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51-773: (Redirected from Antigoneia ) Antigonia may refer to: Places [ edit ] Antigonia (Chaonia) , near Saraqinisht, southern Albania Archaeological National park of Antigonea Antigonia (Paeonia) , in Paeonia, Macedon Antigonia Psaphara , in Crucis, Chalcidice, Greece Antigonia (Syria) , in Seleucis, Syria, now near Antakya, Hatay Province, Turkey Alexandria Troas or Antigonia, in Troas, Asia Minor, now Eski Stambul, Çanakkale Province, Turkey Diocese of Antigonia ,

102-600: A National Archaeological Park by the Albanian Government . The ruins are accessible from Gjirokastër by car or by nature trail. The Archaeological Park is also known for having organized since 2007 a yearly Festival of the Pagan Rites and the Popular Games ( Albanian : Festivali i Riteve Pagane dhe Lojrave Popullore ). Recently, the village has hosted an annual culinary exhibition showcasing

153-918: A bridge to Northwestern Romania). The distribution of clay "breadcakes", related to house ovens, found in the Upper Tisza and Lower Danube regions of Romania and to the north of the Carpathians (basins of Teteriv , Bug and Upper Vistula river) also show "probable indication of the territory of origin and the directions of the Early Slavs' migrations". First wave of Slavic settlers in Bulgaria were around forts and related to Antae of Penkovka culture (probably as Byzantine foederati), while second wave by Sclaveni with different ceramics with analogies in Muntenia and Slovakia settled away of such locations. In

204-677: A council of nobles ruled the tribal community. This allowed Slav tribes to stay together regardless of environmental factors, but according to Johannes Koder , "impeded coordinated military resistance against the enemy", which put them in a situation of being under foreign political leadership. When the Slavs and later the Avars entered the southeast of Europe they lacked advanced siege-warfare tactics, but around 587 they acquired this knowledge from contact with Byzantine culture, and because of this no urban settlement or fort could oppose them any more. With

255-598: A force of Illyrians under Scerdilaidas passed the city to join an invading army further south. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War , the Romans marched against the Macedonian armies of Philip V . His general, Athenagoras , was able to occupy one of the nearby passes, leading to the Romans being held back. Initially the Romans were going to negotiate peace, however, several treasonous shepherds led

306-489: A former see in the Roman province Hellespontus Nicaea or Antigonia, Bithynia, now İznik, Bursa Province, Turkey Mantinea or Antigonia, Arcadia, Greece Other uses [ edit ] Antigonia (fish) , a genus of fish Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Antigonia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

357-586: A large army of the Antae, "who dwell close to the Sclaveni", crossed the Danube River into Roman territory. Raids continued with ever-faster and stronger incursions during the time of Justinian I ( r.  527–565 ), with Procopius recording that the whole of Illyricum and Thrace was pillaged almost every year by Huns, Sclaveni, and Antae, who did enormous damage to the native Roman population, making

408-819: A population exchange, mixing and language shift to and from Slavic . The settlement was facilitated by the substantial decrease of the Southeastern European population during the Plague of Justinian . Another reason was the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 CE and the series of wars between the Sasanian Empire and the Avar Khaganate against the Eastern Roman Empire . The backbone of

459-778: A shared "Slavonic-time ancestry". According to a recent admixture analysis, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity, with a modeled ancestral genetic component in the study peaking in Baltic speakers, being high in East Slavs (80-95%) as well as Western and North-Western Europeans (Germans, Orcadians, Swedes), and between 55-70% among South Slavs. According to 2017 admixture study of Peloponnesian Greek population, "the Slavic ancestry of Peloponnesean subpopulations ranges from 0.2 to 14.4%". The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that

510-454: Is mentioned by the ancient authors Polybius , Livy , Pliny the Elder , and Ptolemy . A newly discovered church, on the floor of which there is a mosaic of Saint Christopher and a Greek emblem, testifying to the city’s existence in the palaeo-Christian period. However it seemed to be the last building constructed in ancient Antigonea, the church was destroyed during Slavic assaults in

561-628: The Ljubljana Gap could be considered as another crossroad of different tribal movements, of at least two migrations, first after 500 AD and second before 700 AD. The region north of Sava river was in the 6th century settled from the Middle Danube area, and then in the 7th century another group of Slavs with pottery made on a tournette settled the Sava river region (including Dalmatia and other parts of Western Balkans). The distribution of

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612-535: The 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania - Bulgaria cluster among others in Eastern Europe . It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which

663-742: The 5th century CE (evidence being recorded words " medos, kamos, strava " in a Hunnic camp ). The Slavs who settled in Southeast Europe comprised two groups: the Antae and the Sclaveni . The first certain Slavic raids date to the early 6th century during the time of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justin I ( r.  518–527 ), coinciding with the end of the Vitalian revolt of 511–518. Procopius recorded that in 518

714-524: The 6th century AD . Finds such as a bronze sphinx and a statue of Poseidon , which are exhibited in Tirana . There has also been evidence of pottery found across the hill in which the city was built, attesting to the size of the city at its peak. Its ruins are located just south of the village of Saraqinisht in the Antigonë municipal unit, Gjirokastër County , Albania . Now that area has been declared

765-603: The Albanian-speaking majority assimilated the local Slavic settlers. After the settlement of the Slavs, Church administration – which was controlled by a thick network of Roman bishoprics – collapsed, and most of Southeast Europe turned to paganism and entered the Dark Ages , alongside most of post-Roman Europe. Many Slavs soon began to accept the cultural customs of the highly civilized Roman provinces, and in order to expand their cultural and state influence on

816-800: The Avar Khaganate consisted of Early Slavic tribes. After the failed siege of Constantinople in the summer of 626, they remained in the wider Southeast Europe area after they had settled the Byzantine provinces south of the Sava and Danube rivers, from the Adriatic towards the Aegean up to the Black Sea . Exhausted by several factors and reduced to the coastal parts of the Balkans , Byzantium

867-661: The Avar expansion in the western part of the Carpathian Basin. Hans Losert also related the finding with a cremation cemetery at Enns near Linz in Upper Austria . According to archaeological data and historical sources, the Slavs mostly travelled along the river valleys, but in the Southern Balkans, they travelled where they encountered greater resistance by the native Byzantine Greek forces, along

918-566: The Avars at one time ruled over all Slavs in the Danube region. After the death of Justinian I, the new Roman Emperor Justin II ( r.  565–574 ) halted the payment of subsidies to the Avars, thus sparking an almost century-long war (568-626). With the Byzantines preoccupied with the 572–591 and 602–628 wars with the Sasanian Empire , Avars and Slavs made devastating intrusions along

969-700: The Byzantine Empire. In most parts of the former dioceses of Dacia and Thracia the Sklavinias fell under the rule of the First Bulgarian Empire , while in the diocese of Macedonia they lacked political organization, because of which the Byzantine Empire regained control there, and after 200 years the Slavs in the southern Balkans became assimilated by the Greek-speaking majority. In the territory of present-day Albania ,

1020-507: The Byzantine borders from Northern Italy to Southern Greece, and by the mid-7th century, the Slavs had settled in all the Balkans and Peloponnese . Based on the archaeological research of forts Avar-Slav devastation of Dalmatia happened in late 560s and early 570s, with a limited inhabitation until the end of the 6th century. The Byzantine Emperor Maurice ( r.  582–602 ) in his Balkan campaigns (582–602) did not manage to stop

1071-468: The Carpathian Basin is usually considered to have been settled by a movement from Lower Danube in east-west direction, but is also possible a north-south direction along Tisza Plain. Meanwhile, the area of Transylvanian Basin was settled from both west-east direction of intra-Carpathian Basin (Upper Tisza) and east-west direction of Eastern Carpathians (Upper Olt and mountain passes). Based on findings of different types of fibulae and pottery identified with

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1122-605: The Egyptian god Anubis or Saint Christopher . 40°05′19″N 20°13′20″E  /  40.0887°N 20.2221°E  / 40.0887; 20.2221 Slavic migrations to the Balkans Early Slavs began mass migrating to Southeastern Europe in the mid-6th century and first decades of the 7th century in the Early Middle Ages . The rapid demographic spread of the Slavs was followed by

1173-729: The Late Antique Little Ice Age and population pressure , pushed the migration of the Early Slavs , who were also led by the Pannonian Avars . Early Slavs could have been sporadically present in the Carpathian Basin during the time of Sarmatian Iazyges (and related to Limigantes ). They possibly also participated in the campaigns of the Huns and of various Germanic tribes from the end of

1224-533: The Romans to be able to surround and destroy the Macedonian army of 2000 men. The inhabitants of Antigoneia had sided with the Macedonians and so when the Romans were victorious over the Macedonians in 167BC. Thus, the Romans decided to punish those who had fought against them. Consul Aemilius Paullus ordered for 70 towns in Epirus to be lit on fire. This included Antigoneia, which was never rebuilt. Antigonia

1275-458: The Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis that places the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper ". According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs are in correlation with

1326-649: The Slavic expansion". The Slavic influence is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among Bulgarians , Romanians , and Hungarians ". The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East Slavs and West Slavs and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations (Hungarians, Romanians and Gagauz )–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests

1377-603: The Slavs and Avars were fighting "which prevented them from waging a common war", and the Pannonian Slavs managed to liberate themselves from the Avar rule (which itself coincides with the account in De Administrando Imperio about the war between the Croats and Avars in Roman province of Dalmatia). According to Procopius, Slavic social and political organization was a kind of demokratia in which

1428-716: The Slavs on banks of Danube around Iron Gates , and their analogies, some archaeologists hypothesize movement of a part of Slavs from an area of today's Serbian Danube in southeast direction through Southern Bulgaria -Constantinople- Asia Minor , and south direction along Great Morava and Vardar river to Thessaly and Peloponnese . Based on historical circumstances, another route of Slavic-Avar invasion went from Sirmium along Drina river (through Zvornik ) to Bosnia and Salona in Dalmatia. Based on archaeological and linguistical evidence (as Slovene language has many dialects and both South Slavic and West Slavic influences),

1479-585: The Slavs were already attacking Eastern Adriatic coast. Pope Agatho in a letter to Byzantine emperor Constantine IV regarding the Third Council of Constantinople (680–681) mentioned that many Roman Church bishops are active "in the middle of the barbarians - the Lombards and Slavs, as well as the Franks, Goths and Britons". A mid-8th century episcopal notitia mentions Slavs among many others as part of

1530-804: The Slavs, but considering the amount of Slavic cultural remains in the Transylvanian Basin, that dyke didn't manage to serve its purpose. The grave artifacts of the Slavic community and its tribal leaders of Nușfalău - Someșeni group in northwestern Romania showed close relations with the Avars. That community was identified by scholars with the West Slavs, White Croats and most probably East Slavs in general. A mid-6th century graves with prestigious artefacts found at Regensburg -Grossprüfening in Bavaria indicate resettlement of an elite Pannonian-Middle Danubian Slavic military group running away from

1581-630: The South Slavs, the Roman Church and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople began the process of Christianization of the Slavs . Martin of Braga already in 558 listed Slavs among baptized barbarians, most probably a reference to the Pannonian Slavs. Pope Gregory I in May 591 advised bishops of Illyricum to accept their colleagues who taken refuge from invasions, in March 592 wrote to prefect of Illyricum about barbarian devastations, and by July 600

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1632-496: The best of local organic production and traditional specialties. The ancient town was identified and excavated by the Albanian archaeologist Dhimosten Budina . More recently an Albanian-Greek team of archaeologists has been working on the site. The most impressive feature of the city are its walls, demolished by the Romans, which completely encircled the hill, which towered at 600 meters above sea level. The most visible gate in

1683-561: The border with Slovenia and Croatia, specifically in Northeastern Slovenia, are radiocarbon dated to the first-third of the 6th century (and probably settled in the southwestern part of the Carpathian Basin before the arrival of Lombards ). In Bulgaria and countries of former Yugoslavia since late 6th and early 7th century, while Greece surely only since the 7th century (although military invasions could be argued since mid-6th century). The southeastern(-Romanian) part of

1734-467: The cremation burials and archaic Prague-pottery associated with the early Slavs shows higher density at the periphery, especially western, of the Avar Khaganate in the Middle Danube region. In the central-eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, the early Slavic and Avar settlements were separated by the Devil's Dykes ( limes sarmaticus ). Avars also constructed a new dyke system in eastern Transylvania against

1785-450: The destruction of Roman fortifications came a loss of Byzantine military and administrative power in Roman provinces. The native population was often decimated, and smaller or larger groups of Slavs settled in the devastated lands. Settlement among the natives, often replacing them, happened in the autumn, when winter supplies were secured for the people and animals. After mixing with the natives who survived in smaller communities, depending on

1836-689: The destructive campaigns of Attila the Hun and the Goths , who were previously foederati , which resulted in the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I began the reconstruction of fortresses, cities, and Christianity. However, the Plague of Justinian (from 541–549 until the mid-8th century ) decimated the native population, resulting in the weakening of the Pannonian and Danubian Limes . Various factors, including

1887-469: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigonia&oldid=878931378 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Antigonia (Chaonia) "The straits near Antigoneia" were mentioned in 230 BC, when

1938-950: The majority of the Slavic population in Southeast Europe was descending from Antae, while Michel Kazanski and Andrej Pleterski gave more emphasis on the Sclaveni as immigration started in Western Ukraine (river Dniester) and South(-eastern) Poland (around river Vistula). A settlement pattern movement can be observed from lands north and northeast of the Carpathians, with Upper Tisza in the Carpathian Basin as transitory territory. Pottery in Northwestern Romania can be grouped into (1) Prague-Korchak (2) Penkovka and Kolochin (3) and Lazuri-Pişcolt horizon from mid-6th century with analogies in Northwestern Ukraine, Southern Belarus, Southeastern Poland, and Slovakia (with Upper Vistula and San river Polish sites argued as

1989-428: The most Anatolian Neolithic component of ancestry, whereas present-day Slavs outside the Southeast Europe have the least, "with present-day people from Southeastern Europe intermediate between the two extremes". Among present-day populations "Greeks and Albanians have more Anatolian Neolithic ancestry than their South Slavic neighbors". A 2023 archaeogenetic study published in Cell , based on 146 samples, confirmed that

2040-760: The mountain ranges. Soon after their arrival the Slavic archaeological culture changed under the influence of native and Byzantine cultures. They mostly were engaged in agriculture , cultivating proso millet , which they introduced, wheat , but also flax . They grew various fruits and vegetables, and learned viticulture . They were actively engaged in animal husbandry , using horses for military and agricultural purposes, and raising oxen and goats . Those living in hilly terrain mostly lived as shepherds . Those living near lakes, rivers, and seas also used various hooks and nets for fishing. They were known to be especially skilled in woodworking and shipbuilding, but also knew about metalworking and pottery. According to

2091-536: The northern regions of the Carpathian Basin (from Tisza River to Western Slovakia) the presence of Slavs is archaeologically confirmed in the first half of the 6th century. For now archaeologically the earliest Slavic sites and artifacts in Moldova are dated to the 5th century, in Romania since 6th century (or not later than mid-6th century ), from there to Transylvania in mid-6th century (with Gepids assimilation and additional Slavic waves since mid-7th century). In Southwestern Hungary (southwest of Lake Balaton ) near

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2142-457: The region a "Scythian desert". As the Danubian Limes lacked garrisons, in 545 Justinian I made an alliance with the Antae to stop barbarian intrusions from Antae territory in the Lower Danube area. This caused more Sclaveni intrusions from the region of Podunavlje , with the intruders spending in 551 their time in Dalmatia "as if in their own land", but also occasioned peaceful permanent settlement on Byzantine territory, which began around

2193-399: The region, the Slavic tribes mostly had names of toponymic origin. Slavs established dense settlements in Southeast Europe, more precisely in the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum : Eventually the Slavs settled in the former Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia reached a substantial amount of autonomy or independence, establishing Sklavinias influenced both by Francia and by

2244-501: The same time. Things changed with the arrival of the Pannonian Avars (after fall of Gepids (567) and departure of Lombards in 568), who fought against the Antae and subjugated masses of both Antae (562, but maintained independence as Byzantine allies until 602) and Sclaveni (Pannonian-Middle Danubian Slavs lost independence to Avars between 571-578, while Lower Danube/Wallachian Slavs were active on their own although as Avar allies since 585). Andrej Pleterski considers as unlikely that

2295-408: The spread of Slavic language and identity was because of large movements of people of both males and females with specific Eastern European ancestry and that "more than half of the ancestry of most peoples in the Balkans today comes from the Slavic migrations, with around a third Slavic ancestry even in countries like Greece where no Slavic languages are spoken today". The big data set also showed that

2346-510: The spreading of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland . A 2022 archaeogenetic study published in Science compared ancient, medieval and modern population samples and found that the medieval Slavic migrations "profoundly affected the region", resulting in the reduction of Anatolian Neolithic ancestry in Southeastern Europe. Pre-Slavic Southeast European populations have

2397-428: The successful siege of Sirmium (580 to 582), though his generals triumphed at Viminacium (599). Subsequently the siege of Thessalonica (617; causing complete collapse of minting coins there ), and the destruction of various cities including Justiniana Prima and Salona , culminated with the unsuccessful Siege of Constantinople (626) . After the siege, somewhere between 628–629, George of Pisidia reported that

2448-412: The territorial jurisdiction of the Roman Church. According to the archaeological and historical data the main movement of the Slavs was from the Eastern Carpathians to the Middle and Lower Danube valley. The Ipotesti–Candesti culture was composed of a mixture of Sclaveni Prague-Korchak and Antae Penkovka culture with some elements of the so-called Martinovka culture. V. V. Sedov considered that

2499-408: The walls is at the south-western portion of the city. In the city center, an entire ancient street is exposed. In the southern end of the city there is also the most well preserved portion of the city walls. The wall section terminates at the small early Christian church of triconch form, whose mosaic floor is decorated with a depiction of a strange illustration of a human with an animal head, resembling

2550-553: Was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis, also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for

2601-538: Was not able to wage war on two fronts and regain its lost territories, so it reconciled with the establishment of Sklavinias influence and created an alliance with them against the Avar and Bulgar Khaganates . Before the great migration period , the population of the Southeast Europe was composed of Ancient Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians who had been Romanized and Hellenized , as well as of Roman Imperial subjects. There may have also been small communities of Heruli , Bastarnae , Langobards and Sciri . After

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