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120-459: The opera is a line-by-line setting of the German translation of Sophocles' play by Friedrich Hölderlin . However, Orff did not treat Hölderlin's translation of the play as a traditional opera libretto, but rather as the basis for a "musical transformation" of the tragic language of the drama of Ancient Greece. Sophocles 's play was written in 442 BC, and Hölderlin's 1804 translation copies faithfully

240-552: A DVD version recorded by Don Kent. For Le Chant du Monde , he harmonized several French folk songs recorded under Désormière's direction: La femme du marin (CdM 513, May 1938) and Les trois princesses au pommier doux (CdM 520, October 1938) and two of his works were recorded, again by Désormière: Jeunesse recorded by the Chorale de la jeunesse, with an orchestra directed by Roger Désormière (CdM 501, fév 1938) and Petite suite en trois parties . Things were not all good during

360-458: A Swiss citizen, was not exactly " épuré " (tried). Although he was not officially reproached for anything, it so happened that his works disappeared from concert programmes. From January 1945 (and until April 1946), Honegger began work on his third symphony, called Symphonie liturgique , dedicated to Münch, who conducted its premiere in Zurich in 1946. The three movements take their titles from

480-503: A car accident, and the last year of Honegger's life, when he was not well enough to live alone. They had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. In 1928 Honegger composed a new symphonic movement called "Rugby," inspired by the sport. The music reflects "the attacks and counter-attacks of the game, the rhythm and colour of a match at the Colombe stadium", according to the composer himself. La Tempête , incidental music for Shakespeare's play,

600-671: A childhood marked by bereavement. His mother intended for him to enter the Lutheran ministry, and he attended the Tübinger Stift , where he was friends with Hegel and Schelling. He graduated in 1793 but could not devote himself to the Christian faith, instead becoming a tutor. Two years later, he briefly attended the University of Jena , where he interacted with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Novalis , before resuming his career as

720-600: A composer in a letter to his parents dated 28 April 1915. He then praised his teacher Gédalge and his Traité de la fugue (1904), "the most complete work ever written on the subject". Gédalge taught his pupils the craft while respecting their ideas and personalities, he went on, and added that while some teachers trained their pupils well to succeed in competitions, "the most advanced musicians in terms of modern spirit were Gédalge's pupils". Among his notable early works are his Six Poèmes d'Apollinaire (poems from Alcools ), premiered in 1916 and 1918 ; 'Hommage à Ravel' from

840-467: A composer who is interested in creating pitch organizations had never been a central concern. The idea of a differentiated cooperation based on the division of musical functions, which has distinguished the orchestra of Western art music that has grown organically over the centuries, appears in the orchestra of Orff's operas on Hölderlin ’s translations from Sophokles transposed on instrument constellations that were previously unknown to European art music. In

960-572: A crisper, more concise manner in epigrams and couplets, and in short poems like the famous "Hälfte des Lebens" ("The Middle of Life"). In the years after his return from Bordeaux, he completed some of his greatest poems but also, once they were finished, returned to them repeatedly, creating new and stranger versions sometimes in several layers on the same manuscript, which makes the editing of his works troublesome. Some of these later versions (and some later poems) are fragmentary, but they have astonishing intensity. He seems sometimes also to have considered

1080-477: A decade prior) and Schelling, who had long since ignored him; the Zimmer family were his only mourners. His inheritance, including the patrimony left to him by his father when he was two, had been kept from him by his mother and was untouched and continually accruing interest. He died a rich man, but did not know it. The poetry of Hölderlin, widely recognized today as one of the highest points of German literature ,

1200-453: A few exceptions. On a new commission from Ida Rubinstein he wrote a "dramatic oratorio ", Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher , to a libretto by Paul Claudel , premiered by Paul Sacher in Basel in 1938. It is thought of as one of his finest works, blending spoken word, music, and choral elements to tell the story of Joan of Arc . It remains one of his most frequently performed compositions. There is

1320-409: A few very short works for six trombone players and percussions, Sodome et Gomorre , for Giraudoux's play Sodom and Gomorrah . The premiere recording of his Cello Concerto (composed in 1929 and premiered in 1930) was also made in 1943 by dedicatee and premiere performer Maurice Maréchal under the composer's baton. Moreover, Honegger composed a score for the film Mermoz based on the life of

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1440-474: A fresh, French style of composition. Honegger was far from blending in with the group as his style was somewhat more serious ("I don't have a cult for street fairs or the music-hall", he wrote in a letter to Paul Landormy ) and complex. Nevertheless, this association was important in establishing his reputation in the Parisian music scene. Honegger collaborated with the other members of Les Six only in 1920 (with

1560-494: A good CD recording of it in 2016. With the same composer (Ibert) Honegger wrote the operetta Les Petites Cardinal , in the same vein as Le Roi Pausole (Bouffes-Parisiens, 1938). He also wrote a very short piano piece with an original title in English, Scenic Railway in 1937, premiered in 1938. It was his contribution to a collaborative work, Parc d'Attractions – Expo. 1937: Hommage à Marguerite Long . He remained active in

1680-529: A great influence, said: "Hölderlin is one of our greatest, that is, most impending thinkers because he is our greatest poet." Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin was born on 20 March 1770 in Lauffen am Neckar , then a part of the Duchy of Württemberg . He was the first child of Johanna Christiana Heyn (1748—1828) and Heinrich Friedrich Hölderlin (1736—1772). His father, the manager of a church estate, died when he

1800-570: A language that is rougher and less spare than the following ones, despite a perfectly mastered form, at the crossroads of youth and maturity". Mouvement symphonique No 3 (composed in 1932–1933) was premiered in March 1933 by those who commissioned it: Wilhelm Furtwängler and the Berlin Philharmonic . G. K. Spratt thought it was his best symphonic piece so far. From 1925 onwards ( L'Impératrice aux rochers with very Fauréan passages),

1920-500: A letter to Schiller regarding Don Carlos , stating: "It won't be easy to study Carlos in a rational way, since he was for so many years the magic cloud in which the good god of my youth enveloped me so that I would not see too soon the pettiness and barbarity of the world." In October 1788, Hölderlin began his theological studies at the Tübinger Stift , where his fellow students included Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Isaac von Sinclair and Schelling. It has been speculated that it

2040-859: A line from 'Le Lac', a famous poem by Lamartine) for voice and piano; and, in December, the last of the Quatre Chansons pour voix grave (which became the first). By August 1945 Honegger was back at the Paris Opéra, with L'Appel de la Montagne , "a ballet that is both folkloric and fairytale-like, set in the pre-Romantic era and in the setting of the Bernese Alps" to a libretto by Robert Favre Le Bret  [ fr ] . The music used popular Swiss and Scottish themes. It featured Yvette Chauviré and Serge Peretti  [ fr ] , dancer and choreographer. The press widely echoed it, and

2160-682: A member of the literary Circle led by the German Symbolist poet Stefan George , publish the first two volumes of what eventually became a six-volume edition of Hölderlin's poems, prose and letters (the "Berlin Edition", Berliner Ausgabe ). For the first time, Hölderlin's hymnic drafts and fragments were published and it became possible to gain some overview of his work in the years between 1800 and 1807, which had been only sparsely covered in earlier editions. The Berlin edition and von Hellingrath's advocacy led to Hölderlin posthumously receiving

2280-555: A minor tourist attraction and was visited by curious travelers and autograph-hunters. Often he would play the piano or spontaneously write short verses for such visitors, pure in versification but almost empty of affect—although a few of these (such as the famous Die Linien des Lebens ("The Lines of Life"), which he wrote out for his carer Zimmer on a piece of wood) have a piercing beauty and have been set to music by many composers. Hölderlin's own family did not financially support him but petitioned successfully for his upkeep to be paid by

2400-421: A new—and greatly influential—model of poetic translation. Der Rhein and Patmos , two of the longest and most densely charged of his hymns, appeared in a poetic calendar in 1808. Wilhelm Waiblinger , who visited Hölderlin in his tower repeatedly in 1822–23 and depicted him in the protagonist of his novel Phaëthon , stated the necessity of issuing an edition of his poems, and the first collection of his poetry

2520-549: A scandal comparable in every way to those of The Rite of Spring or of Parade " ); Le Chant de Nigamon (1918, public premiere by the Orchestre Pasdeloup in 1920: his first symphonic piece, inspired by Gustave Aimard 's adventure novel Le Souriquet with Native American themes (thanks to Julien Tiersot 's Notes d'ethnographie musicale ); his first String Quartet, "the composer's first fully accomplished masterpiece" (Halbreich 1992, p. 311) premiered in 1919 by

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2640-557: A seminal manuscript, dated 1797, now known as the Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus (" The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism "). Although the document is in Hegel's handwriting, it is thought to have been written by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person. As a tutor in Frankfurt am Main from 1796 to 1798, he fell in love with Susette Gontard ,

2760-472: A short 'Sarabande' for L'Album des Six ), and 1921 (with a 'Marche funèbre' for Les mariés de la tour Eiffel , and finally in 1952 (with a 'Toccata' for La Guirlande de Campra ). Honegger's Sonata for cello and piano H. 32 composed in 1920 was premiered in 1921 by Diran Alexanian et Andrée Varabourg : it « should be part of every cellist's repertoire » (Halbreich 1992, p. 330). He also wrote Danse de la chèvre (1921), which has become

2880-723: A short piece which was to become one of this most often recorded works: Pacific 2.3.1 , for the Concerts Koussevitzky at the Opéra de Paris in May 1924– although Serge Koussevitzky was already music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra . The music captures the interest of the casual music lover as it mimics the sounds and motion of a steam locomotive – Honegger said "I have always loved locomotives passionately. For me they are living creatures…" but for

3000-422: A sinecure for him as court librarian, but in 1805 von Sinclair was denounced as a conspirator and tried for treason. Hölderlin was in danger of being tried too but was declared mentally unfit to stand trial. On 11 September 1806, he was delivered into the clinic at Tübingen run by Dr. Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von Autenrieth , the inventor of a mask for the prevention of screaming in the mentally ill. The clinic

3120-577: A small allowance from his mother. His mandated separation from Susette Gontard also worsened Hölderlin's doubts about himself and his value as a poet; he wished to transform German culture but did not have the influence he needed. From 1797 to 1800, he produced three versions—all unfinished—of a tragedy in the Greek manner, The Death of Empedocles , and composed odes in the vein of the Ancient Greeks Alcaeus and Asclepiades of Samos . In

3240-662: A staple in the flute repertoire. The work is dedicated to René Le Roy and written for solo flute. Loie Fuller danced on three of the dances of Le Dit des Jeux du monde early in 1921. Also in 1921 Ernest Ansermet conducted the avant-garde music of the ballet-pantomime Horace victorieux in Lausanne (in a concert version). It evokes the fight of the Horatii and Curiatii and concludes with Camilla's death. Still in 1921, René Morax commissioned Honegger to write Le Roi David : he completed his score in two months, and on 11 June

3360-664: A string. Carl Orff also gave extensive performance directions that should be taken into account at performances. For instance, some of the 12 pianists switch to other pianos at several sections. In another place, the entire trumpet section is required to perform some passages backstage before returning to the orchestra. Friedrich H%C3%B6lderlin Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin ( UK : / ˈ h ɜː l d ər l iː n / , US : / ˈ h ʌ l -/ ; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhœldɐliːn] ; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843)

3480-625: A suite drawn from his score) and partly by Honegger (His O Salutaris for voice, piano and organ or just organ (premiered in 1943) is derived from this work). The Quartet n° 3 , "unquestionably the pinnacle of his chamber music " for Jacques Tchamkerten  [ fr ] was also composed in 1936–37 ; it was premiered in October 1937 by the Pro Arte Quartet . It had been commissioned by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge . After this work, Honegger stopped writing chamber music, with only

3600-576: A text by Arshag Chobanian, was not composed until December 1945. Then there was the composition of the 'Prologue' to Jeanne au bûcher – the work with its prologue was premiered only in February 1946, in Brussels. The other musical event of the year was, in March, the completion of the recording of Symphonie n°2 by his friend Charles Münch ; the first part of the recording had taken place in October 1942. Two more significant events took place: firstly,

3720-545: A text by René Bizet (1887–1947) inspired (loosely) by John Keats' sonnet 'To Solitude', expressed Honegger's great pessimism : it was a warning against "everything that contributes to the loss of the soul and the death of the individual" including pollution, noise, mass culture, etc. The Symphony No. 1 composed in 1929–30, was premiered in Boston and then in Paris in 1931. It is described by Harry Halbreich as "written in

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3840-638: A tutor. He struggled to establish himself as a poet, and was plagued by mental illness. He was sent to a clinic in 1806 but deemed incurable and instead given lodging by a carpenter, Ernst Zimmer. He spent the final 36 years of his life in Zimmer's residence, and died in 1843 at the age of 73. Hölderlin followed the tradition of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller as an admirer of Greek mythology and Ancient Greek poets such as Pindar and Sophocles , and melded Christian and Hellenic themes in his works. Martin Heidegger , upon whom Hölderlin had

3960-590: A view across the Neckar river. The tower would later be named the Hölderlinturm , after the poet's 36-year-long stay in the room. His residence in the building made up the second half of his life and is also referred to as the Turmzeit (or "Tower period"). In the tower, Hölderlin continued to write poetry of a simplicity and formality quite unlike what he had been writing up to 1805. As time went on he became

4080-826: Is based on four of these poems, while more are set in her Überzeugung for choir (2001) and Die Aussicht for soprano and four instruments (1996). In 2003, Graham Waterhouse composed a song cycle , Sechs späteste Lieder , for voice and cello based on six of Hölderlin's late poems. Lucien Posman based a concerto-cantate for clarinet, choir, piano & percussion on 3 Hölderlin poems (Teil 1. Die Eichbäume , Teil 2. Mein Eigentum , Teil 3. Da ich ein Knabe war ) (2015). He also set An die Parzen to music for choir & piano (2012) and Hälfte des Lebens for choir. Several works by Georg Friedrich Haas take their titles or text from Hölderlin's writing, including Hyperion , Nacht , and

4200-792: Is dated 1784 and addressed to his former tutor Nathanael Köstlin. In the letter, Hölderlin hinted at his wavering faith in Christianity and anxiety about his mental state. Hölderlin progressed to the Higher Monastery at Maulbronn in 1786. There he fell in love with Luise Nast, the daughter of the monastery's administrator, and began to doubt his desire to join the ministry; he composed Mein Vorsatz in 1787, in which he states his intention to attain " Pindar 's light" and reach "Klopstock-heights". In 1788, he read Schiller's Don Carlos on Luise Nast's recommendation. Hölderlin later wrote

4320-533: Is dedicated to "Vaura" : Andrée Vaurabourg . In 1926, he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire , on the condition that they live in separate apartments because he required solitude for composing. Andrée lived with her mother, and Honegger visited them for lunch every day. They lived apart for the duration of their marriage, with the exception of one year from 1935 to 1936 following Vaurabourg's injury in

4440-405: Is informed of Haemon's and Antigonae's death she, too, takes her own life. At the end of the play, and the opera, Kreon is the only principal left alive. Orff's musical setting of Friedrich Hölderlin's Sophocles translation from 1804 created a novel form of musical theatre in which the poetic text itself becomes musicalized through the declamation of the singing voices. An extraordinary reduction of

4560-462: Is on a genuine belief in the divine—creates a deeply personal fusion of Greek mythic figures and romantic mysticism about nature, which can appear both strange and enticing, his shorter and sometimes more fragmentary poems have exerted wide influence too on later German poets, from Georg Trakl onwards. He also had an influence on the poetry of Hermann Hesse and Paul Celan . (Celan wrote a poem about Hölderlin, called "Tübingen, January" which ends with

4680-476: Is therefore important that this country [France], made so rich by its past achievements, should dare to proclaim that the new Europe and a Franco-German entente, which is its keystone, can only arise from agreements freely entered into by their pacified populations." During World War II, Honegger, although he was Swiss, chose to remain in Paris, which was under Nazi occupation from 14 June 1940 to 24 August 1944. Honegger initially fled south, but returned to Paris at

4800-692: The Cantate de Noël . In May 1942, Paul Sacher conducted the premiere of the Second Symphony in Zurich. In June 1942, a whole series of concerts took place to celebrate the composer's fiftieth birthday. Of particular note was the concert at which Charles Münch conducted the French premiere of the Second Symphony , followed by Joan of Arc at the stake . In October, he wrote the score requested by resistance fighter Pierre Blanchar for his film Secrets . He collaborated again with Blanchar, when he wrote

4920-607: The Front National des Musiciens , a resistance organisation founded within the Communist Party: he later considered that he had been co-opted because he wrote in Comœdia , to defend French music. 1941 saw the premiere of Trois poèmes de Claudel (written in 1939–1940) by Pierre Bernac and Poulenc, "the pinnacle of the composer's entire melodic oeuvre" (H358)"; the composition of Petit cours de morale on extracts from

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5040-807: The Greek gods were not the plaster figures of conventional classicism, but wonderfully life-giving actual presences, yet at the same time terrifying. Much later, Friedrich Nietzsche would recognize Hölderlin as the poet who first acknowledged the Orphic and Dionysian Greece of the mysteries , which he would fuse with the Pietism of his native Swabia in a highly original religious experience. Hölderlin developed an early idea of cyclical history and therefore believed political radicalism and an aesthetic interest in antiquity , and, in parallel, Christianity and Paganism should be fused. He understood and sympathised with

5160-798: The Trois pièces pour piano (1915); Quatre Poèmes H. 7 (1914–1916); Trois Poèmes de Paul Fort (1916) ; his very Debussian Prélude pour Aglavaine et Sélysette (inspired by Maurice Maeterlinck 's play : the prelude was premiered at the orchestral class in 1917, with a public premiere in 1920); Le Dit des Jeux du monde , commissioned in April 1918 by the Belgian poet Paul Méral  [ fr ] , premiered by Walther Straram at Jane Bathori 's Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier , in December 1918 (Composed of thirteen short pieces that at times evoke Schönberg , this work dedicated to Fernand Ochsé , " caused

5280-549: The Zurich Conservatory being taught by Lothar Kempter and Friedrich Hegar . In 1911, he enrolled in the Paris Conservatoire from 1911 to 1918 (except for a brief period during the winter of 1914–1915, when he was mobilised in Switzerland), studying with Charles-Marie Widor , Lucien Capet , André Gédalge and Vincent d'Indy . Gédalge encouraged him to compose and Honegger announced his decision to become

5400-408: The 'dramatic psalm' (written as incidental music) was triumphantly received. On 13 March 1924, Honegger shot to fame when the French version re-orchestrated for large orchestra of Le Roi David was performed in Paris under the baton of Robert Siohan . It is still in the choral repertoire. "Making Le Roi David into an oratorio [or a 'psaume symphonique'] is one of the key events in the musical life of

5520-520: The 1930s: in 1932, Honegger published "Pour prendre congé", an article in which he complained that his music was not understood, he felt he was on a dead end. When Hitler came to power, Honegger's works were banned (in Germany and later in the countries that were annexed). In 1934, Vaura was seriously injured a car accident – Honegger escaped without serious injury. Above all, the political climate in Europe

5640-601: The Bold ), which premiered at the Théâtre du Jorat in May. He composed the 3rd and 4th songs of Quatre chansons pour voix grave . Songs n°2 (text by William Aguet  [ fr ] ), n°3 (on Paul Verlaine 's 'Un grand sommeil noir') and n°4 (on Pierre de Ronsard 's 'La terre les eaux va buvant') were premiered in May 1944 by Ginette Guillamat (1911–1999) and Pierre Sancan , at the Salle du Conservatoire. The first song, based on

5760-595: The Conservatoire exams (but good enough to have been recorded): he was a member of the boards of examiners of the Conservatoire and the École Normale de Musique de Paris – although he started teaching (at the ENM) only in 1946; a short piece for cello solo, Paduana in July, a "truly superb piece" for Halbreich"; he also set to music a poem by painter Henri Martin (1860–1943), Ô temps, suspends ton vol (the title echoes

5880-594: The French city is celebrated in Andenken ("Remembrance"), one of his greatest poems. In a few months, however, he returned home on foot via Paris (where he saw authentic Greek sculptures, as opposed to Roman or modern copies, for the only time in his life). He arrived at his home in Nürtingen both physically and mentally exhausted in late 1802, and learned that Gontard had died from influenza in Frankfurt at around

6000-688: The Fédération musicale populaire) in France. Honegger took a clear stand against the Nazi regime in the June 1939 issue of the magazine Clarté : "He who creates cannot reconcile his dignity as an artist with the enslavement that fascism imposes". In 1931 Honegger, like many musicians and intellectuals, had already expressed his support for the manifesto for peace published in Notre temps which concluded with: "It

6120-435: The Greek idea of the tragic fall , which he expressed movingly in the last stanza of his "Hyperions Schicksalslied" ("Hyperion's Song of Destiny"). In the great poems of his maturity, Hölderlin would generally adopt a large-scale, expansive and unrhymed style. Together with these long hymns, odes and elegies—which included "Der Archipelagus" ("The Archipelago"), "Brod und Wein" ("Bread and Wine") and "Patmos"—he also cultivated

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6240-481: The Lutheran church. In preparation for entrance exams into a monastery, he received additional instruction in Greek , Hebrew , Latin and rhetoric , starting in 1782. During this time, he struck a friendship with Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling , who was five years Hölderlin's junior. On account of the age difference, Schelling was "subjected to universal teasing" and Hölderlin protected him from abuse by older students. Also during this time, Hölderlin began playing

6360-560: The Munich agreements – which stirred the composer's pacifist feelings. "Honegger excelled in these large-scale frescoes that require a powerful breath. Rising very high, while retaining the popular character that befits them, he knew how to put into them as much poetry as familiar grandeur," wrote the critic of Le Monde . The composition of the Sonata for solo violin premiered later by Christian Ferras (1953 Decca recording on YouTube) dates from

6480-537: The Quatuor Capelle; music for Vérité ? Mensonge ? , a ballet by André Hellé : four out of the ten tableaux were premiered at the Salon d'automne , on 25 November 1920, with Yvonne Daunt ; and in 1920–1921 Pastorale d'été premiered by Vladimir Golschmann . While at the conservatoire, Honegger befriended Jacques Ibert , then Milhaud , and then met Germaine Tailleferre and later Georges Auric

6600-665: The Stift. Along with Hegel and Schelling and his other peers during his time in the Stift, Hölderlin was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution . Although he rejected the violence of the Reign of Terror , his commitment to the principles of 1789 remained intense. Hölderlin's republican sympathies influenced many of his most famous works such as Hyperion and The Death of Empedocles . After he obtained his magister degree in 1793, his mother expected him to enter

6720-542: The Third Reich to attend the celebrations in Vienna for the 150th anniversary of Mozart's death, but it was on this occasion that he brought out of France the score of his second symphony (written in 1941–1942), which had been commissioned by the patron and yet conductor Paul Sacher , and which was premiered in Zurich in 1942 under Sacher's direction. The Symphony No. 2 is a work for strings and trumpet, and it reflects

6840-589: The aviator Jean Mermoz (mai 1943), and extracted two orchestral suites, "one of the most beautiful scores Honegger ever wrote for the cinema". He also composed for Abel Gance's Le Capitaine Fracasse just before Gance had to flee to Spain in August 1943. The piano score was recorded by Jean-Francois Antonioli but the full orchestra score seems to be lost. He also wrote a score for Callisto, la petite nymphe de Diane , an animated cartoon by André Édouard Marty , in collaboration with Roland-Manuel . Finally, he wrote

6960-441: The choreographer published his manifesto La Danse et la Musique ( Revue Musicale , March 1938) in which he claimed the pre-eminence of dancers and choreographers in the conception of ballets. L'Aiglon , drame lyrique (on a libretto by Henri Cain based on Edmond Rostand 's 1900 play, L'Aiglon "), about the life of Napoleon II , was written in collaboration avec Jacques Ibert in 1936 and premiered in 1937. Kent Nagano released

7080-464: The composer, the main point was to "giv[e] the impression of a mathematical acceleration of rhythm, while the movement itself slows down." " Chanson de Ronsard H.54 (on Ronsard's 'Plus tu connais que je brûle pour toi', composed to mark the 450th anniversary of the poet's birth, exists in a version for voice and piano (premiered by Claire Croiza, 1924), and above all for voice, flute and string quartet (Régine de Lormoy, 1925). Another significant work

7200-480: The critic of L'Epoque  [ fr ] , Maurice Brillant  [ fr ] wrote: "This is the first novelty given by the Opéra since the Liberation: it is worthy of the honour.". Honegger then produced a concert suite from it, Jour de Fête suisse . Honegger again returned to ballet music by composing two tableaux (I and IV) of the ballet Chota Roustaveli on Nikolai Evreinov 's libretto based on

7320-430: The dark and oppressive atmosphere of the war years, but the atmosphere changes in its final movement and finally offers a glimmer of hope with the introduction of a trumpet – about one minute from the end of the symphony. Halbreich considers it as the 'supreme masterpiece of its composer' and adds that it is one of his most frequently recorded pieces, along with Pacific 231 . On 3 February 1942, another event for which he

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7440-598: The death of his friend Max Jacob who was arrested by the Gestapo in February and transferred to the Drancy internment camp . He died before the next convoy left for Auschwitz. Then, only a few days before the liberation of Paris, Louise and Fernand Ochsé were arrested in Cannes, in July. When they were driven to Drancy, Honegger did his best on their behalf, in vain. After the liberation of Paris and of France , Honegger,

7560-1229: The earliest settings of Hölderlin's poetry is Schicksalslied by Johannes Brahms , based on Hyperions Schicksalslied . Other composers of Hölderlin settings include Ludwig van Beethoven ( An die Hoffnung - Opus 32 ), Peter Cornelius , Hans Pfitzner , Richard Strauss ( Drei Hymnen ), Max Reger (" An die Hoffnung "), Alphons Diepenbrock ( Die Nacht ), Walter Braunfels (" Der Tod fürs Vaterland "), Richard Wetz ( Hyperion ), Josef Matthias Hauer , Denise Roger , Hermann Reutter , Margarete Schweikert , Stefan Wolpe , Paul Hindemith , Benjamin Britten ( Sechs Hölderlin-Fragmente ), Hans Werner Henze , Bruno Maderna ( Hyperion , Stele an Diotima ), Luigi Nono ( Prometeo ), Heinz Holliger (the Scardanelli-Zyklus ), Hans Zender ( Hölderlin lesen I-IV ), György Kurtág (who planned an opera on Hölderlin), György Ligeti ( Three Fantasies after Friedrich Hölderlin ), Hanns Eisler ( Hollywood Liederbuch ), Viktor Ullmann , Wolfgang von Schweinitz , Walter Zimmermann ( Hyperion , an epistolary opera) and Wolfgang Rihm . Siegfried Matthus composed

7680-453: The end of October 1940. Nevertheless, he was allowed to continue his work without too much interference and even to travel abroad several times during the war years, mostly to conduct his music – only twice to Switzerland, and without his family. In March 1940, in Basel, Sacher premiered the sacred oratorio La Danse des morts , whose libretto was by Paul Claudel (and based on the Bible), and it

7800-450: The fact that she is betrothed to his son, Haemon . The gods, through the blind prophet Tiresias , express their disapproval of Kreon's decision, which convinces him to rescind his order, and he goes to bury Polynices. However, Antigonae has already hanged herself rather than be buried alive. When Kreon arrives at the tomb where she was to be interred, his son, Haemon, attacks him and then kills himself. Finally, when Kreon's wife, Eurydice ,

7920-399: The field of film music, notably with scores for Raymond Bernard's " Les Misérables " (1934), Pierre Chenal's Crime and Punishment ; Les Mutinés de l'Elseneur and Anatole Litvak's Mayerling (1936 film) p648, in collaboration with Maurice Jaubert (1936); and Pygmalion (1938). In 1939, the film score for Love Cavalcade was written partly by Milhaud ( La cheminée du roi René is

8040-425: The first half of the 20th century," musicologist Mathieu Ferey wrote in the booklet for the recording of Le roi David by Daniel Reuss (Mirare). In this version, the spoken voices are replaced by a narrator, but the instrumentation remains the same: the work is written for the seventeen instruments available at the Théâtre du Jorat: no strings except for a double bass, winds, percussion, piano, harmonium and celesta. It

8160-607: The first version. Halbreich (p. 550) says that "Judith is full of marvellous, inspired music although the whole piece is imperfect." In 1922, Honegger had written a very brief piece of incidental music for Jean Cocteau 's Antigone based on the tragedy by Sophocles. The composer then developed it between 1924 and 1927 for the opera Antigone which premiered on 28 December 1927 at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie under Maurice Corneil de Thoran 's baton, with sets designed by Pablo Picasso and costumes by Coco Chanel . It

8280-589: The fragments, even with unfinished lines and incomplete sentence-structure, to be poems in themselves. This obsessive revising and his stand-alone fragments were once considered evidence of his mental disorder, but they were to prove very influential on later poets such as Paul Celan . In his years of madness, Hölderlin would occasionally pencil ingenuous rhymed quatrains , sometimes of a childlike beauty, which he would sign with fantastic names (most often "Scardanelli") and give fictitious dates from previous or future centuries. Hölderlin's major publication in his lifetime

8400-465: The grammar of harmonic tonality allowed the composer, as the musical equivalent of Hölderlin's archaic language, to turn the declamation of the singing voices itself into the vehicle for the dramatic action. As Pietro Massa has been able to show, an intensive exchange of ideas with the classical philologist Wolfgang Schadewaldt , the musicologist Thrasybulos Georgiades and the stage director Wieland Wagner , who had originally been selected as director for

8520-636: The hymn drafts, and the Duino Elegies heralded the beginning of a new appreciation of Hölderlin's late work. Although his hymns can hardly be imitated, they have become a powerful influence on modern poetry in German and other languages, and are sometimes cited as the very crown of German lyric poetry. The Berlin Edition was to some extent superseded by the Stuttgart Edition ( Grosse Stuttgarter Ausgabe ), which began to be published in 1943 and eventually saw completion in 1986. This undertaking

8640-530: The key problems also addressed by his Tübingen roommates Hegel and Schelling, and, though his poetry was never "theory-driven", the interpretation and exegesis of some of his more difficult poems have given rise to profound philosophical speculation by thinkers such as Martin Heidegger , Theodor Adorno , Jacques Derrida , Michel Foucault and Alain Badiou . Hölderlin's poetry has inspired many composers, generating vocal music and instrumental music . One of

8760-655: The late 1790s, Hölderlin was diagnosed with schizophrenia , then referred to as " hypochondrias ", a condition that would worsen after his last meeting with Susette Gontard in 1800. After a sojourn in Stuttgart at the end of 1800, likely to work on his translations of Pindar , he found further employment as a tutor in Hauptwyl , Switzerland, and then at the household of the Hamburg consul in Bordeaux , in 1802. His stay in

8880-450: The lower strings, and also a plectrum . The percussion section requires 10 to 15 players to perform on the following instruments: (*) These are Orff Schulwerk instruments. For the percussion, Carl Orff insisted on using the right kind of instruments. The two bells must be of typical shape; tubular bells and "plate" bells are not acceptable. The castanets must be of the type without handles, e.g. those only connected together via

9000-400: The ministry. However, Hölderlin found no satisfaction in the prevailing Protestant theology, and worked instead as a private tutor. In 1794, he met Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and began writing his epistolary novel Hyperion . In 1795 he enrolled for a while at the University of Jena where he attended Johann Gottlieb Fichte 's classes and met Novalis . There is

9120-491: The mood and movement of Greek tragedy. The opera begins in the early morning following a battle in Thebes between the armies of the two sons of Oedipus : Eteocles and Polynices . King Kreon ( Creon ), who ascended the throne of Thebes after both brothers are killed in battle, decrees that Polynices is not to be buried. Antigonae, his sister, defies the order, but is caught. Kreon decrees that she be buried alive in spite of

9240-603: The music for a ballet, L'appel de la montagne , which was premiered only in July 1945. Honegger was expelled from the Front national des musiciens in 1943, maybe in September or October, presumably because he was considered too close to the enemy. Writing in Comœdia (now considered too collaborationist) now worked against him... From January 1944, Honegger composed his music for the radio play Battements du monde and wrote several short pieces for Charles le téméraire ( Charles

9360-547: The novel Suzanne et le Pacifique by Jean Giraudoux, premiered in 1942 ; and above all the writing of the second symphony. The composer returned to incidental music with two small works premiered on 2 April 1941: La Mandragore (for Machiavelli's play The Mandrake ) and Prélude et postlude pour 'L'Ombre de la Ravine' (for Synge's In the Shadow of the Glen ). Honegger was later criticised for accepting an invitation from

9480-457: The orchestra of the 19th century: As special timbres with an almost exotic sound appeal, they appear reserved for the turning points of the work's dramaturgical structure. In the history of 20th-century music, Orff's operas on Greek Antiquity constitute an extraordinarily original and highly personal pathway for the avantgarde music theatre after 1950. In the course of the last two decades, Orff's Hölderlin operas have received more attention than in

9600-769: The orchestral song cycle Hyperion-Fragmente . Carl Orff used Hölderlin's German translations of Sophocles in his operas Antigone and Oedipus der Tyrann . In 2020, for the 250th anniversary of Hölderlin's birth, the American composaer Chris Jarrett wrote "Sechs Hölderlin Lieder" for baritone and piano. They have been recorded on the DaVinci Classics label and are available in print as well. Wilhelm Killmayer based three song cycles, Hölderlin-Lieder , for tenor and orchestra on Hölderlin's late poems; Kaija Saariaho 's Tag des Jahrs (2001) for mixed choir and electronics

9720-543: The parts of the Requiem Mass (like Britten's earlier Sinfonia da Requiem ): Dies irae , De profundis clamavi and Dona nobis pacem . Honegger evokes war, then what remains in man that drives him to elevate himself, and finally what the composer calls "the inevitable rise of the stupidity of the world" – before, in the final few bars, "the symphony ends with an – alas! – utopian evocation of what life could be like in mutual brotherhood and love" says Honegger whose voice

9840-588: The patron Ida Rubinstein (a former dancer with the Ballets Russes) financed several works by Honegger, who collaborated with Paul Valéry for Amphion (1931), as well as the ballet Sémiramis (1934), created by Ida Rubinstein at the Opéra. The former is best remembered for the composer's Prelude, Fugue et Postlude (first performed in 1948). Honegger also collaborated with Serge Lifar for Icare (1935) for percussion and double bass, then for Le Cantique des cantiques , premiered in 1938. On this occasion

9960-632: The piano and developed an interest in travel literature through exposure to Georg Forster 's A Voyage Round the World . In 1784, Hölderlin entered the Lower Monastery in Denkendorf and started his formal training for entry into the Lutheran ministry. At Denkendorf, he discovered the poetry of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock , and took tentative steps in composing his own verses. The earliest known letter of Hölderlin's

10080-500: The poem by the great Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli (c. 1160 – after c. 1220), The Knight in the Panther's Skin , with Alexander Tcherepnin (act II) and Tibor Harsányi (act III), with a rhythmic base provided by Serge Lifar (Monte-Carlo, May 1946). He also composed some film music, for Raymond Bernard's Un ami viendra ce soir (released in 1946): Souvenir de Chopin and Chant de la Délivrance are part of this score (although

10200-647: The recognition that had always eluded him in life. As a result, Hölderlin has been recognized since 1913 as one of the greatest poets ever to write in the German language . Norbert von Hellingrath enlisted in the Imperial German Army at the outbreak of World War I and was killed in action at the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The fourth volume of the Berlin edition was published posthumously. The Berlin Edition

10320-483: The same conditions: Battements du monde (1944) and Saint François d'Assise (1949). The premiere of Nicholas of Flüe , composed in 1938–39 and scheduled for Zurich, finally took place in Solothurn, not far from Bern, in October 1940. The oratorio, written to the glory of the patron saint of Switzerland, Nicholas of Flüe , based on the work of Denis de Rougemont , was inspired by the euphoria triggered (initially) by

10440-464: The same period. In 1941 Honegger became a music critic for Comœdia , from its first to its last issue on 5 August 1944 (his contributions became irregular after the issue of 16 October 1943, perhaps due to his exclusion from the Front National des Musiciens). Comœdia was a journal of cultural information more or less dependent on the occupation authorities. Some time later, Honegger joined

10560-440: The same time. At his home in Nürtingen with his mother, a devout Christian, Hölderlin melded his Hellenism with Christianity and sought to unite ancient values with modern life; in his elegy Brod und Wein ("Bread and Wine"), Christ is seen as sequential to the Greek gods, bringing bread from the earth and wine from Dionysus . After two years in Nürtingen, Hölderlin was taken to the court of Homburg by Isaac von Sinclair, who found

10680-617: The score of Antigonae , six grand pianos and a group of xylophones, which were mostly given only marginal tasks in the traditional orchestra, take on the role that the group of strings had in the orchestration of Viennese classical music. On the other hand, traditional instruments of the European orchestral tradition – such as flutes, oboes, trumpets and double basses – become entrusted in Antigonae and Oedipus der Tyrann with functions that had been reserved to rare percussion instruments in

10800-454: The score of Un seul amour  [ fr ] the following summer. Among the important events of 1943 were the recording of Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher on disc by Lodewijk de Vocht  [ nl ] and the premiere of Antigone at the Opéra de Paris – but for only seventeen performances between 1943 and 1952. Honegger also wrote small pieces for Henry de Montherlant 's play Pasiphaé (1936), Claudel's Le Soulier de Satin , as well as

10920-595: The silent film " La Roue " (1923) by Abel Gance marked the beginning of his long involvement with film music. 1922 He had met Gance through the French writer Ricciotto Canudo , an advocate of cinema as the "Seventh Art". He worked for Gance again in 1927 for Napoleon and in 1943 for Captain Fracasse . 1922 is also the year Honegger lost his mother (in February) and father (in September). In 1923, Honegger composed

11040-575: The situation to further his own interests, but Halbreich makes light of this accusation. Works from this year include the Three Psalms , completed in January 1941 and premiered in April 1942. At the same time, he was working on his Passion de Selzach , based on a libretto by his compatriot Cäsar von Arx . The work begun in 1938, resumed in 1940–41 and again in 1942 and December 1944, finally came to nothing, but Honegger reused part of his work in

11160-574: The solo ensemble "... Einklang freier Wesen ..." as well as its constituent solo pieces each named "... aus freier Lust ... verbunden ...". In 2020, as part of the German celebration of Hölderlin's 250th birthday, Chris Jarrett composed his "Sechs Hölderlin Lieder" for baritone and piano. Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium set Hölderlin's verses to music in several of their songs, and many songs of Swedish alternative rock band ALPHA 60 also contain lyrical references to Hölderlin's poetry. Robert Schumann 's late piano suite Gesänge der Frühe

11280-410: The standard operatic repertory. According to the score, which is published by Schott Music, Antigonae is scored for an unusual orchestra with a strong percussion section. This orchestra is to be well screened from the audience when the opera is performed. (*) At several points, the strings are struck with various items, including wooden drum sticks on the higher strings, timpani sticks on

11400-405: The state. His mother and sister never visited him, and his stepbrother did so only once. His mother died in 1828: his sister and stepbrother quarreled over the inheritance, arguing that too large a share had been allotted to Hölderlin, and unsuccessfully tried to have the will overturned in court. Neither of them attended his funeral in 1843 nor did his childhood friends, Hegel (as he had died roughly

11520-423: The structures of the pitch domain, in connection with the predominance of rhythmic patterns, has been described as an essential feature of Orff's late style. Especially the large choruses, which exhibit a pronounced tendency to build up large soundscapes from highly individual timbres, demonstrate the composer's method of thinking in constellations of basic pitches without veritable chord syntax. Orff's renunciation of

11640-535: The wife of his employer, the banker Jakob Gontard. The feeling was mutual, and this relationship became the most important in Hölderlin's life. After a while, their affair was discovered, and Hölderlin was harshly dismissed. He then lived in Homburg from 1798 to 1800, meeting Susette in secret once a month and attempting to establish himself as a poet, but his life was plagued by financial worries and he had to accept

11760-514: The word Pallaksch —according to Schwab, Hölderlin's favourite neologism "which sometimes meant Yes, sometimes No".) Hölderlin was also a thinker who wrote, fragmentarily, on poetic theory and philosophical matters. His theoretical works, such as the essays "Das Werden im Vergehen" ("Becoming in Dissolution") and "Urteil und Sein" ("Judgement and Being") are insightful and important if somewhat tortuous and difficult to parse. They raise many of

11880-410: The world premieres of Oedipus der Tyrann and Prometheus by the composer, accompanied the genesis of Orff's operas on Greek drama. Concentrating on an ensemble of percussion instruments with and without definite pitches, originally certainly born out of the fascination that the orchestra's only still evolving group exercised on 20th-century composers, also appears to be a veritable patent solution for

12000-424: The years before 2000, not least because of pronounced similarities between Orff's musical language and more recent tendencies of Minimal Music. Of his three operas on drama from Greek Antiquity, especially Antigonae has been able to assert itself in the repertoire, since Arthur Honegger 's opera Antigone (Brussels, Théâtre de la Monnaie , 1927), despite its libretto by Jean Cocteau , has not been able to enter

12120-456: Was "Judith" for René Morax's play, which continued his interest in religious themes. It was premiered as a biblical drama in December 1924 or January 1925 at the Théâtre du Jorat , then reworked as an "opéra sérieux" (1926, Monte-Carlo), and finally became an oratorio (1927, Rotterdam). It is dedicated to Claire Croiza (the mother of his son Jean-Claude, 1926–2003) who sang the part of Judith in

12240-636: Was Hölderlin who, during their time in Tübingen, brought to Hegel's attention the ideas of Heraclitus regarding the unity of opposites , which Hegel would later develop into his concept of dialectics . In 1789, Hölderlin broke off his engagement with Luise Nast, writing to her: "I wish you happiness if you choose one more worthy than me, and then surely you will understand that you could never have been happy with your morose, ill-humoured, and sickly friend," and expressed his desire to transfer out and study law but succumbed to pressure from his mother to remain in

12360-440: Was a German poet and philosopher . Described by Norbert von Hellingrath as "the most German of Germans", Hölderlin was a key figure of German Romanticism . Particularly due to his early association with and philosophical influence on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling , he was also an important thinker in the development of German Idealism . Born in Lauffen am Neckar , Hölderlin had

12480-696: Was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. Honegger was a member of Les Six . For Halbreich , Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher is "more even than Le Roi David or Pacific 231 , his most universally popular work". Born Oscar-Arthur Honegger (the first name was never used) to Swiss parents in Le Havre , France, he initially studied harmony with Robert-Charles Martin (to whom he dedicated his first published work ) and violin in Le Havre. He then moved to Switzerland, where he spent two years (September 1909 – June 1911) at

12600-408: Was a great success. It was commissioned by Paul Sacher and the music was written between July and November 1938. In April 1940, the first of three radio plays for "Radio Lausanne" was broadcast, based on a text by the actor William Aguet  [ fr ] : "Christophe Colomb", the score of which dates from 1940 (and which can be heard in English on YouTube). Two more radio plays were written under

12720-411: Was attached to the University of Tübingen and the poet Justinus Kerner , then a student of medicine, was assigned to look after Hölderlin. The following year Hölderlin was discharged as incurable and given three years to live, but was taken in by the carpenter Ernst Zimmer (a cultured man, who had read Hyperion ) and given a room in his house in Tübingen, which had been a tower in the old city wall with

12840-619: Was completed after the German Revolution of 1918 by Friedrich Seebass and Ludwig von Pigenot ; the remaining volumes appeared in Berlin between 1922 and 1923. Already in 1912, before the Berlin Edition began to appear, Rainer Maria Rilke composed his first two Duino Elegies whose form and spirit draw strongly on the hymns and elegies of Hölderlin. Rilke had met von Hellingrath a few years earlier and had seen some of

12960-460: Was composed between 1923 and 1929 and premiered in 1929. In December 1930, at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens , the first of Honegger's three operettas, Les Aventures du roi Pausole , revealing a Honegger full of humour, was a huge success with no less than 800 performances according to Halbreich (p. 671) The composer admitted to having three models here: Mozart, Chabrier and Messager (p. 671). In 1932 Les Cris du monde , an oratorio on

13080-557: Was conducted by Georges Martin Witkowski in Lyon in January 1923 and is still played and recorded today. Honegger's works were played in the US from 1921 when Rudolph Ganz directed Horace and Pastorale d'été . In 1922, Honegger became one of the first major composers (after Camille Saint-Saëns) to write music specifically for films. His score (of which only the 'Ouverture' remains) for

13200-559: Was his novel Hyperion , which was issued in two volumes (1797 and 1799). Various individual poems were published but attracted little attention. In 1799 he produced a periodical, Iduna . In 1804, his translations of the dramas of Sophocles were published but were generally met with derision over their apparent artificiality and difficulty, which according to his critics were caused by transposing Greek idioms into German. However, 20th-century theorists of translation such as Walter Benjamin have vindicated them, showing their importance as

13320-479: Was increasingly tense. In 1937, Honegger had written Jeunesse for the Fédération musicale populaire: it was a song celebrating the singing tomorrows after the success of the Front Populaire . The lyrics were by Paul Vaillant-Couturier , a journalist at L'Humanité who tried to alert people to the realities of Hitler's regime and founded the first Maison de la culture  [ fr ] (which included

13440-537: Was inspired by Hölderlin, as was Luigi Nono 's string quartet Fragmente-Stille, an Diotima and parts of his opera Prometeo . Josef Matthias Hauer wrote many piano pieces inspired by individual lines of Hölderlin's poems. Paul Hindemith 's First Piano Sonata is influenced by Hölderlin's poem Der Main . Hans Werner Henze 's Seventh Symphony is partly inspired by Hölderlin. [REDACTED] Category Arthur Honegger Arthur Honegger ( French: [aʁtyʁ ɔnɛɡɛʁ] ; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955)

13560-666: Was later reproached took place: he attended a reception at the Hotel Ritz organized by Heinz Schmidtke, head of the Propaganda-Abteilung Frankreich  [ fr ] section, given in honor of Heinz Drewes "and attended by various personalities from the Parisian musical world". Drewes was head of Division X (in charge of music) of the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda . Some suspected that Honegger had taken advantage of

13680-454: Was little known or understood during his lifetime, and slipped into obscurity shortly after his death; his illness and reclusion made him fade from his contemporaries' consciousness—and, even though selections of his work were published by his friends during his lifetime, it was largely ignored for the rest of the 19th century. Like Goethe and Schiller, his older contemporaries, Hölderlin was a fervent admirer of ancient Greek culture, but for him

13800-545: Was much more rigorous in textual criticism than the Berlin Edition and solved many issues of interpretation raised by Hölderlin's unfinished and undated texts (sometimes several versions of the same poem with major differences). Meanwhile, a third complete edition, the Frankfurt Critical Edition ( Frankfurter Historisch-kritische Ausgabe ), began publication in 1975 under the editorship of Dietrich Sattler . Though Hölderlin's hymnic style—dependent as it

13920-487: Was recorded. According to René Dumesnil , the Symphonie liturgique achieves a grandeur to which very few musicians have attained": it was "for about ten years one of the most performed works of contemporary music". Halbreich sees the 'De profundis' as "one of the highest peaks of his work". Apart from this symphony, he also wrote a Morceau de concours pour violon et piano (a competition piece) in June, in time for

14040-463: Was released by Ludwig Uhland and Christoph Theodor Schwab in 1826. However, Uhland and Schwab omitted anything they suspected might be "touched by insanity", which included much of Hölderlin's fragmented works. A copy of this collection was given to Hölderlin, but later was stolen by an autograph-hunter. A second, enlarged edition with a biographical essay appeared in 1842, the year before Hölderlin's death. Only in 1913 did Norbert von Hellingrath ,

14160-477: Was scarred by grief and sorrow, writing in a 1799 correspondence with his mother: When my second father died, whose love for me I shall never forget, when I felt, with an incomprehensible pain, my orphaned state and saw, each day, your grief and tears, it was then that my soul took on, for the first time, this heaviness that has never left and that could only grow more severe with the years. Hölderlin began his education in 1776, and his mother planned for him to join

14280-409: Was two years old, and Friedrich and his sister, Heinrike, were brought up by their mother. In 1774, his mother moved the family to Nürtingen when she married Johann Christoph Gok. Two years later, Johann Gok became the burgomaster of Nürtingen, and Hölderlin's half-brother, Karl Christoph Friedrich Gok, was born. In 1779, Johann Gok died at the age of 30. Hölderlin later expressed how his childhood

14400-613: Was well as the pianist Andrée Vaurabourg . The first concert of the Nouveaux Jeunes took place at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier on 15 January 1918: Jane Bathori and Andrée Vaurabourg gave the Six Poèmes d'Apollinaire (now complete for the first time). Roland-Manuel was present, Halbreich notes that he might well have been one of the Six, as well as Jacques Ibert . Those who would later be known as " Les Six " wanted to create

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