78-723: Ample Hills is an American ice cream company. Founded by Brian Smith and Jackie Cuscuna as a pushcart in 2010, the company became known for its "playful" flavors. Their first storefront, in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn , opened in 2011, selling out 130 gallons of ice cream in just 4 days. It soon expanded into a chain prominent in New York City, with additional locations at one point in Disney World and Los Angeles. The company filed for bankruptcy in March 2020 prior to
156-473: A Cellar where no Sun or Light comes, it will be froze in four Hours, but it may stand longer; then take it out just as you use it; hold it in your Hand and it will slip out. When you wou'd freeze any Sort of Fruit, either Cherries, Raspberries, Currants, or Strawberries, fill your Tin-Pots with the Fruit, but as hollow as you can; put to them Lemmonade, made with Spring-Water and Lemmon-Juice sweeten'd; put enough in
234-596: A central one called Xvaniraθa- in Avesta and Xuniras in New Persian, which probably means ‘self-made, not resting on anything else’. It was equal in size to all the rest combined and surpassed them in prosperity and fortune. Originally, only Xuniras was inhabited by humans, which also hosted the "Iranian home" ( Airyō.šayana- in the Avestan) . But in the later tradition, that is, from about 620, Xuniras came to be
312-731: A contract with the Regent's Canal Company . By 1860, he expanded the business and began importing ice on a large scale from Norway . In New Zealand, a newspaper advertisement for ice cream appeared in 1866, claiming to be the first time ice cream was available in Wellington . Commercial manufacturing was underway in 1875. Ice cream rapidly gained in popularity in New Zealand throughout the 20th century. By 2018, exported ice cream products included new flavors such as matcha to cater specifically to Asian markets. Agnes Marshall, regarded as
390-749: A cookbook devoted entirely to recipes for flavoured ices and ice cream. In 1769 Domenico Negri, an Italian confectioner, founded a business in Berkeley Square London which would become famous for its ice creams. His shop was at the Sign of the Pineapple (an emblem used by confectioners) and his trade card said he sold "All Sorts of English, French and Italian wet and dry'd Sweet Meats, Cedrati and Bergamot Chips, Naples Diavoloni, All sorts of Baskets & Cakes, fine and Common Sugar plums", but most importantly, "all Sorts of Ice, Fruits and creams in
468-517: A few Iranian scholars and researchers such as Prof. Kazem Abhary, and Prof. Jalal Matini followed the issue. Several times since then, Iranian magazines and websites have published articles from those who agree or disagree with usage of Persia and Persian in English. There are many Iranians in the West who prefer Persia and Persian as the English names for the country and nationality, similar to
546-432: A few seconds; a similar technique, advocated by Heston Blumenthal as ideal for home cooks, is to add dry ice to the mixture while stirring for a few minutes. Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture. Another method is to use a pre-frozen solution of salt and water, which gradually melts as the ice cream freezes. An unusual method of making ice cream
624-580: A foreign son, Perses , from whom the Persians took the name. Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story, as Xerxes I tried to use it to suborn the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so. In the Iranian tradition, the world is divided into seven circular regions, or karshvar s , separated from one another by forests, mountains, or water. Six of those regions flank
702-403: A handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with
780-737: A merchant from Chatham street, New York, show George Washington spending approximately $ 200 on ice cream in the summer of 1790. The same records show president Thomas Jefferson having an 18-step recipe for ice cream. Although it is incorrect that Jefferson introduced ice cream to America, as is popularly believed , he did help to introduce vanilla ice cream . First Lady Dolley Madison , wife of U.S. President James Madison , served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813. Small-scale hand-cranked ice cream freezers were invented in England by Agnes Marshall and in America by Nancy Johnson in
858-653: A recipe for a specific type of ice cream, called "neige de fleur d'orange" . In 1686, Italian Francesco dei Coltelli opened an ice cream café in Paris, and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years, another 250 cafés opened in Paris. The first recipe in French for flavoured ices appears in 1674, in Nicholas Lemery 's Recueil de curiositéz rares et nouvelles de plus admirables effets de la nature . Recipes for sorbetti saw publication in
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#1732788021316936-403: A spoon, or licked from edible wafer ice cream cones held by the hands as finger food . Ice cream may be served with other desserts—such as cake or pie —or used as an ingredient in cold dishes—like ice cream floats , sundaes , milkshakes , and ice cream cakes —or in baked items such as Baked Alaska . Italian ice cream is gelato . Frozen custard is a type of rich ice cream. Soft serve
1014-658: Is from 1744: "Among the rarities [...] was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously." It was served by the lady of Governor Bland. Who brought ice cream to the United States first is unknown. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Benjamin Franklin , George Washington , and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. Records, kept by
1092-552: Is now the official designation of Persia.") but for international purposes, Persia was the norm. In the mid 1930s, the ruler of the country, Reza Shah Pahlavi, moved towards formalising the name Iran instead of Persia for all purposes. In the British House of Commons the move was reported upon by the United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs as follows: On the 25th December [1934]
1170-588: Is often credited with introducing sorbet -style desserts to Italy after learning of them during his travels to China. According to a legend, the Italian duchess Catherine de' Medici is said to have introduced flavoured sorbet ices to France when she brought some Italian chefs with her to France upon marrying the Duke of Orléans ( Henry II of France ) in 1533. But in fact, no Italian chefs were present in France during
1248-412: Is similar to ice cream but uses yoghurt and can be lower in fat. Fruity sorbets or sherbets are not ice creams but are often available in ice cream shops. The meaning of the name ice cream varies from one country to another. In some countries, such as the United States, ice cream applies only to a specific variety, and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to
1326-447: Is softer and is often served at amusement parks and fast-food restaurants in the United States. Ice creams made from cow's milk alternatives, such as goat's or sheep's milk , or milk substitutes (e.g., soy , cashew , coconut , almond milk , or tofu ), are available for those who are lactose intolerant , allergic to dairy protein, or vegan . Banana "nice cream" is a 100% fruit-based vegan alternative. Frozen yoghurt , or "froyo",
1404-460: Is the center of the world, [...] and it is the one wherein we are, and the kings called it the Iranian realm ." The Modern Persian word Īrān ( ایران ) derives immediately from Middle Persian Ērān ( Pahlavi spelling: ʼyrʼn ), attested in a third century AD inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of the first Sassanid king Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam . In this inscription,
1482-513: Is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds ) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores , and milk bars , and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In 2015, the US produced nearly 900 million US gallons (3.4 × 10 L; 750,000,000 imp gal) of ice cream. Today, jobs specialize in
1560-540: The Catalogue des Marchandises rares... , edited in Montpellier by Jean Fargeon, listed a type of frozen sorbet. While the composition of this sorbet is not provided, Fargeon specified that it was consumed frozen using a container that was plunged into a mixture of ice and saltpetre. These sorbets were transported in pots made of clay and sold for three livres per pound. According to L'Isle des Hermaphrodites ,
1638-581: The American Prohibition , the soda fountain to some extent replaced the outlawed alcohol establishments such as bars and saloons. Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety: Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised "a world of 28 flavors", and Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavors ("one for every day of
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#17327880213161716-732: The COVID-19 pandemic due to operating losses from its Red Hook factory, and other self-described business mistakes. Schmitt Industries acquired Ample Hills from bankruptcy for $ 1 million. The founders signed a lease to open a new ice cream company and shop, the Social, in March 2021. Due to failure to pay rent and expenses, Schmitt Industries closed all Ample Hills locations on December 19, 2022. Ample Hills reopened in June 2023, with original owners Brian Smith and Jackie Cuscuna having bought it back after it went into receivership. However, by late 2023,
1794-742: The Middle Persian book of Arda Viraf refers to the invasion of Iran by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. The Proto-Iranian term for Iran is reconstructed as *Aryānām (the genitive plural of the word *Arya); the Avestan equivalent is Airyanem (as in Airyanem Vaejah ). The internal preference for "Iran" was noted in some Western reference books (e.g. the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, circa 1907, entry for Iran: "The name
1872-521: The Old Persian Pārsa – the name of the people from whom Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty emerged and over whom he first ruled (before he inherited or conquered other Iranian Kingdoms). The Pars tribe gave its name to the region where they lived (the modern day province is called Fars/Pars ), but the province in ancient times was smaller than its current area. In Latin , the name for
1950-529: The Western world . Likewise, the modern-day ethnonym "Persian" was typically used as a demonym for all Iranian nationals, regardless of whether or not they were ethnic Persians . This terminology prevailed until 1935, when, during an international gathering for Nowruz , the Iranian king Reza Shah Pahlavi officially requested that foreign delegates begin using the endonym "Iran" in formal correspondence. Subsequently, "Iran" and "Iranian" were standardized as
2028-498: The stabilizing agent gluten , to which some people have an intolerance . Recent awareness of this issue has prompted a number of manufacturers to start producing gluten-free ice cream. The 1980s saw thicker ice creams being sold as "premium" and "super-premium" varieties under brands such as Ben & Jerry's , Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Company and Häagen-Dazs . Ice cream is a colloidal emulsion made with water, ice, milk fat, milk protein, sugar and air. Water and fat have
2106-441: The "queen of ices" in England, did much to popularize ice cream recipes and make its consumption into a fashionable middle-class pursuit. She wrote four books: The Book of Ices (1885), Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery (1888), Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Larger Cookery Book of Extra Recipes (1891) and Fancy Ices (1894) and gave public lectures on cooking. She even suggested using liquid nitrogen to make ice cream. Ice cream soda
2184-539: The 1694 edition of Antonio Latini's Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward). Recipes for flavoured ices begin to appear in François Massialot's Nouvelle Instruction pour les Confitures, les Liqueurs, et les Fruits , starting with the 1692 edition. Massialot's recipes result in a coarse, pebbly texture. Latini claims that the results of his recipes should have the fine consistency of sugar and snow. The first recorded mention of ice cream in England
2262-419: The 16th century, authors made reference to the refrigerant effect that happened when salt was added to ice, causing it to freeze. However, it was not until the latter part of the 17th century that sorbets and ice creams were made using this process. Ice cream's spread throughout Europe is sometimes attributed to Moorish traders, but more often Marco Polo . Though it is not mentioned in any of his writings, Polo
2340-579: The 1840s. In the Mediterranean, ice cream appears to have been accessible to ordinary people by the mid-18th century. Ice cream became popular and inexpensive in England in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss émigré Carlo Gatti set up the first stand outside Charing Cross station in 1851. He sold scoops in shells for one penny. Prior to this, ice cream was an expensive treat confined to those with access to an ice house. Gatti built an 'ice well' to store ice that he cut from Regent's Canal under
2418-537: The 1st-century includes recipes for sweet desserts that are sprinkled with snow, and there are Persian records from the second century for sweetened drinks chilled with ice. Kakigōri is a Japanese dessert made with ice and flavoured syrup. The origins of kakigōri date back to the Heian period in Japanese history, when blocks of ice saved during the colder months would be shaved and served with sweet syrup to
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2496-475: The Classes of Physicians) concerning medicine in which Ibn Abu Usaybi’a attributes the process to an even older author, Ibn Bakhtawayhi, of whom nothing is known. Ice cream production became easier with the discovery of the endothermic effect. Prior to this, cream could be chilled easily but not frozen. It was the addition of salt that lowered the melting point of ice, which had the effect of drawing heat from
2574-619: The Ice very small; there will be some great Pieces, which lay at the Bottom and Top: You must have a Pail, and lay some Straw at the Bottom; then lay in your Ice, and put in amongst it a Pound of Bay-Salt; set in your Pots of Cream, and lay Ice and Salt between every Pot, that they may not touch; but the Ice must lie round them on every Side; lay a good deal of Ice on the Top, cover the Pail with Straw, set it in
2652-686: The Iranian forms: ariya in Old Persian, airya in Avestan , ariao in Bactrian , ary in Parthian and ēr in Middle Persian. The Greeks (who had previously tended to use names related to "Median") began to use adjectives such as Pérsēs ( Πέρσης ), Persikḗ ( Περσική ) or Persís ( Περσίς ) in the fifth century BC to refer to Cyrus the Great 's empire (a word understood to mean "country"). Such words were taken from
2730-594: The Iranian people, as well as by the rulers and emperors of Iran, from the time of the Avesta. Evidently from the time of the Sassanids (226–651 CE) Iranians have called it Iran , meaning the "Land of the Aryans" and Iranshahr . In Middle Persian sources, the name Arya and Iran is used for the pre-Sassanid Iranian empires as well as the Sassanid empire. As an example, the use of the name "Iran" for Achaemenids in
2808-645: The Japanese aristocracy during the summer. Kakigōri 's origin is referred to in The Pillow Book , a book of observations written by Sei Shōnagon , who served the Imperial Court during the Heian period. The earliest known written process to artificially make ice is known not from culinary texts, but the 13th-century writings of Syrian historian Ibn Abu Usaybia in his book “Kitab Uyun al-anba fi tabaqat-al-atibba“ (Book of Sources of Information on
2886-544: The Medici period, and it is known that ice cream already existed in France before Catherine de Medici was born. One hundred years later, Charles I of England was reportedly so impressed by the "frozen snow" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative . There is no evidence to support these legends. As far back as 1665,
2964-724: The Persian Ministry for Foreign Affairs addressed a circular memorandum to the Foreign Diplomatic Missions in Tehran requesting that the terms "Iran" and "Iranian" might be used in official correspondence and conversation as from the next 21st March, instead of the words "Persia" and "Persian" hitherto in current use. His Majesty's Minister in Tehran has been instructed to accede to this request. The decree of Reza Shah Pahlavi affecting nomenclature duly took effect on 21 March 1935. To avoid confusion between
3042-493: The Pots to make the Fruit hang together, and put them in Ice as you do Cream. The 1751 edition of The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse includes a recipe for ice cream: "H. GLASSE Art of Cookery (ed. 4) 333 (heading) To make Ice Cream...set it [the cream] into the larger Bason. Fill it with Ice, and a Handful of Salt." The year 1768 saw the publication of L'Art de Bien Faire les Glaces d'Office by M. Emy,
3120-465: The US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's music or folk melodies (such as " Turkey in the Straw "). The driver of an ice cream van drives throughout neighbourhoods and stops every so often, usually every block. The seller on the ice cream van sells the ice cream through a large window; this window is also where the customer asks for ice cream and pays. Ice cream vans in
3198-711: The United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music. Many countries have regulations controlling what can be described as ice cream. In the United Kingdom, Food Labelling Regulations (1996) set a requirement of at least 5% milk fat and 2.5% milk protein in order to be sold as ice cream within the UK. In rest of the European Union, a trade organization called European Ice Cream Association calls for minimum dairy fat content of 5%. In 2015, these regulations were relaxed so that containing milk fat or protein
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3276-416: The best Italian manner." In 1789 Frederick Nutt, who served an apprenticeship at Negri's establishment, first published The Complete Confectioner. The book had 31 different recipes for ice creams, some with fresh fruit, others with jams, and some using fruit syrups. Flavours included ginger, chocolate, brown breadcrumbs and one flavoured with Parmesan cheese. An early North American reference to ice cream
3354-399: The business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity. The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice, and, when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of
3432-444: The central Ērānšahr . The exonym Persia was the official name of Iran in the Western world before March 1935, but the Iranian peoples inside their country since the time of Zoroaster (probably circa 1000 BC), or even before, have called their country Arya , Iran , Iranshahr , Iranzamin (Land of Iran), Aryānām (the equivalent of Iran in the proto-Iranian language) or its equivalents. The term Arya has been used by
3510-578: The cream and allowing it to freeze. In the 16th century, the Mughal Empire used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to its capital, Delhi , used to create kulfi , a popular frozen dairy dessert from the Indian subcontinent often described as "traditional Indian ice cream." The technique of "freezing" was not known from any European sources prior to the 16th century. During
3588-418: The development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions. Making it was quite laborious; ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame or brick ice houses , insulated by straw. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in
3666-578: The empire (and the antonymic anērān to refer to the Roman territories) is also attested by the early Sassanid period. Both ērān and anērān appear in 3rd century calendrical text written by Mani . In an inscription of Ardashir's son and immediate successor, Shapur I "apparently includes in Ērān regions such as Armenia and the Caucasus which were not inhabited predominantly by Iranians". In Kartir 's inscriptions (written thirty years after Shapur's),
3744-428: The emulsification, aeration and texture. Sucrose , which is a disaccharide , is usually used as a sweetening agent. Lactose , which is sugar present in milk, will cause freezing point depression. Thus, on freezing some water will remain unfrozen and will not give a hard texture. Too much lactose will result in a non ideal texture because of either excessive freezing point depression or lactose crystallization. Before
3822-426: The freezing point of water and stirred to incorporate air spaces and prevent detectable ice crystals from forming. It can also be made by whisking a flavoured cream base and liquid nitrogen together. The result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures (below 2 °C or 35 °F). It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases. Ice cream may be served in dishes, eaten with
3900-902: The high priest includes the same regions (together with Georgia, Albania, Syria and the Pontus) in his list of provinces of the antonymic Anērān . Ērān also features in the names of the towns founded by Sassanid dynasts, for instance in Ērān-xwarrah-šābuhr "Glory of Ērān (of) Shapur". It also appears in the titles of government officers, such as in Ērān-āmārgar "Accountant-General (of) Ērān " or Ērān-dibirbed "Chief Scribe (of) Ērān ". The term Iranian appears in ancient texts with diverse variations. This includes Arioi ( Herodotus ), Arianē ( Eratosthenes apud Strabo ), áreion ( Eudemus of Rhodes apud Damascius ), Arianoi ( Diodorus Siculus ) in Greek and Ari in Armenian ; those, in turn, come from
3978-649: The highest proportions by weight creating an emulsion that has dispersed phase as fat globules. The emulsion is turned into foam by incorporating air cells which are frozen to form dispersed ice cells. The triacylglycerols in fat are nonpolar and will adhere to themselves by Van der Waals interactions . Water is polar, thus emulsifiers are needed for dispersion of fat. Also, ice cream has a colloidal phase of foam which helps in its light texture. Milk proteins such as casein and whey protein present in ice cream are amphiphilic, can adsorb water and form micelles which will contribute to its consistency. The proteins contribute to
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#17327880213164056-435: The king's Middle Persian appellation is ardašīr šāhān šāh ērān in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies the Middle Persian one. The king is also titled ardašīr šāhān šāh aryān (Pahlavi: ... ʼryʼn ) both meaning king of kings of the Aryans . The gentilic ēr- and ary- in ērān and aryān derives from Old Iranian *arya- ([Old Persian] airya- , Avestan airiia- , etc.), meaning " Aryan ", in
4134-403: The modern ice cream industry was underway. In modern times, a common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer. Some more expensive models have an built-in freezing element. A newer method is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula for
4212-618: The month") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy (the company now boasts that it has developed over 1,000 varieties). One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream, which has more air mixed in, thereby reducing costs. The soft ice cream machine fills a cone or dish from a spigot . In the United States, chains such as Dairy Queen , Carvel , and Tastee-Freez helped popularize soft-serve ice cream. Baskin-Robbins would later incorporate it into their menu. Technological innovations such as these have introduced various food additives into ice cream, most notably
4290-589: The northeastern part of Greater Iran , or in what are now Afghanistan , Turkmenistan , and Tajikistan ). It reappears in the Achaemenid period where the Elamite version of the Behistun Inscription twice mentions Ahura Mazda as nap harriyanam "the god of the Iranians". Notwithstanding this inscriptional use of ērān to refer to the Iranian peoples , the use of ērān to refer to
4368-465: The oven, not pressed between irons". The ice cream cone was popularized in the US at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri . The history of ice cream in the 20th century is one of great change and increases in availability and popularity. In the United States in the early 20th century, the ice cream soda was a popular treat at the soda shop , the soda fountain , and the ice cream parlor . During
4446-407: The pair had exited the still-operating company. Ice cream Ice cream is a frozen dessert typically made from milk or cream that has been flavoured with a sweetener , either sugar or an alternative, and a spice , such as cocoa or vanilla , or with fruit, such as strawberries or peaches. Food colouring is sometimes added in addition to stabilizers . The mixture is cooled below
4524-525: The popular name for the region in Muslim literature. They also used Bilād Ajam ( Arabic : بلاد عجم ) as an equivalent or synonym to "Persia". The Turks also used this term, but adapted to Iranian (specifically, Persian ) language form as "Bilad (Belaad) e Ajam ". A Greek folk etymology connected the name to Perseus , a legendary character in Greek mythology . Herodotus recounts this story, devising
4602-485: The practice of cooling beverages with ice and snow had already emerged in Paris , particularly in the court, during the 16th century. The narrator notes that his hosts stored ice and snow, which they later added to their wine. This practice slowly progressed during the reign of Louis XIII and was likely a necessary step towards the creation of ice cream. In fact, as early as 1682, Le Nouveau confiturier françois provided
4680-566: The relative quantities of the main ingredients, notably the amount of cream. Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are sometimes labelled " frozen dairy dessert " instead. In other countries, such as Italy and Argentina, one word is used for all variants. The origins of frozen desserts are obscure, although several accounts exist about their history. Some sources describe frozen desserts as originating in Persia (Iran) as far back as 550 BC. A Roman cookbook dating back to
4758-499: The salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone. The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on 9 September 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design. In Europe and early America, ice cream
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#17327880213164836-559: The same as Iran itself, with known countries such as the Roman Empire and China surrounding it. The Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh describes Xuniras as such: "(and) the seventh, which is the center of the world, Xuniras-e bāmi (splendid Xuniras ), and it is the one wherein we are, and the kings called it the Iranian realm/ Ērānšahr ." Another scheme of the seven regions of the world is reported by Abu Rayhan Biruni , who similarly arranges known nations into six connectedcircles surrounding
4914-410: The selling of ice cream. The title of a person who works in this speciality is often called an 'ice cream man', however women also specialize in the selling of ice cream. People in this line of work often sell ice cream on beaches. On beaches, ice cream is either sold by a person who carries a box full of ice cream and is called over by people who want to purchase ice cream, or by a person who drives up to
4992-671: The sense of "of the Iranians". This term is attested as an ethnic designator in Achaemenid inscriptions and in Zoroastrianism's Avesta tradition, and it seems "very likely" that in Ardashir's inscription ērān still retained this meaning, denoting the people rather than the empire. The name "Iran" is first attested in the Avesta as airyānąm (the text of which is composed in Avestan , an old Iranian language spoken in
5070-633: The summer of 1959, following concerns that the native name had, as Mohammad Ali Foroughi put it, "turned a known into an unknown", a committee was formed, led by noted scholar Ehsan Yarshater , to consider the issue again. They recommended a reversal of the 1935 decision, and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi approved this. However, the implementation of the proposal was weak, simply allowing Persia and Iran to be used interchangeably. Today, both terms are common; Persia mostly in historical and cultural contexts, "Iran" mostly in political contexts. In recent years most exhibitions of Persian history, culture and art in
5148-482: The summer. Frederic Tudor of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into a big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world. Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This is called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbetière [ fr ] (a covered pail with
5226-566: The sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws , which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo , Two Rivers , Ithaca , and Evanston . Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century. The first mention of the cone being used as an edible receptacle for the ice cream is in Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery of 1888. Her recipe for "Cornet with Cream" said that "the cornets were made with almonds and baked in
5304-503: The terms referring to the country and its citizens, respectively. Later, in 1959, Pahlavi's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi announced that it was appropriate to use both "Persia" and "Iran" in formal correspondence. However, the issue is still debated among Iranians. A variety of scholars from the Middle Ages , such as the Persian polymath Al-Biruni , also used terms like " Xuniras " ( Avestan : Xvaniraθa- , transl. "self-made, not resting on anything else" ) to refer to Iran: "which
5382-434: The top of the beach and rings a bell. In the second method, people go up to the top of the beach and purchase ice cream straight from the ice cream seller, who is often in an ice cream van . In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from travelling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in
5460-521: The two neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq , which were both involved in WWII and occupied by the Allies, Winston Churchill requested from the Iranian government during the Tehran Conference for the old and distinct name "Persia to be used by the United Nations [i.e., the Allies] for the duration of the common War". His request was approved immediately by the Iranian Foreign Ministry. The Americans, however, continued using Iran as they then had little involvement in Iraq to cause any such confusion. In
5538-466: The usage of La Perse/persan in French . According to Hooman Majd , the popularity of the term Persia among the Iranian diaspora stems from the fact that " 'Persia' connotes a glorious past they would like to be identified with, while 'Iran' since 1979 revolution … says nothing to the world but Islamic fundamentalism ." Since 1 April 1979, the official name of the Iranian state is Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران ), which
5616-679: The whole empire was Persia , while the Iranians knew it as Iran or Iranshahr . In the later parts of the Bible , where this kingdom is frequently mentioned (Books of Esther , Daniel , Ezra and Nehemiah ), it is called Paras ( Biblical Hebrew : פרס ), or sometimes Paras u Madai ( פרס ומדי ), ("Persia and Media "). The Arabs likewise referred to Iran and the Persian (Sassanian) Empire as Bilād Fāris ( Arabic : بلاد فارس ), in other words "Lands of Persia", which would become
5694-786: The world have used the exonym Persia (e.g., "Forgotten Empire; Ancient Persia", British Museum; "7000 Years of Persian Art", Vienna, Berlin; and "Persia; Thirty Centuries of Culture and Art", Amsterdam). In 2006, the largest collection of historical maps of Iran, entitled Historical Maps of Persia , was published in the Netherlands. In the 1980s, Professor Ehsan Yarshater (editor of the Encyclopædia Iranica ) started to publish articles on this matter (in both English and Persian ) in Rahavard Quarterly , Pars Monthly , Iranian Studies Journal , etc. After him,
5772-570: Was done during World War II by American fighter pilots based in the South Pacific. They attached pairs of 5-US-gallon (19 L) cans to their aircraft. The cans were fitted with a small propeller, this was spun by the slipstream and drove a stirrer, which agitated the mixture while the intense cold of high altitude froze it. B-17 crews in Europe did something similar on their bombing runs as did others. Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus
5850-862: Was in 1671. Elias Ashmole described the dishes served at the Feast of St George at Windsor in for Charles II in 1671 and included "one plate of ice cream". The only table at the banquet with ice cream on it was that of the King. The first recipe for ice cream in English was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts , a book dedicated to confectionary, in London in 1718: To ice cream. Take Tin Ice-Pots, fill them with any Sort of Cream you like, either plain or sweeten'd, or Fruit in it; shut your Pots very close; to six Pots you must allow eighteen or twenty Pound of Ice, breaking
5928-407: Was invented in the 1870s, adding to ice cream's popularity. The invention of this cold treat is attributed to American Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to support any of their stories. Some sources say that
6006-760: Was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught
6084-418: Was no longer necessary in the UK for a product to be sold as "ice cream", though at least 5% milk fat is still required for a product to be labeled "dairy ice cream". After this change, many UK products labelled as "ice cream" substitute milk fat with cheaper alternatives like palm oil , coconut oil , and vegetable fats . Persia (Iran) Historically, Iran was commonly referred to as "Persia" in
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