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110-704: Anthony or Anthonij Colve ( Veere , 1644 – Veere, 29 June 1693) was a Dutch captain of Marines and the Governor-General of New Netherland during a brief restoration of Dutch rule in New Netherland during the Third Anglo-Dutch War . Colve was the son of Jacob Colve, a scion of an old Veere family, and Maria de Margenault. His widowed mother bought an annuity for him in 1653, which would pay out until his death in 1693. Colve married Margarethe "Griton" de Quade. Two daughters and

220-514: A charter by which Wolfert received the sovereignty to the land and castle with the ferry and ferry house. From that time on Wolfert was given the title of Lord Van der Veer. Veere received city rights in 1355. The " Admiraliteit van Veere " (Admiralty of Veere) was set up as a result of the Ordinance on the Admiralty of 8 January 1488 in an attempt to create a central naval administration in

330-467: A code of military law for members of the garrison while on duty, which included stiff fines for blasphemy, slandering, intoxication or failure to appear for duty. The code was read aloud by a corporal every time the soldiers appeared for duty. After four years of fighting with the Indians a peace was finally reestablished in 1645. Under Kieft, however, public revenues overall were not forthcoming, smuggling

440-660: A courtesy. Colve afterwards went to Suriname, which was now under Dutch rule, on the basis of the Treaty of Westminster, but little is known about his sojourn there. Upon his return to the Dutch Republic he was made a sergeant-major in the Dutch States Army regiment on the Zeeland repartitie under Caspar de Mauregnault in 1679, and lieutenant-colonel under Jacques-Louis Comte de Noyelles on 22 March 1683. He

550-467: A desire to have peaceful relations with the new administration. Evertsen and Binckes started a program of reinforcement of both the Manhattan fortress (now re-christend fort Willem Hendrick ) and the fort near Albany/Beverwyck which had been re-christened Fort Nassau (Albany became Willemstad ). At the end of August Evertsen and Binckes started to make preparations to leave with the greater part of

660-526: A formal Remonstrance, persuaded Stuyvesant to stand down in the face of overwhelming odds. On September 8, Stuyvesant raised the white flag of surrender and subsequently, after much protest and deliberation, he signed the colony over without any blood-shed during the Second Anglo–Dutch War . At the behest of the James II, Duke of York , Nicoll's was appointed governor whose objective was to oversee

770-464: A house and stable, a bakery, a goat-stable, and a large storage shed to accommodate the ship builders. Twiller, however, was generally disliked by the Dutch settlers. His financial management and accounting were poorly conducted and he neglected to report regularly to Amsterdam and had acquired a reputation for drunkenness. For this he was sharply and openly criticized by Borgardus from the pulpit and by

880-529: A military siege, and subsequently a battery was erected at the southernmost shore of the island and fitted out with artillery. In 1668 Nicolls resigned the governorship and returned to England, where he resumed his service to the Duke of York. He was replaced as governor by Francis Lovelace on 28 August 1668. Beginning in the spring of 1672, the Third Anglo-Dutch War broke out. The following year, two Dutch fleets, commanded by Admiral Cornelis Evertsen aboard

990-486: A penniless soldier of the East India Company . He started out in the trade business and soon married a rich merchant's widow, and by 1689 he achieved prosperity and respectability. As acting governor of New York, he represented the common people against a group of wealthy leaders represented by Pieter Stuyvesant and others and enacted a government of direct popular representation as well as bringing reform to

1100-488: A policy of improving the defenses of New Netherland. The militia companies of the outlying Dutch settlements on the East River and further east on Long Island were mobilized; a new company of foot was raised under the command of councillor Steenwyck; and serious measures were taken to improve the defenses of Fort Willem Hendrick . The worsened relations with New England also engendered fears of spies and agitators. There

1210-461: A provision that the colony of New Netherland be returned to England, which ended the war (the Dutch got Suriname ). The fort was officially renamed Fort Willem Hendrick in honor of William III of England , who was Stadtholder and Prince of Orange , and changed the name from New Orange back to New York. After the treaty was secured, the English once again named the area "New York" and returned

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1320-451: A seat, that provisionally governed the colony. Colve was appointed "Governor-General" by the krijgsraad on 12 August 1673. The territory he was to administer ran from Cape Henlopen to North river . This encompassed the area that had been formerly the Dutch colony of New Netherland as it existed up to 1664. Colve was to be assisted by a council consisting of Cornelius Steenwyk , as main advisor in legal matters; Nicholas Bayard as clerk of

1430-661: A son are known of this marriage. His son Jacob Lambert Colve (died 1723) was mayor of Veere and a member of the States of Zeeland from 1717 to 1722. Of Colve's early life is little known, except that he made his profession as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church in Veere in 1664. Colve was involved in the recapture of Suriname from the English by a Zeeland squadron led by Abraham Crijnssen in March 1667 during

1540-455: A sufficient number of boats would be available for the evacuation, Colve ordered that small craft would be concentrated behind a defensive float outside the harbor, under the protection of the guns of the warship and the roundel of the fort. However, while all this was going on, events in Europe changed the situation dramatically. Under pressure from Spain, which was ready to come to the aid of

1650-506: A temporary fort. Manhattan Island at this time was covered by woods and brush, with several marshes about the shore line, and at night the sound of bears and other wildlife could be heard. During the 17th century, no settlement was secure without a fortification for defense and refuge. Historian Maud Wilder Goodwin maintains the fort existed not so much out of concern for the Indians, but over other ambitious and enterprising Europeans. Historian John Andrew Doyle , however, maintains that

1760-652: The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House , which houses a branch of the National Museum of the American Indian ; Bowling Green is nearby. The construction of the fort marked the official founding date of New York City as recognized by its seal . In October 1683, what would become the first session of the New York legislature convened at the fort. Artillery guns outside the fort overlooking

1870-677: The Battle of Brooklyn , when volleys were exchanged between the fort and British emplacements on Governor's Island . After 165 years of service, involving a number of conflicts, the fort was finally torn down in 1790 after the American Revolution . After the fort's demolition, the Government House was constructed on the site as a possible house for the United States President. The site is now occupied by

1980-726: The Burgundian Netherlands . To this was subordinated the Vice-Admiralty of Flanders in Dunkirk . In 1560 under admiral Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn , this admiralty relocated near Ghent and in 1561 the Habsburg naval forces were also moved to Veere. Veere functioned as the staple port for Scotland between 1541 and 1799. In Scotland it was known as Campvere. Until the Anglo-Dutch wars it

2090-606: The English and the French . Although its main function was military, it also served as the center of trading activity. It contained a barracks, a church, a house for the West India Company director, and a warehouse for the storage of company goods. The company appointed Cornelius Jacobsen Mey in 1624 as the first (provisional) director of the New Netherland colony, and who was stationed at New Amsterdam at

2200-744: The Maryland Colony , Lord Baltimore had even in 1672, while the area was in English hands, claimed the Delaware part of the proprietorship of New Jersey. When the area swore allegiance to the regime in New Orange, his son Charles Calvert , the acting governor of Maryland, sent troops to the Dutch settlement of Whorekill ( Hoerenkil in Dutch) who burned it down in December 1673, and left the inhabitants destitute and homeless in mid-Winter. Colve

2310-531: The Second Anglo-Dutch War . Crijnssen made him an ensign , and he remained behind in the fortress that the Dutch had captured, after Crijnssen left. After the Peace of Breda an English fleet, that did not know the peace had been signed, invaded Suriname and retook the colony. Colve was made a prisoner of war and interned on Barbados . He was eventually brought to London, and released, a year after

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2420-605: The States of Zeeland in 1668, in defiance of the Perpetual Edict . In 1672, he moved with his troops to Veere . After the beginning of the Third Anglo-Dutch War , which was part of the Franco-Dutch War , in 1672, the Zeeland authorities in deepest secret planned a naval expedition to do their enemies harm and earn appreciable sums from prizes that might be captured in the course of it. The leadership of

2530-687: The snauw , called Zeehond , on a privateering mission on the Long Island Sound , which captured four Massachusetts ketches in retaliation. This motivated the Massachusetts government to get serious about mobilizing troops and warships to deal with the Dutch. As it was clear that the Dutch in New Netherland stood little chance against the combined might of the New Englanders if the conflict got serious, Colve embarked on

2640-619: The British finally pulled out. In 1788, the government ordered the razing of Fort George (as it was then known). Its materials were used as landfill to add to the shore and expand the Battery. The fort was torn down in 1790, and the Government House , intended as the presidential residence, was built on the site. The need for new fortifications soon became apparent, especially as tensions started rising again with France and Great Britain. In 1798, guns were placed in temporary fortifications on

2750-766: The Dutch Republic in its war with France, but refused to do this as long as the war with England was going on, the States General of the Netherlands concluded the Peace of Westminster with king Charles in February 1674. One of the provisions was an exchange of New Netherland for Suriname. Consequently, the States General in April 1674 ordered the Amsterdam and Zeeland admiralties to make preparations for

2860-599: The Dutch model of burgomasters , schout , and schepenen , which colleges were to be appointed by the Dutch krijgsraad that temporarily administered "New Orange" (as New York was re-christened). The communities were to this end to elect commissions that would nominate dubbeltallen (double lists of nominees) for the krijgsraad to select from. Most communities, intimidated by the Dutch military presence at New Orange, at least promised compliance, though in some cases with evident misgivings. The krijgsraad also received delegations of Mohawks and Hackensack people , who expressed

2970-715: The Dutch, British and the Americans, with corresponding changes in the fort's name. Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , and the greater Dutch colony of New Netherland , was chartered by the Dutch West India Company in 1621. Before Fort Amsterdam was constructed, the Dutch settlers erected a large stone building on the future location of the fort that served as a meeting house. It was surrounded by some 30 makeshift dwellings made from timber and bark, as finished building materials were scarce. The structures were surrounded by red cedar palisades which served as

3080-539: The English garrison into surrendering the fort. On August 2, with New Amsterdam once again under Dutch rule, the Council of War appointed Colve as military governor-general of the province and Fort Orange, who in turn appointed Cornelius Steenwyk as Councillor of State, with executive privileges. In 1674, the fort and New Orange were turned back over to the English in the Treaty of Westminster (1674) which included

3190-460: The English occurred on September 6, I664. Nichols' first official act was to rename the city from New Amsterdam to New York, in recognition of James's title as Duke of York , while the fort was renamed Fort James, in honor of James II of England . Designed primarily as a defense against Indians the fort was considered almost useless for guarding the entry to the Hudson River or repelling

3300-598: The Fort James name. Edmund Andros was appointed governor and served from 9 February 1674, to 18 April 1683. On 10 November 1674, Andros received the surrender of the town, while their religious and other rights and property were not lost or compromised. In September 1682, James, Lord Proprietor of the Province of New York , appointed Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick , an Irishman and staunch Catholic, who had arrived at New York on 25 August 1863, as Vice-admiral in

3410-583: The Navy and provincial governor (1683–1688) to replace Edmund Andros . Dongan organized the first representative assembly of New York Province at Fort James, on 14 October 1683. Dongan had served in the French army for many years, which made him familiar with French customs and diplomacy. His service in the Low Countries had given him a first-hand knowledge of the Dutch language. Upon his arrival, Dongan

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3520-567: The Stamp Act. Reports of violent riots occurring in Newport, Boston, and elsewhere continued to reach Cadwallader's desk. Jared Ingersoll , stamp agent from Connecticut, and William Franklin , Governor of New Jersey, under extreme pressure not to enforce the Stamp Act had their supplies of stamped paper transported to Fort George for safe keeping. During the early morning hours of November 2, engineers and workers worked earnestly to strengthen

3630-401: The acting governor of the Province of New York , and commander of the fort, who was accompanied by a company of regular infantry. Brockholls exclaimed to Dongan that he had great difficulty maintaining order, and that he was relieved over his arrival. At the time of his appointment, the province was bankrupt and in a state of rebellion. Dongan was able to restore order and stability. He was also

3740-551: The area of present-day Westchester County to barter beaver skins. When they reached the Kolck , a pond near what is now Chinatown , they were set upon by three farmhands, and one of the two adults was killed. When the young boy who was with them grew older, he took his revenge for the murder of his uncle, which act served as a pretext for Kieft's War . At the direction of the Dutch West India Company, Verhulst

3850-476: The arrival of the Dutch fleet, the Dutch burghers and 400 Dutch colonists had grown impatient and resentful with English rulership as their appeals for rights and liberties were constantly ignored, and conveyed this sentiment to the Dutch upon their arrival. Manning sent an envoy of three men from the fort to Admiral Evertsen's ship with a message asking why the Dutch had arrived "in such a hostile manner". Evertsen replied that they had come to take back what he felt

3960-468: The arrival of the stamps brought to and held at Fort George. Cadwallader Colden , the acting governor of the Province of New York from 1763 to 1765, was residing at the fort at the time, but admitted that he had no real authority outside its gates. On 1 November 1765, the garrison was put on alert and manned the walls of the fort, and was soon greeted by the approaching colonists. A courier emerged from

4070-555: The beaches and marinas . The Storm Surge Barrier on the Oosterschelde is the most popular visitor attraction in Zeeland. The Scoutcentrum Zeeland on the coast of the Veerse Meer attracts Scout visitors from around the world The town of Veere forms the setting for " Van Loon's Lives ", a book of contemporary fantasy written by Hendrik Willem Van Loon in 1942, in which the protagonists are able to magically summon

4180-455: The city became very crowded with overall poor living conditions for many of its inhabitants. After the British occupation of Manhattan Island was completed, the fort was not involved in any further military engagements for the remainder of the war. After peace was established with Britain in 1783, Washington received word that the British would soon evacuate New York. As Washington and his army marched south on Manhattan Island, Washington noted

4290-472: The city from 1591. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Veere was a prosperous trading city, with about 750 houses inside the city walls then, compared to about 300 as of 2013 . At the start of the Second World War , there was a Royal Netherlands Navy seaplane base at Veere, with six Fokker C XIV-W aircraft. On 12 May 1940 the base was bombed by He 111 bombers causing some casualties. On 14 May,

4400-494: The cleats and by greasing the pole, all as measures taken to hinder the Americans from raising their flag at the fort. After a brief reception at Cape's Tavern, Washington, Governor Clinton and the cavalcade entered the fort. After an extended effort the flagpole was repaired and its missing parts replaced, after which John Van Arsdale ascended the pole and attached the American flag, on Evacuation Day , 25 November 1783, after

4510-571: The colony on pain of a fine, payable in beaver skins at the Wampum exchange rate. Aware that the outlying villages in the East of the colony would be indefensible in case of an invasion by the New Englanders, Colve made an inspection tour of the area and left strict instructions on how to act in case of such an invasion. The plan was to evacuate the civilian population in that case to New Orange. To prepare for that eventuality Colve ordered that dwellings in

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4620-594: The colony, and invaded it on Wednesday 30 July 1673. Colve led the landing party of about 600 marines that took the former New Amsterdam . Colve landed to the north of the city and then marched down Broadway street (formerly Heeren straat ) . The Dutch colonists cheered along the way and joined the force. Arriving before Fort James , which had been severely bombarded by the Dutch squadron (now 19 ships, including prizes) he demanded its surrender. The garrison commander, captain John Manning, agreed to capitulate, after he

4730-651: The commander of another Dutch squadron, from the Admiralty of Amsterdam , that had joined the Zeeland squadron in the Caribbean, learned that governor Lovelace of colonial New York , which only recently had been New Netherland , before the English had captured it in 1664, was absent in Hartford, Connecticut , conferring with the governor of that colony, John Winthrop the Younger . They therefore decided to recapture

4840-525: The company's treasurer, Lubbertus Van Dincklagen, for which Twiller dismissed him and sent him back to Holland. Van Dincklagen immediately drew up a formal complaint and submitted it to the States General . After confirmed reports of Twiller's performance reached Holland it was decided that he be replaced as Director General of New Netherland. William Kieft was subsequently appointed as the new Director in September 1637, arriving at New Amsterdam in March of

4950-478: The construction of the fort, clearing land, farming and other such work. Attitudes about slavery varied among the colonists. Some of the slaves were converted to Christianity, and later some of them were given their freedom and grants of land. The fort became the nucleus of the New Amsterdam settlement and its mission was protecting New Netherland colony operations in the Hudson River against attack from

5060-404: The council; and Cornelis Eewoutsen as superintendent of fortifications and gunnery. Evertsen and Binckes, realizing that Dutch control of the colony was still precarious sent out commissioners to demand submission from outlying townships in Delaware, New Jersey and Long Island (all previously part of New Netherland). At the same time they ordered those communities to reform their local governments on

5170-405: The crowd and approached the gate, bearing a message for Cadwallader, which he handed to the sentry. Addressed to Cadwallader specifically, its message was the culmination of over a year's frustration and anger over the proposed imposition of the Stamp Act, which ultimately gave Cadwallader, now 77 years of age, an ultimatum, threatening in pointed language that he not participate in the enforcement of

5280-502: The damming of the Veerse Gat inlet in 1961, the fishing fleet of Veere moved to a new home port at Colijnsplaat on Noord-Beveland. As of 2013 the main business of the town is tourism. Veere municipality reached its current expanded shape in 1997, after the addition of several neighboring towns. During the course of nearly two centuries seventeen historical municipalities have merged to become present-day Veere. Its original full name

5390-436: The devastation, lack of trees, shrubs, and the many buildings that were left in ruins. Washington's advance came to a halt at the barrier enclosing the inner city and Fort George. A volley of cannon signaled that the British had departed New York. While waiting for the American army to secure the island, Washington received word that the British had sabotaged the flag pole inside Fort George, by removing its ropes, knocking off its

5500-685: The eastern part of Long Island, an area that was also of interest to governor Winthrop of the Connecticut Colony . There ensued a "tug-of-war" between Colve's commissioners, and the Connecticut commissioners, led by Fitz-John Winthrop , the son of the governor, for the favor of the Long Island colonists, which ended in a victory for Connecticut. The Dutch settlements in the South of New Netherland were also threatened. The proprietor of

5610-758: The expedition was entrusted to admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest . Colve, now a captain, was made the officer commanding the 64 marines aboard the flagship of the squadron commanded by Evertsen, the Swaenenburgh . The squadron marauded along the coast of present-day Suriname and the Wild Coast , and other parts of the Caribbean , before starting up the coast of the English colonies in North-America. In Virginia Evertsen and Jacob Binckes ,

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5720-608: The face of growing numbers of angry colonists, General Gage and the Governor's Council, wanting to spare New York's Loyalist families from what seemed like imminent ruin, insisted that Colden strike a compromise and surrender the stamped paper. After initially delaying, Colden, now acting as an official stamp distributor, knowing he could not stand alone on matters, ultimately convinced the Common Council to pay for all surrendered and destroyed stamps. The subsequent surrender of

5830-414: The first episode involving Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant , who surrendered the fort to Richard Nicolls of England in 1664. In the 18th century, the fort was at the center of the Stamp Act riots in New York when it was used to store shipments of stamped paper brought over from England, while serving as a safe haven for a number of stamp tax collectors. During the American Revolution , it was involved in

5940-418: The first to establish batteries of cannon to the south of the fort. In 1689, following the Glorious Revolution (English Revolution of 1688), in which William and Mary acceded to the throne, German-born colonist Jacob Leisler seized Fort James in what was called Leisler's Rebellion , replacing deposed Francis Nicholson who had fled New York City. Leisler arrived at New Amsterdam from England in 1660,

6050-420: The flagship Swaenenburgh , and Commodore Jacob Binckes , had combined their fleets and were plundering English shipping in the Caribbean and Chesapeake Bay , before they arrived at Fort James on 7 August 1673, which was Evertsen's ultimate objective before he departed Holland which at the time was almost defenseless in the face of such a force. The fleet, consisting of twenty-three ships, carrying 1,600 men,

6160-429: The fleet, to continue their naval expedition, to the distress of the Dutch colonists, who were afraid they would be left to the mercy of their English neighbors without the protection of the fleet. To alleviate that distress Evertsen decided to leave the warships Zeehond and Suriname behind. The remainder of the fleet left on 18 September 1673. Colve began his administration on 19 September 1673. He ostensibly restored

6270-407: The following winter. The British soon occupied the entire city and ruled New York from the fort throughout the war. The British occupied the city and ruled New York from Fort George throughout the remainder of the war. Having been subjected to a large fire in 1776, the city experienced another great fire in 1778, with the subsequent destruction of many dwellings, and along with the British presence,

6380-399: The following year, effectively replacing Twiller. Conditions in and about the fort by 1638 had deteriorated and were not promising, with incompetent governmental management contributing to a decline in trade, and making the prospect of farming bleak. Director Kieft upon inspection of the fort and surrounding area, found the fort in a ruinous condition, with its dilapidated walls which allowed

6490-498: The fort to be entered without difficulty from various points. All the carriages that mounted the cannons had fallen into decay, while the farms in the area had become neglected. About 1640 conflicts with the Indians, who were robbing and murdering settlers for their fur and other goods, had increased into war. The garrison at Fort Amsterdam in 1643 consisted of only fifty to sixty soldiers, who were lacking in discipline and were often disorderly. The situation prompted Kieft to establish

6600-415: The fort, Jogues observed and wrote an account of the condition of the fort, its repairs, and the activity on Manhattan, noting the various religions and languages spoken. As the population of Manhattan was increasing the West India Company sent out another minister, Domine Samuel Drisius, to assist Megapolensis who had served the Dutch congregation in England and could preach in Dutch, English and French. At

6710-516: The fort, serving until 1625. Mey was soon replaced by Willem Verhulst , who arrived in January 1625. Verhulst served as the second director in 1625–1626. His term as director was marked with harsh and inconsistent punishment which infuriated the settlers. Realizing that food staples were in short supply in the newly developed settlement, the Dutch West India Company had shipped over some cattle, various live stock, seeds and farming equipment. The animals were initially kept on Governor's Island but

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6820-418: The fort, with its earthen walls, was intended more for a defense against Indians and was almost useless as a defense against a professional army or navy at that time. In 1625, after much deliberation, it was decided that the best location for the fort would be at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, with the idea that it would be able to defend against any ship attempting to ascend the Hudson River . The fort

6930-403: The fort. Fort George became the target of American riots following Parliament 's passage of the Stamp Act on 4 March 1765. The first shipment of stamps for New York and Connecticut arrived at New York on 23 October 1765. The ships were confronted by some 2000 angry colonists. Subsequently, the stamps had to be quietly unloaded in the middle of the night and brought into Fort George, which at

7040-414: The fort. Artillery office Major Thomas James was in command of the fort, who later testified before Parliament that he could have killed more than 900 of the rioters, but added that had he done so, the colonists could in little time have amassed 50,000 fighting men from New York alone, and that there would have been no chance in holding the fort. General Gage later said that had the colonists been fired on,

7150-475: The gates of the fort and invited everyone in. In the American Revolution , the colonists under George Washington seized the fort in 1775, before the colonies formally seceded from the British Empire . During the Battle of Long Island , guns from the fort engaged British frigates starting on 12 July 1776. On July 12, the British ships HMS Phoenix and HMS Rose , with a few smaller vessels in attendance, sailed from Staten Island and began moving into

7260-415: The grazing proved inadequate so they were moved to a more fertile location on upper Manhattan Island. At the time, Manhattan was sparsely settled, as most of the Dutch West India Company operations were upriver along the Hudson in order to conduct trading operation for beaver pelts. According to John Romeyn Brodhead , while the fort was under construction, three Wechquaesgeek people traveled south from

7370-418: The great men and women of history for weekend dinner parties, leading to often humorous incidents. The book was written at the time when Veere, like the rest of the Netherlands, lay under Nazi occupation, and despite its light-hearted tone clearly indicates the longing of the writer – living in the US – for his homeland whose liberation he was doomed never to see. Scottish singer-songwriter Brian McNeill based

7480-428: The harbor formed a battery that would later be the namesake of nearby Battery Park . Starting with the founding and establishment of Fort Amsterdam in 1626, the fort, with its strategic location, overlooking the harbor and the mouth of the Hudson River, and as a lucrative trade center, played a significant role in the history that followed, all the way through the American Revolution , frequently changing hands between

7590-469: The insistence of Stuyvesant, and with children in need of baptism and religious instruction, Megapolensis was persuaded to remain in Manhattan. As the population of the colony grew, there was a corresponding increase in the number of soldiers, and by 1650 the number of soldiers in New Netherland was roughly 250. By 1660, the population is estimated to have been around five-hundred, and by 1664 had grown to fifteen-hundred. That same year, Jacques Cortelyou

7700-495: The island, where a trade deal was made, which was gladly accepted by the Indians. Minuit promptly organized the first government of the colony, and was granted authority over its executive, legislative, and judicial functions. He also appointed a sheriff and a five-member advisory council, chosen from the most reputable men at the colony. On 27 July 1626, the Dutch ship, Arms of Amsterdam , arrived at Manhattan, commanded by captain Adriaen Joris, who in 1623 accompanied Captain May, and

7810-446: The laws as they had been under the regime of the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but in reality he assumed more powers than previous Directors had done. Colve put the colony under military discipline with harsh punishments for transgressions of the Dutch Articles of War as promulgated for the Dutch States Army . He repeatedly threatened English settlements on Long Island to make them submit to Dutch rule. He met resistance in especially

7920-474: The loss of Fort Oswego during the French and Indian War , he sent one thousand regulars to strategically located New York City for winter quarters. The old barracks in Fort George were prepared for them, while the fort underwent repairs and major improvements to its structure. To aid in the defense of the harbor, a good number of heavy cannon were also added to the battery and other strategic locations near

8030-692: The many governmental provisions that previously existed. The people appealed to Stuyvesant to capitulate and accept the generous offers Leisler was providing, as they had already endured corruption, abuse, and other hardships under the previous rulership. At the direction of governor Henry Sloughter , Leisler and ten others were eventually arrested and imprisoned at the fort. After a long and involved trial, Leissler, along with Jacob Milborne , were found guilty of treason and executed on 16 May 1691. Leisler's rule ended in 1691, when British sovereign William's new governor (appointed in 1690) finally reached New York. The fort had earlier been named for Willem when he

8140-563: The motherland, while it favored the aristocratic class with grants of land and other special favors. As a result, the new English government was well received by most of the citizens, who were well rooted in Dutch and England culture and ideology, countries with strong democratic principles, derived from the Great Privilege and the Magna Carta , both documents of Catholic origin. The official capitulation of New Amsterdam to

8250-461: The mouth of the Hudson River , prompting alarm guns to sound in New York. The cannons from batteries at Red Hook and Governors Island commenced firing at the small British fleet. Artillery fire also commenced from Fort George, under the command of New York artillery captain Alexander Hamilton , who at the time was nineteen, but had little effect. Fearing that the British capture of the fort

8360-473: The occupation of the Dutch colony and establish government. As the first governor of the province of New York, Nicoll's was greeted cordially by the Dutch and civic authorities whom he allowed to keep their offices and other stations. Under the previous rule of the West India Company, and their appointed governors, the rulership was autocratic; it denied basic rights of the people that were enjoyed in Holland,

8470-465: The peace. Upon his return in 1668, he was posted as an ensign in Fort Sint-Anna (Saaftinge)  [ nl ] until 1670, when he became a captain at Fort Lillo . During this time Colve was court-martialled for the loss of his flag during the recapture of Suriname by the English. He was eventually exonerated on the exact day prince William III of Orange was inaugurated as "First Noble"in

8580-415: The peaceful transfer of power in New Orange to the English. Formal orders to that effect reached Colve only on 9 October 1674, but the news had already percolated through in early May 1674. The Dutch colonists reacted with rage to the news at the time, because they felt betrayed by the States General and threatened to take out their anger on Colve. But he remained in command and started to make preparations for

8690-530: The province of Zeeland . The name Veere means "ferry": Wolfert Van Borssele established a ferry and ferry house there in 1281. This ferry he called the "camper-veer" or "Ferry of Campu" by which name Camphire it was known, at least in England, until the seventeenth century. It eventually became known as "de Veer". In the same year 1281 Wolfert also built the castle Sandenburg on one of the dikes he had built. On 12 November 1282, Count Floris V. thereupon issued

8800-495: The revolution would have begun that year. Colden, concerned that Fort George had an inadequate garrison, requested reinforcements, which General Gage provided, while James brought new cannons to the fort. The fort also provided a safe haven for several stamp masters, including Zachariah Hood from Maryland, who, at the invitation of Colden, had fled to the fort to escape the wrath of the Sons of Liberty and other angry colonists. In

8910-622: The seaplanes were ordered to evacuate to France and then England, eventually arriving in the Dutch East Indies where they would be destroyed in action with the Japanese in 1941 and 1942. On 17 May, German infantry of SS Regiment Deutschland of the 2nd SS Panzer Division crossed onto Walcheren via the Sloedam and by 18:00 that evening, the Dutch forces on the island, including the garrison at Veere, were ordered to surrender. Veere

9020-519: The song "The Holland Trade" from his tenth studio album The Baltic tae Byzantium on the trade and cultural ties between Veere and Scotland from 1541 on. Fort Amsterdam Before the fort was constructed, it was the scene where the purchase of Manhattan Island occurred. In its subsequent history, the fort was known under various names such as Fort James , Fort Willem Hendrick and its anglicized Fort William Henry , Fort Anne , and Fort George . The fort changed hands eight times in various battles,

9130-489: The stamps brought calm to the city, while New York's colonial newspapers called for peace. After calm returned to the city Colden's political adversaries blamed him for the mishap, and ultimately had his governorship replaced by Sir Henry Moore . In the effort to maintain peace and restore order to the city, Moore had met with the influential Isaac Sears , a leader of the Sons of Liberty, and others, and shortly thereafter opened

9240-512: The standing provincial assembly, with whom he found favor, to meet at Fort George, where it voted for revenues to sustain the government for the following five years. The assembly also prohibited any trading of Indian goods with the French, which greatly compromised the business interests of New York's merchants. In 1756, John Campbell , Earl of Loudoun, was appointed commander of all English forces in North America Prompted by

9350-404: The time had a garrison of only 200 regulars. On October 31, the day before the Stamp Act was to be enforced, thousands of colonists took to the streets. As a precaution, British authorities beforehand had the guns at the battery spiked along with any not inside the fort, making them inoperable. The protests, agitation and violence over the Stamp Act reached a climax from November 1–3, as a result of

9460-520: The town would be made available, as had earlier been done for the refugees from Hoerenkil . Meanwhile, relations with the East Riding of Long Island, and its protectors in Connecticut remained tense, with posturing on both sides. All of this added to the siege mentality of the Dutch in New Orange in the Spring of 1674. The Fort was now at full readiness. The garrison had grown to 800 men and the wall

9570-609: The transfer. In June the confiscated English possessions were returned to their former owners. The Zeehond and Suriname were sent home to the Netherlands. Colve formally proclaimed the Peace on 1 July 1674, the same day that the Duke of York appointed Edmund Andros the new governor of New York, in England. When that worthy finally arrived at the roadstead of Manhattan, the city was transferred by Colve on 10 November 1674 N.S. (30 October 1674 O.S.). He left Andros his carriage and horses as

9680-549: Was Veere-de-Stad en Zanddijk-Binnen . The city of Veere stands on the Veerse Meer lagoon on the island of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands . The area of the municipality of Veere is 13,496 hectares, with a coastline of 34 kilometres and a population of about 22,000. The population centres in the municipality are: The area is visited by 4 million tourists annually. The main attractions are

9790-472: Was alarming to acting captain Sheriff John Manning, who was left in command while Lovelace was away visiting Governor Winthrop at Hartford . The fort at this time only had a garrison of no more than 80 men with only 30-36 guns mounted along its walls. Manning tried in vain to summon reinforcements from nearby towns and made attempts to forestall the eminent recapture of Fort James. Before

9900-635: Was an important trading port for the import among other things, of saffron from East Anglian ports such as Wells. Flemish architects Antonis Keldermans and Evert Spoorwater designed the Grote Kerk , the fortifications, the Cisterne and the town hall. During this period of prosperity, the cultural centre was located at Sandenburgh castle , the residence of the noble Van Borsele and Van Bourgondië families. Court painter Jan Gossaert van Mabuse worked here. The poet Adrianus Valerius lived and worked in

10010-400: Was an incident with one Francis Beano, who was apprehended after making threats in the village of Fordham . He readily confessed and was sentenced to branding and banishment as an example. But the incident motivated Colve to put strict controls on the communication with the English settlements. Travelers were enjoined to surrender letters they brought with them to the authorities on entering

10120-405: Was bristling with 180 great guns, while the warship Suriname , anchored before the fort, added its own fire power. Colve ordered the people of the outlying settlements to retreat to the fort fully armed in case of an invasion. Those who shirked that duty were threatened with execution as "tratitors", as were people who would leave the town without authorization during an emergency. To make sure that

10230-488: Was built of hard-packed earth or rubble because earthworks would absorb the shock of cannon fire without collapsing, as stone walls might. Fredericksen had instructions to employ the help of nearby Indians in the fort's construction. and were never taken into slavery. Under the direction of the Dutch West India Company, the first appearance of negro slaves in New Amsterdam occurred in 1626, and were used helping in

10340-435: Was commissioned to conduct a survey and make a second map of New Amsterdam, which now had approximately three-hundred and fifty dwellings. On 29 August 1664, four English warships under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls , carrying 450 well-trained soldiers and bearing 120 heavy guns, arrived in New Amsterdam's harbor. Fort Amsterdam had a garrison of 250 men with only 24 pieces of artillery. Supplies were limited and food

10450-402: Was designed by Kryn Fredericksen, deputy and chief engineer of the New Netherland colony. Seventeenth-century Dutch forts all followed a similar design. Probably originally intended as a standard star-shaped fort, Fort Amsterdam had four sides with a bastion at each corner to better protect the walls. The original plan was to face the wall with stone, but this was never accomplished. The fort

10560-479: Was eminent, Hamilton and his artillery teams hauled off more than ten cannons, shortly before a barge from HMS Asia approached and fired on the fort and its vicinity. In September 1776, under the command of Henry Clinton the British made a Landing at Kip's Bay , and soon recaptured Fort George, along with lower Manhattan, forcing General Washington and his army to retreat north and eventually into New Jersey, at Valley Forge where they would remain for most of

10670-460: Was finally liberated on 7 November 1944 by Scottish troops of the British 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division during Operation Infatuate , the Allied assault on Walcheren. As part of the preparations for the operation, the island's sea dykes were bombed resulting in the inundation of much of the area. Unlike many other towns on the island, Veere was virtually undamaged in the fighting. As a result of

10780-401: Was frequent and severely compromising legitimate trade, discontent and disorder was prevalent throughout the community, while protests and appeals for reform had no effect in getting Kieft and his subordinates to address the situation effectively. Subsequently, when Peter Stuyvesant arrived at Fort Amsterdam in 1647 he was joyfully received. He was accompanied by Reverend Johannes Backerus, who

10890-491: Was granted the honours of war . So the English troops marched out, flags flying and drums beating, and then laid down their arms. They were made prisoners of war and housed for the night in the Dutch Reformed Church within the wall of the fort.The next day they were brought aboard the ships. After the city was thus taken over, Evertsen and Binckes formed a krijgsraad (council of war) in which Colve also took

11000-475: Was head of the Dutch government. He became the sovereign of the English government by the overthrow of James in the Glorious Revolution . The fort was renamed Fort William Henry in honor of the new Protestant king. Governor Hunter was replaced by William Burnet who arrived at Manhattan on 16 September 1720. Rather than calling for elections for a new assembly, as was customary, Burnet summoned

11110-652: Was in short supply, precluding any chance of enduring a prolonged siege. After surrounding the fort with ships and landed soldiers Nicolls demanded the Dutch surrender of the colony and Fort Amsterdam, which at the time was almost useless as a defense against a professional army and navy. Although Peter Stuyvesant , the Director of New Netherland , with his guns in place and ready to fire, was prepared to fight, prominent city residents, including Stuyvesant's son Balthazar, Hendrick Kip and Reverend Megapolensis, all of whom signed

11220-467: Was last reported as a commandeur of Veere in 1693 during the Nine Years' War . Colve died on 29 June 1693 in Veere, where he was buried in the Grote Kerk . Veere Veere ( Dutch: [ˈveːrə] ; Zeelandic : Ter Veere ) is a municipality with a population of 22,000 and a town with a population of 1,500 in the southwestern Netherlands , in the region of Walcheren in

11330-454: Was left in charge of the colony at Fort Orange. By September 26, the Arms of Amsterdam , with a cargo containing thousands of fur pelts, samples of grain, and a load of hardwood, departed for Holland with news of the purchase of Manhattan and the successful establishment of the new colony. By 1628, the population of Manhattan Island, including men, women and children, was 270. In 1632, Minuit

11440-551: Was not very impressed with New York, which at the time was a small town, and likewise had the same regard for the fort, which after he inspected it, said its walls could be battered down by artillery in an hour. On the face of the gate to the fort was a faded emblem of the Coat of Arms of the Duke of York. Here, Dongan turned and bowed to the cheering crowd and entered the fort. He was greeted by Captain Anthony Brockholls ,

11550-401: Was replaced as governor by the appointment of Peter Minuit , who arrived in 1625 and was appointed governor the following year. Minuit's first official task was to arrange a meeting with the local Indian chiefs and negotiate the purchase of Manhattan Island before any settlement and the erection of the fort was to occur. The meeting took place on 26 May 1626, on the rocky southernmost shore of

11660-459: Was replaced by Sebastiaen Jansen Krol who briefly served as director for a period of thirteen months. His replacement, Wouter van Twiller , a clerk in the Dutch West India Company, who arrived at the fort, still under construction, aboard the Dutch ship, De Zoutberg along with a company of one hundred and four soldiers from Holland, the first military force to arrive at the colony, with Van Twiller officially as its first military head Also aboard

11770-456: Was rightfully theirs. The envoy then insisted that they see Evertsen's commission, where he replied that it was stuck in the barrel of his cannon, and that the English would see it soon enough if they did not surrender the fort. Subsequently, the next day the Dutch fleet exchanged broadsides with the fort for about four hours, while Anthony Colve , commander of Marines, landed 600 men on the west side of Manhattan Island and on 30 July 1673, forced

11880-512: Was the Reverend Everardus Bogardus . < Relations with neighboring English colonies were uncertain, as they were competing with the Dutch over trade with the Indians, prompting Twiller to strengthen the fort with stone at several locations. The fort was completed in 1635. He had built within the fort a guard-house and a small house for the soldiers. Outside the fort he built New Netherland's first church, complete with

11990-560: Was to replace Bogardus. Johannes Megapolensis , a minister of the Calvinist Dutch Reformed Church , arrived at Fort Amsterdam from Rensselaerswyck Manor in 1664 after serving there for six years. His arrival at Fort Amsterdam was subsequent to his assisting French missionary, Isaac Jogues , in his escape from the Mohawks. Jogues became the first Catholic priest to set foot on Manhattan Island. While at

12100-535: Was unable to do anything about it, but he saw to it that the refugees received shelter in New Orange. Initially the English colonists in New England had adopted a wait-and-see attitude toward the new regime in New Netherland. This changed, however, after an English privateer took the buss Expectation , a prize that Colve had sent to the Netherlands with important correspondence, in November 1673. Colve sent

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