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67-795: The general agreement of scholars is that this surah was revealed shortly before or after the Battle of the Trench in 5 AH. The surah begins with various explanations and decrees on or relating to corrupt sexual acts, family law, and specifications on the giving of testimony. Foremost amongst these rulings is God's punishment for adultery . This section ends with the pronouncement that good men and women should be paired together, as should corrupt men and corrupt women. This discussion turns into reflections on privacy and modesty, namely of hosts and women. Contained herein are several regulations and explanations of modesty, most directly lines traditionally used to argue for

134-486: A blind person or their parents were believed to be wicked, hence the gods or the spirits have blinded them. The Quran urges one not to think in this manner, and instead remember that all things are signs from God, and thus all believers should be of good nature to others, and wish them blessings from God. If that is done, the signs become clear and "haply you will understand". As the believer must greet others well, so must they ask for leave from them before departing. However,

201-438: A crossing. Both of the armies gathered on either side of the trench and spent two or three weeks exchanging insults in prose and verse, backed up with arrows fired from a comfortable distance. According to Rodinson, there were three dead among the attackers and five among the defenders. On the other hand, the harvest had been gathered and the besiegers had some trouble finding food for their horses, which proved of no use to them in

268-491: A large booty after capturing the caravan at Nakhla during a holy month when bloodshed was forbidden by the Pagan convention, he sent troops to Badr to intercept a large trade caravan returning from Gaza . Abu Sufyan, who was leading the caravan, got wind of Muhammad's plan and sent messengers on a swift journey to Medina for help. The reinforcements camped near Badr, behind a hill not visible from Muhammad's position. After

335-617: A pact with Muhammad, refused to join. Other tribes included the Banu Murra , with 400 men led by Hars ibn Auf Murri, and the Banu Shuja , with 700 men led by Sufyan ibn Abd Shams. In total, the strength of the Confederate armies, though not agreed upon by scholars, is estimated to have included around 10,000 men and six hundred horsemen. In December 626 the army, which was led by Abu Sufyan, marched on Medina. In accordance with

402-729: A pledge to Allah must be answered for. 33:16 Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Fleeing will not benefit you if you ˹try to˺ escape a natural or violent death. ˹If it is not your time,˺ you will only be allowed enjoyment for a little while.” 33:17 Ask ˹them, O  Prophet˺, “Who can put you out of Allah’s reach if He intends to harm you or show you mercy?” They can never find any protector or helper besides Allah. 33:18 Allah knows well those among you who discourage ˹others from fighting˺, saying ˹secretly˺ to their brothers, “Stay with us,” and who themselves hardly take part in fighting. 33:19 ˹They are˺ totally unwilling to assist you. When danger comes, you see them staring at you with their eyes rolling like someone in

469-507: A slightly more literal form of speech as it reassures believers that their remembrance will be rewarded, as the forgetfulness of the sinners will be punished. In keeping with the Verse of Light, the unbelievers too are explained in metaphor, returning to the deeply symbolic tone above: "And as for the unbelievers, their works are as a mirage in a spacious plain, in which a thirsty man thinks there to be water, until when he comes to it, he finds it

536-465: A state of panic and confusion. According to Shia sources, Ali allowed Amr's entourage to retreat; Ali never pursued a fleeing enemy. The Confederate army made several other attempts to cross the trench during the night but repeatedly failed. Although the confederates could have deployed their infantry over the whole length of the trench, they were unwilling to engage the Muslims at the close-quarter as

603-617: A third of Medina's date harvest if they withdrew. Although the Ghatafan demanded half, they eventually agreed to negotiate with Muhammad on those terms. Before Muhammad began the order of drafting the agreement, he consulted the Medinan leaders. They sharply rejected the terms of the agreement, protesting Medina had never sunk to such levels of ignominy. The negotiations were broken off. While the Ghatafan did not retreat they had compromised themselves by entering into negotiations with Medina, and

670-476: A trench around the city. The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Confederates ( غزوة الاحزاب ). The Qur'an uses the term confederates ( الاحزاب ) in Surah Al-Ahzab 33:9-32 to denote the confederacy of non-believers and Jews against Islam. The Islamic prophet Muhammad first preached his new religion, Islam, in his hometown of Mecca . At first he encountered no serious opposition from

737-408: Is as a "straight path", that if one is truly following, one can never be led astray. God keeps His word, and will continue to reward those who believe and keep to their religion, as He has rewarded others in the past for doing the same. The Book urges the believer not to fret, and not to accuse people of sin merely for the conditions of their birth or social status. For example, in many tribal cultures

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804-531: Is based on the Quran itself: "It is God Who has sent down to you the Book. In it are verses that are 'clear', they are the foundation of the Book. Others are 'allegorical' but those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is allegorical, seeking discord, and searching for its hidden meanings, but no one knows its hidden meanings except God. And those who are firmly grounded in knowledge say: We believe in

871-403: Is nothing; there indeed he finds God and He pays him his account in full; and God is swift in the reckoning; or they are as shadows upon a sea obscured, covered by a billow above which is a billow above which are clouds; shadows piled one upon the other; when he puts forth his hand, wellnigh he cannot see it. And whoever God assigns no light, no light has he." (Lines 39–40) The Quran explains that

938-550: Is that are the transgressors. Except those who repent after this and act aright, for surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." After a second statement of the Quran's status as a clear sign from God, the famed Verse of Light appears. This is often referred to as " the Light Verse ", or "the Parable of Light", a mystical group of lines that has been the subject of much scholarship and reflection. The Quran here briefly returns to

1005-419: Is the embodiment of all Faith who is going to an encounter with the embodiment of all Unbelief." Both the fighters got lost in the dust as the duel became intense. Finally, the soldiers heard screams which hinted at decisive blows, but it was unclear which of the two was successful. The slogan, 'Allahu Akbar' (God is the greatest) from the dust confirmed Ali's victory. The Confederates were forced to withdraw in

1072-475: The āyah s of Allah that We recite for you in truth. So what discourse will they believe after God and His āyah s?" Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran , it is doubtful whether āyah means anything other than "sign", "proof", or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, and

1139-769: The Battle of the Confederates ( Arabic : غزوة الاحزاب , romanized :  Ghazwat al-Ahzab ), was part of the conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh , where this time the Quraysh took the offensive and advanced on the Muslims , who defended themselves in Medina by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of Salman the Persian . The battle, which took place in 627 and lasted around two weeks,

1206-605: The Bedouins to get them to join the campaign. The Banu Nadir , whom Muhammad had previously expelled from Medina, were also part of this effort, to the extent that they offered the Bedouins half of their crops in Khaybar to persuade them to take part. In the end, they reportedly managed to gather a confederate force of 10,000 men ( Watt estimates less than 7,500), including Banu Ghatafan , Banu Sulaym , and Banu Asad . On

1273-591: The Banu Qurayza, which led to the slaughter and enslavement of its population by the Muslims. The battle is named after the " Trench ", or khandaq , that was dug by Muslims in preparation for the battle as an act of defense. The word khandaq ( خَندَق ) is the Arabised form of the Middle Persian word kandag ( کندگ ; meaning "that which has been dug"). Salman the Persian advised Muhammad to dig

1340-505: The Book, the whole of it is from our Lord. And none will grasp the Message except men of understanding." An incorrect anti-Islamic claim is that the number of verses in the Quran is 6,666. In fact, the total number of verses in the Quran is 6,236 excluding Bismillah and 6,348 including Bismillah . (There are 114 chapters in the Quran, however there are only 112 unnumbered Bismillah 's because Surah At-Tawbah does not have one at

1407-514: The Confederacy's internal dissension had thereby been increased. At about that point, Muhammad received a visit from Nuaym ibn Masud , an Arab leader who was well-respected by the entire confederacy, but who had, unknown to them, secretly converted to Islam. Muhammad asked him to end the siege by creating discord amongst Confederates. The whole was a battle of wits in which Muslims had the best of it; without cost to themselves they weakened

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1474-469: The Confederacy. Nuaym's stratagem worked. After consulting, the Confederate leaders sent Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl to the Qurayza, signaling a united invasion of Medina. The Qurayza, however, demanded hostages as a guarantee that the Confederacy would not desert them. The Confederacy, considering that the Qurayza might give the hostage to Muhammad, refused. Messages were repeatedly sent back and forth between

1541-461: The Earth itself is evidence of God's reality and power. He controls the clouds, the winds, the hail, and the mountains. It is also explained in this surah that God created all creatures from water, including animals with four feet, animals with two feet, and animals without any feet. The Quran confirms that God has sent down signs ( verse ) to make His reality clear, and that understanding that reality

1608-531: The Muslim community. Only at night, when the attacks stopped due to darkness, could they resume their regular worship. According to Ibn Ishaq , the situation became serious and fear was everywhere. Quran describes the situation in surah Al-Ahzab: 33:10 ˹Remember˺ when they came at you from east and west, when your eyes grew wild ˹in horror˺ and your hearts jumped into your throats, and you entertained ˹conflicting˺ thoughts about Allah. 33:11 Then and there

1675-635: The Muslims adopted the tactic of using trenches from the Persians, possibly via the Ghassanid Arabs who saw their king killed at the Battle of Thannuris in 527 by this tactic. The adopting is reflected in the Arabic word for this battle, khandaq ( خندق ), which is a borrowing via Aramaic from Pahlavi kandak . The siege of Medina began in January 627 and lasted for 20 nights. Adding in

1742-499: The Muslims from the south. From the Confederates, Huyayy ibn Akhtab , a Khaybarian , the leader of the exiled tribe Banu Nadir, returned to Medina seeking their support against the Muslims. So far the Banu Qurayza had tried their best to remain neutral, and were very hesitant about joining the Confederates since they had earlier made a pact with Muhammad. When Huyayy approached them, their leader refused to allow him entry. Huyayy eventually managed to enter and persuade them that

1809-471: The Muslims would surely be overwhelmed. The sight of the vast Confederate armies, surging over the land with soldiers and horses as far as the eye could see, swung the Qurayza opinion in the favor of the Confederacy. News of the Qurayzah's supposed renunciation of the pact with Muhammad leaked out, and Umar promptly informed Muhammad. Such suspicions were reinforced by the movement of enemy troops towards

1876-505: The Qurayza to revert by reminding them of the fate of the Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa at the hands of Muhammad. The findings of the leaders were signaled to Muhammad in a metaphor: " Adal and Qarah ". Because the people of Adal and Qarah had betrayed the Muslims and killed them at the opportune moment, Maududi believes the metaphor means the Qurayza were thought to be about to do the same. Muhammad attempted to hide his knowledge of

1943-439: The Qurayza, Muhammad chose one of them, Sa'ad ibn Mu'adh , as an arbitrator to pronounce judgment upon them. Sa'ad, who later died of his wounds from the battle, decreed the sentence, in which some of the men fighters shall be killed and some of their women and children enslaved. Muhammad approved of this decision, and the next day the sentence was carried out. The men – numbering between 400 and 900 – were bound and placed under

2010-469: The activities of Banu Qurayza; however, rumors soon spread of a massive assault on the city of Medina from Qurayza's side which severely demoralized the Medinans. The Muslims found themselves in greater difficulties by day. Food was running short, and nights were colder. The lack of sleep made matters worse. So tense was the situation that, for the first time, the canonical daily prayers were neglected by

2077-508: The adulteress and the adulterer, each one of them, with a hundred lashes. Let no pity for them cause you to disobey God, if you truly believe in God and the Last Day ; and let their punishment be witnessed by a number of believers. Q24:2 The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man found guilty of sexual intercourse - lash each one of them with a hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in

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2144-496: The attack. The Quraysh veterans grew impatient with the deadlock. A group of militants led by ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Wudd and Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl attempted to thrust through the trench and managed to effect a crossing, occupying a marshy area near the hillock of Sala. 'Amr challenged the Muslims to a duel. According to Shia sources, in response, Ali ibn Abi Talib accepted the challenge, and was sent by Muhammad to fight. As Ali went to fight Amr ibn Abd Wudd, Muhammad said about Ali, "He

2211-423: The beginning and fatiha's is numbered, there is another Bismillah in the middle of āyah 30 of Surah An-Naml but does not include because it is already add as a ayat.) The Unicode symbols for a Quran verse, including U+06DD (۝), and U+08E2 (࣢). The first āyah in the Quran from a chronological order is Read [O Muhammad!] in the name of your Lord who created ( Q96:1 ) from surah Al-Alaq . The first āyah from

2278-802: The believers were put to the test, and were violently shaken. 33:12 And ˹remember˺ when the hypocrites and those with sickness in their hearts said, “Allah and His Messenger have promised us nothing but delusion!” 33:13 And ˹remember˺ when a group of them said, “O people of Yathrib! There is no point in you staying ˹here˺, so retreat!” Another group of them asked the Prophet’s permission ˹to leave˺, saying, “Our homes are vulnerable,” while ˹in fact˺ they were not vulnerable. They only wished to flee. 33:14 Had their city been sacked from all sides and they had been asked to abandon faith, they would have done so with little hesitation. 33:15 They had already pledged to Allah earlier never to turn their backs ˹in retreat˺. And

2345-407: The campfires, taking away from the Confederate army their source of heat. The Muslim camp, however, was sheltered from such winds. The enemy’s tents were torn up, their fires were extinguished, the sand and rain beat in their faces and they were terrified by the portents against them. They had already well nigh fallen out among themselves. During the night the Confederate armies withdrew, and by morning

2412-419: The caravan had escaped, some of them withdrew, but others remained. Muhammad became aware of their presence after he captured their water carrier who was carrying water from the wells of Badr. Muhammad ordered his followers to close all the wells with sand except one for him and the Muslims, forcing the Quraysh to fight over the water and leading to the Quraysh's defeat. Wanting to regain their honour after

2479-559: The chapters ( suwar ) of the Qur'an and are marked by a number. In a purely linguistic context the word means "evidence", "sign" or "miracle", and thus may refer to things other than Qur'anic verses, such as religious obligations ( āyat taklīfiyyah ) or cosmic phenomena ( āyat takwīniyyah ). In the Qur'an it is referred to with both connotations in several verses such as: تِلْكَ آيَاتُ ٱللَّٰهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ بِٱلْحَقِّۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍۭ بَعْدَ ٱللَّٰهِ وَآيَاتِهِۦ يُؤْمِنُونَ "These are

2546-479: The custody of Muhammad ibn Maslamah , while the women and children were placed under Abdullah ibn Salam , a former rabbi who had converted to Islam . Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows: Ayat An āyah ( Arabic : آية , Arabic pronunciation: [ʔaː.ja] ; plural: آيات ʾāyāt ) is a "verse" in the Qur'an , one of the statements of varying length that make up

2613-466: The defeat at Badr and tired of Muhammad's attacks on their caravans, the Quraysh sent an army, and a confrontation with Muhammad took place at Uhud . Muhammad's side initially had the upper hand, but then the tables turned, and he fled to Medina. Thinking that this was enough to deter Muhammad, the Quraysh did not pursue him to finish him off. Nevertheless, Muhammad attacked their trade caravans again, making them determined to take over Medina, in part due to

2680-492: The encouragement of the Banu Nadir , whom Muhammad had previously expelled from the city. Early in 627, the Banu Nadir met with the Quraysh of Mecca. Huyayy ibn Akhtab , along with other leaders from Khaybar , traveled to swear allegiance with Safwam ibn Umayya at Mecca. The bulk of the Confederate armies were gathered by the Quraysh of Makkah , led by Abu Sufyan , who fielded 4,000-foot soldiers, 300 horsemen, and 1,000–1,500 men on camels. The Banu Nadir began rousing

2747-481: The enemy and increased the dissension. Nuaym then came up with an efficient stratagem. He first went to the Banu Qurayza and warned them about the intentions of the rest of the Confederacy. If the siege fails, he said, the Confederacy will not be afraid to abandon the Jews, leaving them at the mercy of Muhammad. The Qurayza should thus demand Confederate leaders as hostages in return for cooperation. This advice touched upon

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2814-522: The enemy. Meeting the enemy in the open (which led to victory at Badr ), and waiting for them inside the city (a lesson learned from the defeat at Uhud ) were both suggested. Ultimately, the outnumbered Muslims opted to engage in a defensive battle by digging deep trenches to act as a barrier along the northern front. The tactic of a defensive trench was introduced by Salman the Persian. Every capable Muslim in Medina including Muhammad contributed to digging

2881-426: The expedition in hopes of plunder, rather than for personal reasons. They lost hope as chances of success dwindled, uninterested in continuing the siege. The two confederate armies were marked by recriminations and mutual distrust. The provisions of the Confederate armies were running out. Horses and camels were dying of hunger and wounds. For days the weather had been exceptionally cold and wet. Violent winds blew out

2948-415: The fears the Qurayza had already harbored. Next Nuaym went to Abu Sufyan, the Confederate leader, warning him that the Qurayza had defected to Muhammad. He stated that the tribe intended to ask the Confederacy for hostages, ostensibly in return for cooperation, but really to hand over to Muhammad. Thus the Confederacy should not give a single man a hostage. Nuaym repeated the same message to other tribes in

3015-404: The former regarded the latter as superior in hand-to-hand fighting. As the Muslim army was well dug-in behind the embankment made from the earth which had been taken from the ditch and prepared to bombard attackers with stones and arrows, any attack could cause great casualties. The Confederates attempted several simultaneous attacks, in particular by trying to persuade the Banu Qurayza to attack

3082-474: The ground was cleared of all enemy forces. Following the retreat of the Confederate army, the Banu Qurayza neighborhoods were besieged by the Muslims. After a 25-day siege of their neighborhood, the Banu Qurayza unconditionally surrendered. When the Banu Qurayza tribe surrendered, the Muslim army seized their stronghold and their possessions for their acts. On the request of the Banu Aus , who were allied to

3149-418: The hillock of Sala' and the army was arrayed there; this position would give the Muslims an advantage if the enemy crossed the trench. The final army that defended the city from the invasion consisted of 3,000 men, and included all inhabitants of Medina over the age of 14, except the Banu Qurayza (the Qurayza did supply the Muslims with some instruments for digging the trench). According to Irfan Shahid ,

3216-588: The hypocrites were in your midst, they would hardly take part in the fight. 33:21 Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example for whoever has hope in Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah often. 33:22 When the believers saw the enemy alliance, they said, “This is what Allah and His Messenger had promised us. The promise of Allah and His Messenger has come true.” And this only increased them in faith and submission. Immediately after hearing

3283-518: The life and growth of plants. Other references are to miracles or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers. For example: Chapters ( surah ) in the Quran consist of several verses, varying in number from 3 to 286. Within a long chapter, the verses may be further grouped into thematic sequences or passages. For the purpose of interpretation, the verses are separated into two groups: those that are clear and unambiguous ( muhkam ) and those that are ambiguous ( mutashabeh ). This distinction

3350-484: The massive trench in six days. The ditch was dug on the northern side only, as the rest of Medina was surrounded by rocky mountains and trees, impenetrable to large armies (especially cavalry). The digging of the ditch coincided with a near-famine in Medina. Women and children were moved to the inner city. The Medinans harvested all their crops early, so the Confederate armies would have to rely on their own food reserves. Muhammad established his military headquarters at

3417-705: The nomads of Najd . The Nadir enlisted the Banu Ghatafan by paying them half of their harvest. This contingent, the second-largest, added a strength of about 2,000 men and 300 horsemen led by Unaina bin Hasan Fazari. The Banu Assad also agreed to join, led by Tuleha Asadi. From the Banu Sulaym , the Nadir secured 700 men, though this force would likely have been much larger had not some of its leaders been sympathetic towards Islam. The Banu Amir , who had

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3484-401: The other hand, Muhammad, having learned of the impending Quraysh advance, took the advice of Salman the Persian to have his followers make a deep trench to impede their movement. The Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza assisted with this Muslims' effort by digging the trench and lending them their tools. When the Quraysh approached, they were unfamiliar with this tactic and struggled to get beyond

3551-412: The parties, but each held to its position stubbornly. Abu Sufyan summoned Huyayy ibn Akhtab , informing him of Qurayza's response. Huyayy was taken aback, and Abu Sufyan branded him as a "traitor". Fearing for his life, Huyayy fled to the Qurayza's strongholds. The Bedouins, the Ghatafan, and other Confederates from Najd had already been compromised by Muhammad's negotiations. They had taken part in

3618-589: The people there, and their response to him was simply indifference, until he began to attack their beliefs, causing tension. A few years later, he moved to Medina after successful negotiations with the Banu Aws and the Banu Khazraj to mediate their tribal conflicts, the latter from which his great-grandmother came. In Medina, Muhammad became fond of raiding and plundering Quraysh trade caravans , causing armed conflict between them. After Muhammad made

3685-482: The plan, the armies began marching towards Medina , Meccans from the south (along the coast), and the others from the east. At the same time, horsemen from the Banu Khuza'a left to warn Medina of the invading army. The men from Banu Khuza'a reached Muhammad in four days, warning him of the Confederate armies that were to arrive in a week. Muhammad gathered the Medinans to discuss the best strategy of overcoming

3752-481: The rebellious. Except those who repent thereafter and do righteous deeds; (for such) verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. In Tafsir Ibn Kathir , the prescribed punishment for making false accusations against chaste men or women is to flog them with eighty stripes, and reject their testimony forever. "And those who accuse chaste women then do not bring four witnesses, flog them, (giving) eighty stripes, and do not admit any evidence from them ever; and these it

3819-415: The recent developments. He advised the men to openly declare their findings, should they find the Banu Qurayza to be kind, so as to increase the morale of the Muslim fighters. However, he warned against spreading the news of a possible breach of the pact on the Qurayza's part, so as to avoid any panic within Muslim ranks. The leaders found that the pact indeed had been renounced and tried in vain to convince

3886-478: The religion of Allah, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their punishment. Q24:2 The Zaniyah and the Zani, flog each of them with a hundred stripes. Let not pity withhold you in their case, in a punishment prescribed by Allah, if you believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a party of the believers witness their punishment. Tafsir Ibn Kathir says in relation to

3953-457: The rumors about the Qurayza, Muhammad had sent 100 men to the inner city for its protection. Later he sent 300 horsemen (cavalry was not needed at the trench) as well to protect the city. The loud voices, in which the troops prayed every night, created the illusion of a large force. The crisis showed Muhammad that many of his men had reached the limits of their endurance. He sent word to Ghatafan, trying to pay for their defection and offering them

4020-465: The six days of trench-building, the entire operation lasted 27 days and was contained within a single month (5 Shawwal-1 Dhu al-Qi'dah). Since sieges were uncommon in Arabian warfare, the arriving Confederates were unprepared to deal with the trenches dug by the Muslims. The Confederates tried to attack with horsemen in hopes of forcing a passage, but the Medinans were rigidly entrenched, preventing such

4087-440: The strongholds of the Qurayza. Muhammad became anxious about their conduct, and realised the grave potential danger the Qurayza posed. Because of his pact with the Qurayza, he had not bothered to make defensive preparations along the Muslims' border with the tribe. The Qurayza also possessed weaponry: 1,500 swords , 2,000 lances, 300 suits of armour, and 500 shields. Muhammad sent three leading Muslims to bring him details of

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4154-561: The surah ends, God knows the hidden reasons people do as they do, "God knows those of you who slip away surreptitiously", for when all returns to Him, they will testify against themselves to Him. Battle of the Trench Muslims including Confederates including The Battle of the Trench ( Arabic : غزوة الخندق , romanized :  Ghazwat al-Khandaq ), also known as the Battle of Khandaq ( Arabic : معركة الخندق , romanized :  Ma’rakah al-Khandaq ) and

4221-468: The throes of death. But once the danger is over, they slash you with razor-sharp tongues, ravenous for ˹worldly˺ gains. Such people have not ˹truly˺ believed, so Allah has rendered their deeds void. And that is easy for Allah. 33:20 They ˹still˺ think that the enemy alliance has not ˹yet˺ withdrawn. And if the allies were to come ˹again˺, the hypocrites would wish to be away in the desert among nomadic Arabs, ˹only˺ asking for news about you ˹believers˺. And if

4288-539: The trench. As the siege gradually dragged on, Muhammad used the time to negotiate secretly with the Banu Ghatafan, sowing distrust among his opponents. After about two weeks, the weather deteriorated and the invading party withdrew. The battle caused the Meccans to lose their trade to Syria and much of their prestige. Whereas for Muhammad, he was then reportedly visited by Gabriel , who directed him to attack

4355-514: The wearing of hijab . After these prohibitions are cast for women, the text turns towards men, asking them not to oppress slavegirls into prostitution , and to marry those women who need husbands, despite their poverty. Most of the rules related to fornication, adultery and false accusations from a husband to his wife or from members of the community to chaste women, can be found in chapter 24, which starts by giving very specific rules about punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse ( zināʾ ): Flog

4422-410: The witnessing of their punishment: "This is more humiliating for the people who are guilty of illegal sex, if they are flogged in front of the people. This is because it is more effective as a deterrent and it conveys the sense of scandal and rebuke". Q24:4 And those who accuse chaste women, and produce not four witnesses, flog them with eighty stripes, and reject their testimony forever. They indeed are

4489-482: Was lightly fought, with the Muslims reported to have suffered five to six casualties and the Quraysh three. The Quraysh, tired of seeing the Islamic prophet Muhammad continue to raid and plunder their trade caravans despite his defeat at the Battle of Uhud , decided to occupy his city base, Medina. Realizing that they had little military capability as they were only merchants, they negotiated vigorously with

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