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73-563: Image stabilization ( IS ) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure . Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch ) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis ( roll ). It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars , still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes , and also smartphones . With still cameras , camera shake

146-472: A shader to create a velocity buffer to mark motion intensity for a motion blurring effect to be applied to or uses a shader to perform geometry extrusion. Classic "motion blur" effects prior to modern per-pixel shading pipelines often simply drew successive frames on top of each other with slight transparency, which is strictly speaking a form of video feedback . In pre-rendered computer animation, such as CGI movies, realistic motion blur can be drawn because

219-459: A 2× crop factor camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a 35 mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at 1 ⁄ 100 second. However, image stabilization does not prevent motion blur caused by the movement of the subject or by extreme movements of the camera. Image stabilization is only designed for and capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of

292-528: A 35 mm equivalent focal length of 800 millimeters) and a little more than ten seconds for wide angle shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 24 millimeters), if the movement of the Earth is not taken into consideration by the image stabilization process. In 2015, the Sony E camera system also allowed combining image stabilization systems of lenses and camera bodies, but without synchronizing

365-414: A black tip makes the blades more visible and hence more avoidable. This reduces the motion blur of the unpainted blades, and cuts bird deaths by up to 70 percent. During aerial mapping an aircraft or drone is used to take pictures of the ground during flight. If the flight speed is too high or if shutter speeds are too long, this can lead to motion blur. Motion blur reduces the quality of the images and has

438-426: A finite number of values from some alphabet , such as letters or digits. An example is a text document , which consists of a string of alphanumeric characters . The most common form of digital data in modern information systems is binary data , which is represented by a string of binary digits (bits) each of which can have one of two values, either 0 or 1. Digital data can be contrasted with analog data , which

511-445: A four frame trip along a path at 0%, 0.33%, 0.66%, and 1.0% and when called upon to render motion blur will have to cut one or more frames short, or look beyond the boundaries of the animation, compromises that real cameras don't do and synthetic cameras needn't do. Motion lines in cel animation are drawn in the same direction as motion blur and perform much the same duty. Go motion is a variant of stop motion animation that moves

584-414: A high-sensitivity mode that uses a short exposure time—producing pictures with less motion blur, but more noise. It reduces blur when photographing something that is moving, as well as from camera shake. Others now also use digital signal processing (DSP) to reduce blur in stills, for example by sub-dividing the exposure into several shorter exposures in rapid succession, discarding blurred ones, re-aligning

657-470: A large display such as a television set or computer monitor . Different companies have different names for the OIS technology, for example: Most high-end smartphones as of late 2014 use optical image stabilization for photos and videos. In Nikon and Canon's implementation , it works by using a floating lens element that is moved orthogonally to the optical axis of the lens using electromagnets. Vibration

730-514: A larger amplitude and timeframe (typically body and hand movement when standing on a stationary or slowly moving platform while using slower shutter speeds). Most manufacturers suggest that the IS feature of a lens be turned off when the lens is mounted on a tripod as it can cause erratic results and is generally unnecessary. Many modern image stabilization lenses (notably Canon's more recent IS lenses) are able to auto-detect that they are tripod-mounted (as

803-499: A lens due to hand-held shooting. Some lenses and camera bodies include a secondary panning mode or a more aggressive 'active mode', both described in greater detail below under optical image stabilization . Astrophotography makes much use of long-exposure photography , which requires the camera to be fixed in place. However, fastening it to the Earth is not enough, since the Earth rotates . The Pentax K-5 and K-r, when equipped with

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876-448: A moving vehicle, such as a car or boat, which is supposed to correct for larger shakes than the "normal" mode. However, active mode used for normal shooting can produce poorer results than normal mode. This is because active mode is optimized for reducing higher angular velocity movements (typically when shooting from a heavily moving platform using faster shutter speeds), where normal mode tries to reduce lower angular velocity movements over

949-448: A negative effect on the mapping products. Motion blur can be avoided by adjusting the flight altitude, flight velocity, or shutter speed. An example of blurred image restoration with Wiener deconvolution : Mosso creativo , Creative motion blur Digital data Digital data , in information theory and information systems , is information represented as a string of discrete symbols, each of which can take on one of only

1022-421: A perfect instant in time (analogous to a camera with an infinitely fast shutter), with zero motion blur. This is why a video game with a frame rate of 25-30 frames per second will seem staggered, while natural motion filmed at the same frame rate appears rather more continuous. Many modern video games feature motion blur, especially vehicle simulation games . Some of the better-known games that utilise this are

1095-417: A reduction in framerate. Improvements in the visual quality of modern post-process motion blur shaders as well as a tendency towards higher framerates have lessened the visual detriment of undersampled motion blur effects. Birds cannot properly see the swirling blades of wind turbines and can get struck by them fatally. A newly published report from Norway suggests that painting one of the three blades with

1168-422: A result of extremely low vibration readings) and disable IS automatically to prevent this and any consequent image quality reduction. The system also draws battery power, so deactivating it when not needed extends the battery charge. A disadvantage of lens-based image stabilization is cost. Each lens requires its own image stabilization system. Also, not every lens is available in an image-stabilized version. This

1241-418: A single word. This is useful when combinations of key presses are meaningful, and is sometimes used for passing the status of modifier keys on a keyboard (such as shift and control). But it does not scale to support more keys than the number of bits in a single byte or word. Devices with many switches (such as a computer keyboard ) usually arrange these switches in a scan matrix, with the individual switches on

1314-549: A switch is pressed, released, and pressed again. This polling can be done by a specialized processor in the device to prevent burdening the main CPU . When a new symbol has been entered, the device typically sends an interrupt , in a specialized format, so that the CPU can read it. For devices with only a few switches (such as the buttons on a joystick ), the status of each can be encoded as bits (usually 0 for released and 1 for pressed) in

1387-562: A video or motion picture camera body is the Steadicam system, which isolates the camera from the operator's body using a harness and a camera boom with a counterweight. A camera stabilizer is any device or object that externally stabilizes the camera. This can refer to a Steadicam , a tripod , the camera operator's hand, or a combination of these. In close-up photography, using rotation sensors to compensate for changes in pointing direction becomes insufficient. Moving, rather than tilting,

1460-579: Is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses ( telephoto or zoom ). With video cameras , camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere , which changes the apparent positions of objects over time. In photography, image stabilization can facilitate shutter speeds 2 to 5.5 stops slower (exposures 4 to 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 times longer), and even slower effective speeds have been reported. A rule of thumb to determine

1533-470: Is by using a camera stabilizer such as a stabilized remote camera head. The camera and lens are mounted in a remote controlled camera holder which is then mounted on anything that moves, such as rail systems, cables, cars or helicopters. An example of a remote stabilized head that is used to stabilize moving TV cameras that are broadcasting live is the Newton stabilized head. Another technique for stabilizing

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1606-415: Is detected using two piezoelectric angular velocity sensors (often called gyroscopic sensors), one to detect horizontal movement and the other to detect vertical movement. As a result, this kind of image stabilizer corrects only for pitch and yaw axis rotations, and cannot correct for rotation around the optical axis. Some lenses have a secondary mode that counteracts vertical-only camera shake. This mode

1679-424: Is in motion, the image will suffer from motion blur, resulting in an inability to resolve details. To cope with this, humans generally alternate between saccades (quick eye movements) and fixation (focusing on a single point). Saccadic masking makes motion blur during a saccade invisible. Similarly, smooth pursuit allows the eye to track a target in rapid motion, eliminating motion blur of that target instead of

1752-443: Is not always so, and a fast moving object or a longer exposure time may result in blurring artifacts which make this apparent. As objects in a scene move, an image of that scene must represent an integration of all positions of those objects, as well as the camera's viewpoint, over the period of exposure determined by the shutter speed . In such an image, any object moving with respect to the camera will look blurred or smeared along

1825-401: Is not an issue for Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera systems, because the sensor output to the screen or electronic viewfinder is stabilized. The sensor capturing the image can be moved in such a way as to counteract the motion of the camera, a technology often referred to as mechanical image stabilization. When the camera rotates, causing angular error, gyroscopes encode information to

1898-498: Is often the case for fast primes and wide-angle lenses. However, the fastest lens with image stabilisation is the Nocticron with a speed of f ‍ /1.2. While the most obvious advantage for image stabilization lies with longer focal lengths, even normal and wide-angle lenses benefit from it in low-light applications. Lens-based stabilization also has advantages over in-body stabilization. In low-light or low-contrast situations,

1971-436: Is rather simpler than conversion of continuous or analog information to digital. Instead of sampling and quantization as in analog-to-digital conversion , such techniques as polling and encoding are used. A symbol input device usually consists of a group of switches that are polled at regular intervals to see which switches are switched. Data will be lost if, within a single polling interval, two switches are pressed, or

2044-581: Is represented by a value from a continuous range of real numbers . Analog data is transmitted by an analog signal , which not only takes on continuous values but can vary continuously with time, a continuous real-valued function of time. An example is the air pressure variation in a sound wave . The word digital comes from the same source as the words digit and digitus (the Latin word for finger ), as fingers are often used for counting. Mathematician George Stibitz of Bell Telephone Laboratories used

2117-467: Is that the camera can automatically correct for tilted horizons in the optical domain, provided it is equipped with an electronic spirit level, such as the Pentax K-7/K-5 cameras. One of the primary disadvantages of moving the image sensor itself is that the image projected to the viewfinder is not stabilized. Similarly, the image projected to a phase-detection autofocus system that is not part of

2190-455: Is used in some video cameras. This technique shifts the cropped area read out from the image sensor for each frame to counteract the motion. This requires the resolution of the image sensor to exceed the resolution of the recorded video, and it slightly reduces the field of view because the area on the image sensor outside the visible frame acts as a buffer against hand movements. This technique reduces distracting vibrations from videos by smoothing

2263-416: Is useful when using a panning technique. Some such lenses activate it automatically; others use a switch on the lens. To compensate for camera shake in shooting video while walking, Panasonic introduced Power Hybrid OIS+ with five-axis correction: axis rotation, horizontal rotation, vertical rotation, and horizontal and vertical motion. Some Nikon VR-enabled lenses offer an "active" mode for shooting from

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2336-579: The Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5 , Panasonic, who formerly only equipped lens-based stabilization in its interchangeable lens camera system (of the Micro Four Thirds standard), introduced sensor-shift stabilization that works in concert with the existing lens-based system ("Dual IS"). In the meantime (2016), Olympus also offered two lenses with image stabilization that can be synchronized with the in-built image stabilization system of

2409-472: The Sony α line and Shake Reduction (SR) in the Pentax K-series and Q series cameras, which relies on a very precise angular rate sensor to detect camera motion. Olympus introduced image stabilization with their E-510 D-SLR body, employing a system built around their Supersonic Wave Drive. Other manufacturers use digital signal processors (DSP) to analyze the image on the fly and then move

2482-407: The inner ear functions as the biological analogue of an accelerometer in camera image stabilization systems, to stabilize the image by moving the eyes . When a rotation of the head is detected, an inhibitory signal is sent to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes. Typically eye movements lag

2555-403: The 2-to-4.5-stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image taken at 1 ⁄ 125 second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at 1 ⁄ 15 or 1 ⁄ 8 second with an IS-equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed can increase dramatically. When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take into account

2628-474: The O-GPS1 GPS accessory for position data, can use their sensor-shift capability to reduce the resulting star trails . Stabilization can be applied in the lens, or in the camera body. Each method has distinctive advantages and disadvantages. An optical image stabilizer ( OIS , IS , or OS ) is a mechanism used in still or video cameras that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the optical path to

2701-662: The ability to analyze images both before and after a particular frame. Used in astronomy, an orthogonal transfer CCD (OTCCD) actually shifts the image within the CCD itself while the image is being captured, based on analysis of the apparent motion of bright stars. This is a rare example of digital stabilization for still pictures. An example of this is in the upcoming gigapixel telescope Pan-STARRS being constructed in Hawaii. A technique that requires no additional capabilities of any camera body–lens combination consists of stabilizing

2774-399: The actuator that moves the sensor. The sensor is moved to maintain the projection of the image onto the image plane, which is a function of the focal length of the lens being used. Modern cameras can automatically acquire focal length information from modern lenses made for that camera. Minolta and Konica Minolta used a technique called Anti-Shake (AS) now marketed as SteadyShot (SS) in

2847-402: The added advantage of working with all lenses. Optical image stabilization prolongs the shutter speed possible for handheld photography by reducing the likelihood of blurring the image from shake during the same exposure time. For handheld video recording , regardless of lighting conditions, optical image stabilization compensates for minor shakes whose appearance magnifies when watched on

2920-434: The autofocus system (which has no stabilized sensors) is able to work more accurately when the image coming from the lens is already stabilized. In cameras with optical viewfinders, the image seen by the photographer through the stabilized lens (as opposed to in-body stabilization) reveals more detail because of its stability, and it also makes correct framing easier. This is especially the case with longer telephoto lenses. This

2993-536: The camera can stabilize older lenses, and lenses from other makers. This isn't viable with zoom lenses, because their focal length is variable. Some adapters communicate focal length information from the maker of one lens to the body of another maker. Some lenses that do not report their focal length can be retrofitted with a chip which reports a pre-programmed focal-length to the camera body. Sometimes, none of these techniques work, and image-stabilization cannot be used with such lenses. In-body image stabilization requires

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3066-452: The camera to take advantage of the improvements, which is typically far less expensive than replacing all existing lenses if relying on lens-based image stabilization. Some sensor-based image stabilization implementations are capable of correcting camera roll rotation, a motion that is easily excited by pressing the shutter button. No lens-based system can address this potential source of image blur. A by-product of available "roll" compensation

3139-440: The camera up/down or left/right by a fraction of a millimeter becomes noticeable if you are trying to resolve millimeter-size details on the object. Linear accelerometers in the camera, coupled with information such as the lens focal length and focused distance, can feed a secondary correction into the drive that moves the sensor or optics, to compensate for linear as well as rotational shake. In many animals, including human beings,

3212-474: The direction of relative motion. This smearing may occur on an object that is moving or on a static background if the camera is moving. In a film or television image, this looks natural because the human eye behaves in much the same way. Because the effect is caused by the relative motion between the camera, and the objects and scene, motion blur may be manipulated by panning the camera to track those moving objects. In this case, even with long exposure times,

3285-456: The entire camera body externally rather than using an internal method. This is achieved by attaching a gyroscope to the camera body, usually using the camera's built-in tripod mount. This lets the external gyro (gimbal) stabilize the camera, and is typically used in photography from a moving vehicle, when a lens or camera offering another type of image stabilization is not available. A common way to stabilize moving cameras after approx. year 2015

3358-438: The filter either crops the image down to hide the motion of the frame or attempts to recreate the lost image at the edge through spatial or temporal extrapolation . Online services, including YouTube , are also beginning to provide ' video stabilization as a post-processing step after content is uploaded. This has the disadvantage of not having access to the realtime gyroscopic data, but the advantage of more computing power and

3431-414: The head movements by less than 10 ms. Motion blur When a camera creates an image, that image does not represent a single instant of time. Because of technological constraints or artistic requirements, the image may represent the scene over a period of time. Most often this exposure time is brief enough that the image captured by the camera appears to capture an instantaneous moment, but this

3504-412: The image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an image sensor that is 2 ⁄ 3 , 5 ⁄ 8 , or 1 ⁄ 2 the size of a 35 mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the crop factor , field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On

3577-402: The image sensor, if used, is not stabilized. This is not an issue on cameras that use an electronic viewfinder (EVF), since the image projected on that viewfinder is taken from the image sensor itself. Some, but not all, camera-bodies capable of in-body stabilization can be pre-set manually to a given focal length. Their stabilization system corrects as if that focal length lens is attached, so

3650-416: The image sensors of Olympus' Micro Four Thirds cameras ("Sync IS"). With this technology a gain of 6.5 f -stops can be achieved without blurred images. This is limited by the rotational movement of the surface of the Earth, that fools the accelerometers of the camera. Therefore, depending on the angle of view, the maximum exposure time should not exceed 1 ⁄ 3 second for long telephoto shots (with

3723-408: The intersections of x and y lines. When a switch is pressed, it connects the corresponding x and y lines together. Polling (often called scanning in this case) is done by activating each x line in sequence and detecting which y lines then have a signal , thus which keys are pressed. When the keyboard processor detects that a key has changed state, it sends a signal to the CPU indicating the scan code of

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3796-406: The key and its new state. The symbol is then encoded or converted into a number based on the status of modifier keys and the desired character encoding . A custom encoding can be used for a specific application with no loss of data. However, using a standard encoding such as ASCII is problematic if a symbol such as 'ß' needs to be converted but is not in the standard. It is estimated that in

3869-407: The lens to have a larger output image circle because the sensor is moved during exposure and thus uses a larger part of the image. Compared to lens movements in optical image stabilization systems the sensor movements are quite large, so the effectiveness is limited by the maximum range of sensor movement, where a typical modern optically-stabilized lens has greater freedom. Both the speed and range of

3942-515: The models during the exposure to create a less staggered effect. In 2D computer graphics , motion blur is an artistic filter that converts the digital image / bitmap / raster image in order to simulate the effect. Many graphical software products (e.g. Adobe Photoshop or GIMP ) offer simple motion blur filters. However, for advanced motion blur filtering including curves or non-uniform speed adjustment, specialized software products (e.g. VirtualRig Studio ) are necessary. When an animal's eye

4015-518: The more recent higher end R3 , R5 , R6 (and its MkII version) and the APS-C R7 . However, the full frame R8 and APS-C R10 do not have IBIS. All of Nikon's full-frame Z-mount bodies—the Z 6 , Z 7 , the Mark II versions of both, the Z 8 and Z 9 , have IBIS. However, its APS-C Z 50 lacks IBIS. Real-time digital image stabilization , also called electronic image stabilization (EIS),

4088-433: The moving objects will appear sharper while the background will become more blurred, with the resulting image conveying a sense of movement and speed. In computer animation this effect must be simulated as a virtual camera actually does capture a discrete moment in time. This simulated motion blur is typically applied when either the camera or objects in the scene move rapidly. Without this simulated effect each frame shows

4161-463: The next 30 to 40 milliseconds. Although this gives sharper slow motion replays, it can look strange at normal speeds because the eye expects to see motion blurring and is not provided with blurred images. Conversely, extra motion blur can unavoidably occur on displays when it is not desired. This occurs with some video displays (especially LCD ) that exhibits motion blur during fast motion. This can lead to more perceived motion blurring above and beyond

4234-415: The object at the end of the path, or they may choose to render the ends of each frame, in which case they will miss the starting point of the trip. Most computer animations systems make the classic "fence-post error" in the way they handle time, confusing the periods of time of an animation with the instantaneous moments that delimit them. Thus most computer animation systems will incorrectly place an object on

4307-403: The path length. If the shutter speed is shortened to less than the duration of a frame, and it may be so shortened as to approach zero time in duration, then the computer animator must choose which portion of the quarter paths (in our 4 frame example) they wish to feature as "open shutter" times. They may choose to render the beginnings of each frame, in which case they will never see the arrival of

4380-471: The preexisting motion blur in the video material. See display motion blur . Sometimes, motion blur can be removed from images with the help of deconvolution . In video games the use or not of motion blur is somewhat controversial. Some players claim that the blur actually makes the game worse, as it does blur images, making it more difficult to recognize objects (especially so in fast-paced moments). This does become more noticeable (and more problematic) with

4453-424: The recent Need for Speed titles, Unreal Tournament III , The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask , among many others. There are two main methods used in video games to achieve motion blur: cheaper full-screen effects, which typically only take camera movement (and sometimes how fast the camera is moving in 3-D Space to create a radial blur) into mind, and more "selective" or "per-object" motion blur, which typically uses

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4526-401: The renderer has more time to draw each frame. Temporal anti-aliasing produces frames as a composite of many instants. Frames are not points in time, they are periods of time. If an object makes a trip at a linear speed along a path from 0% to 100% in four time periods, and if those time periods are considered frames, then the object would exhibit motion blur streaks in each frame that are 25% of

4599-408: The required sensor movement increase with the focal length of the lens being used, making sensor-shift technology less suited for very long telephoto lenses, especially when using slower shutter speeds, because the available motion range of the sensor quickly becomes insufficient to cope with the increasing image displacement. In September 2023, Nikon has announced the release of Nikon Z f , which has

4672-452: The same degrees of freedom . In this case, only the independent compensation degrees of the in-built image sensor stabilization are activated to support lens stabilisation. Canon and Nikon now have full-frame mirrorless bodies that have IBIS and also support each company's lens-based stabilization. Canon's first two such bodies, the EOS R and RP , do not have IBIS, but the feature was added for

4745-403: The scene. In televised sports , where conventional cameras expose pictures 25 or 30 times per second, motion blur can be inconvenient because it obscures the exact position of a projectile or athlete in slow motion . For this reason special cameras are often used which eliminate motion blurring by taking rapid exposures on the order of 1 millisecond, and then transmitting them over the course of

4818-501: The sensor appropriately. Sensor shifting is also used in some cameras by Fujifilm, Samsung, Casio Exilim and Ricoh Caplio. The advantage with moving the image sensor , instead of the lens, is that the image can be stabilized even on lenses made without stabilization. This may allow the stabilization to work with many otherwise-unstabilized lenses, and reduces the weight and complexity of the lenses. Further, when sensor-based image stabilization technology improves, it requires replacing only

4891-451: The sensor. This technology is implemented in the lens itself, as distinct from in-body image stabilization ( IBIS ), which operates by moving the sensor as the final element in the optical path. The key element of all optical stabilization systems is that they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image into digital information. IBIS can have up to 5 axis of movement: X, Y, Roll, Yaw, and Pitch. IBIS has

4964-428: The sharpest sub-exposures and adding them together, and using the gyroscope to detect the best time to take each frame. Many video non-linear editing systems use stabilization filters that can correct a non-stabilized image by tracking the movement of pixels in the image and correcting the image by moving the frame. The process is similar to digital image stabilization but since there is no larger image to work with

5037-408: The slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the reciprocal of the 35 mm equivalent focal length of the lens, also known as the "1/mm rule". For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed is slower than 1 ⁄ 125 second. As a result of

5110-459: The transition from one frame to another. This technique can not do anything about existing motion blur, which may result in an image seemingly losing focus as motion is compensated due to movement during the exposure times of individual frames. This effect is more visible in darker sceneries due to prolonged exposure times per frame. Some still camera manufacturers marketed their cameras as having digital image stabilization when they really only had

5183-435: The word digital in reference to the fast electric pulses emitted by a device designed to aim and fire anti-aircraft guns in 1942. The term is most commonly used in computing and electronics , especially where real-world information is converted to binary numeric form as in digital audio and digital photography . Since symbols (for example, alphanumeric characters ) are not continuous, representing symbols digitally

5256-547: The world’s first Focus-Point VR technology that centers the axis of sensor shift image stabilization at the autofocus point, rather than at the center of the sensor like the conventional sensor shift image stabilization system. This allows for vibration reduction at the focused point rather than just in the center of the image. Starting with the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 , announced in July 2015, and subsequently in

5329-470: The year 1986, less than 1% of the world's technological capacity to store information was digital and in 2007 it was already 94%. The year 2002 is assumed to be the year when humankind was able to store more information in digital than in analog format (the "beginning of the digital age "). Digital data come in these three states: data at rest , data in transit , and data in use . The confidentiality, integrity, and availability have to be managed during

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