs protection for the gaúcho jerky against the product of the Rio de la Plata; on the failure of the Imperial government to address those concerns, political demands of greater autonomy, and ideas of a federal relationship towards the rest of Brazil were put forth. These escalated into full rebellion in 1835. In 1834, the Imperial government issued an " Ato Adicional ", allowing for elected Provincial legislative assemblies. The first gaúcha Legislative Assembly, inaugurated in April 1835, quickly confronted
12669-466: The remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and current. They are of the same level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet. Fully one-third of the state belongs to the Río de la Plata drainage basin. Of the many streams flowing northward and westward to
12792-406: The revolutionaries occupied Santa Catarina and Paraná, capturing Curitiba , but were eventually overthrown through their inability to obtain munitions of war. An incident in this struggle was the death of Admiral Saldanha da Gama , one of the most brilliant officers of the Brazilian navy and one of the chiefs of the naval revolt of 1893–94, who was killed in a skirmish on the Uruguayan border towards
12915-466: The rules of the Catholic church, priests began to wear violet robes when celebrating masses for the dead. Black was no longer used, since it was the color of mourning outside the church and deemed inappropriate in a religious ceremony. In Hinduism , violet is used to symbolically represent the seventh, crown chakra ( Sahasrara ). In the early 20th century, violet, white and gold were the colors of
13038-409: The second half of the 19th century, broadening the palette of artists with its range of purple colors. Cobalt violet was used by Paul Signac (1863–1935), Claude Monet (1840–1926) and Georges Seurat (1859–1891). Today, cobalt ammonium phosphate, cobalt lithium phosphate and cobalt phosphate are available for use by artists. Cobalt ammonium phosphate is the most reddish of the three. Cobalt phosphate
13161-481: The south and southwest, and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest. The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre . The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average. The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP. The state shares
13284-411: The stone as an offering, dyeing the crystals purple. Variations of the story include that Dionysus had been insulted by a mortal and swore to slay the next mortal who crossed his path, creating fierce tigers to carry out his wrath. The mortal turned out to be a beautiful young woman, Amethystos, who was on her way to pay tribute to Artemis . Her life was spared by Artemis, who transformed the maiden into
13407-446: The stone or cleaning it by ultrasonic or steamer must be done with caution. [REDACTED] Minerals portal Violet (color) Violet is the color of light at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum . It is one of the seven colors that Isaac Newton labeled when dividing the spectrum of visible light in 1672. Violet light has a wavelength between approximately 380 and 435 nanometers. The color's name
13530-695: The structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low. Natural amethyst is dichroic in reddish violet and bluish violet, but when heated, turns yellow-orange, yellow-brown, or dark brownish and may resemble citrine , but loses its dichroism, unlike genuine citrine. When partially heated, amethyst can result in ametrine . Amethyst can fade in tone if overexposed to light sources, and can be artificially darkened with adequate irradiation. It does not fluoresce under either short-wave or long-wave UV light . Amethyst
13653-766: The struggle, but recovered quickly, not only due to the import tax protection, but mainly due to renewed instability in Argentina and Uruguay: Rosas' government in Argentina continually interfered in Uruguayan affairs until 1851, and Buenos Aires was blockaded by the French and the English from 1845 to 1848. At mid-19th century, Rio Grande do Sul was repeatedly involved in war between Brazil and its neighbours. Those included war against Argentina and Uruguay (deposal of Juan Manuel Rosas , Argentinian dictator, and Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana , Uruguayan president, 1852) and intervention in Uruguay (deposal of Atanasio Cruz Aguirre , 1864). This, in turn, led to Paraguayan intervention, and
13776-453: The temperature rises to 37 °C (99 °F), and heat related injuries are not uncommon. Several ecoregions cover portions of the state. In the northeastern corner of the state, between the Serra do Mar /Serra Geral and the Atlantic, lies the southern extension of the Serra do Mar coastal forests , a belt of evergreen tropical moist forests that extend north along the coastal strip as far as Rio de Janeiro state . The high plateau behind
13899-479: The town of Jaguarão . In addition to the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim there are a number of small lakes on the sandy, swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these two, and there are others of a similar character along the northern coast. The largest lake is the Lagoa dos Patos (Lake of the Patos ;– an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of European discovery), which lies parallel with
14022-406: The value of the gem is not primarily defined by carat weight. This is different from most gemstones, since the carat weight typically exponentially increases the value of the stone. The biggest factor in the value of amethyst is the color displayed. The highest-grade amethyst (called deep Russian ) is exceptionally rare. When one is found, its value is dependent on the demand of collectors; however,
14145-467: The west, Rio Pardo was also founded. Towards the middle of the century, Brazilians and Portuguese arrived to the west of the region, clashing with the Jesuits and the Guaranis. Up to 1756, the Guaranis fought back, under the leadership of Sepé Tiaraju , who was popularly canonized as São Sepé (Saint Sepé). However, the Portuguese and Brazilians eventually crushed the resistance, destroyed the missions, and
14268-567: The winter dry season. The Atlantic Coast restingas , distinctive forests which grow on nutrient-poor coastal dunes, extend along the coast, as far as the Uruguayan border. The southeastern portion of the state is covered by the Pampas , which extends south into Uruguay , in a plateau named Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges). The Caturrita Formation , rich in Triassic fossils,
14391-459: Was another common violet dye. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, was made from a Mediterranean lichen called archil or dyer's moss ( Roccella tinctoria ), combined with an ammoniac , usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors. In
14514-547: Was commonly used as food for the enslaved laborers in other parts of Brazil. Up to 1830, political unrest in Argentina and Uruguay favoured the jerky producers of Pelotas. But with order restored in these countries, competition by Argentinian and Uruguayan jerky producers became a concern. The jerky industry of the Plata was favored by the superior quality of Argentinian and Uruguayan pastures, by their better seaports, and by their use of free labor, instead of slavery. Consequently,
14637-406: Was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones (along with diamond , sapphire , ruby , and emerald ), but since the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as Brazil, it has lost most of its value. It is now considered a semiprecious stone. Collectors look for depth of color, possibly with red flashes if cut conventionally. As amethyst is readily available in large structures,
14760-405: Was intermittent until the independence of Uruguay in 1828. The logistics of defending Colônia against the Spanish resulted in a government effort to settle Rio Grande do Sul's coastal region with Brazilian and Portuguese colonists. In 1737, a fortified village (today the city of Rio Grande) was built at the entrance of Lagoa dos Patos. In 1752, a group of Azorean settlers founded Porto Alegre; to
14883-597: Was the Empress of Uruguay , found in Artigas, Uruguay in 2007. It stands at a height of 3.27 meters, lies open along its length, and weighs 2.5 tons. Amethyst is also found and mined in South Korea . The large opencast amethyst vein at Maissau , Lower Austria , was historically important, but is no longer included among significant producers. Much fine amethyst comes from Russia , especially near Mursinka in
15006-547: Was the color most commonly associated with vanity. As a color that rarely exists in nature and so attracts attention, it is seen as a color of individualism and extravagance. In Japan, violet was a popular color introduced into dress during the Heian period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant ( Anchusa officinalis ), known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use
15129-474: Was the predominant economic activity. The Guaranis, under Jesuit rule, had started raising cattle in the Missões. The destruction of the Missões left astray immense herds, which went feral. Thus the newcomers from São Paulo and Santa Catarina settled by re-domesticating these feral herds, called "gado xucro". The Azorean settlers, on the other hand, mainly introduced wheat crops in much smaller properties. Up to
#390609