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32-579: The son of Amadeus III, Count of Geneva , Robert became Archbishop of Cambrai and was made a cardinal in 1371. As legate, during the War of the Eight Saints , he is said to have authorized the massacre of over 2,000 civilians at Cesena in 1377. He was elected pope the following year by the cardinals who opposed Urban VI and established himself at Avignon. Robert was born in the Château d'Annecy in 1342,

64-546: A living as rector of Bishopwearmouth in County Durham , England, and instead used the income from that highly prized living for his papal election expenses. In 1377, while serving as papal legate in upper Italy (1376–1378), in order to put down a rebellion in the Papal States , known as the War of the Eight Saints , he personally commanded troops lent to the papacy by the condottiere John Hawkwood to reduce

96-451: A time, however, when Clement and more particularly his following had to acknowledge the vanity of these elusive dreams; and at the end of his life he realized the impossibility of overcoming by brute force an opposition which was founded on the convictions of the greater part of Catholic Europe. Moreover, his ambitions and the financial needs of his court had resorted to simony , the loss of land and extortion which discerned among his adherents

128-573: A treaty relinquishing his claims in return for an annual stipend of 5,000 livres tournois . The treaty was finalised at Paris and ratified at Chambéry on 25 February 1346. In 1347–48 Amadeus spent a long stay at the Avignonese curia of Clement VI, who was then concerned with settling disputes in the Piedmont and Lombardy . On 4 January 1348 the count of Savoy came of age and the regency ended, although it continued in practice, as Amadeus VI

160-525: A truce so that both counts, of Geneva and of Savoy, could join the king's expedition against Flanders in 1327–28. In January 1329 the new Count Aymon of Savoy came to terms with Amadeus, and the two established a commission to investigate the disputed territory between the Duingt and the Faverges . Ultimately Amadeus became a vassal of Aymon for at least a part of his territories. In 1338 another commission

192-474: A victory at Marino by Urban VI's troops, Clement, feeling vulnerable, fled Anagni to Sperlonga, then Gaeta, finally landing at Naples. Received with great respect by Queen Joanna I of Naples , Clement found himself assailed by the local populace which chanted, "Viva Papa Urbano" and "Muoia l'Anticristo". He deemed Naples unsafe and fled by ship to Avignon, France , being greeted by five cardinals. Charles V of France , who seems to have been sounded beforehand on

224-597: The "sub-fiefs" of his own vassals Thomas de Menthon, Guillaume de Compey, and Aymon de Pontverre. In return Amadeus VI declared the archiepiscopal decision void. In January 1364 Amadeus III was named the second knight of the newly founded Order of the Collar . While the formation of the Order was connected with the launch of Amadeus VI's crusade , Amadeus III did not accompany the crusaders. He sent his eldest son, Aymon III , in his place, and he himself died only months after

256-682: The Emperor Charles IV , the overlord of the entire region. On 21 August he ordered the count of Savoy not to interfere in the Faucigny or the County of Geneva and put both under his direct protection pending an investigation. In May 1358 the Emperor exempted Amadeus III of the jurisdiction of Savoy and granted him the right to appeal to the Emperor all decisions by any other court, whether French or Savoyard. Amadeus, but not his successors,

288-625: The Dauphin. Amadeus also interfered with the count of Savoy's attempts to militarily occupy the barony of Faucigny that year, although he did not actively intervene. Despite his attempts he was unable to induce John II of France to intervene in the Faucignerans' favour. On 20 July in the Franciscan monastery at Geneva, Amadeus III did homage to his former ward the count of Savoy. The issues in dispute had by this time been brought before

320-472: The causes and background of the rebellion. On 7 January 1352 the rebels were excommunicated by Clement VI. In March an army, led by Amadeus of Savoy, Amadeus of Geneva, John II of Montferrat , and Peter IV of Gruyère was gathering at Saint-Maurice to crush the rebels. The inhabitants of the Valais were so intimidated, however, that they surrendered without a fight. In May 1352 Amadeus VI of Savoy nullified

352-579: The choice of the Roman pontiff, soon became his warmest protector. Clement eventually succeeded in winning to his cause Castile, Aragon, Navarre, a great part of the Latin East, and Flanders. Scotland supported Clement because England supported Urban. He had adherents, besides, scattered through Germany, while Portugal on two occasions acknowledged him, but afterwards forsook him. Burgundy and Savoy also acknowledged his authority. On 29 November 1378, Clement

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384-525: The city and castle of Annecy were devastated in a fire in 1320, Amadeus moved his court to La Roche , which had been the seat of the counts of Geneva between 1124 and 1219. In 1325 Amadeus joined the coalition formed by Guigues VIII of Viennois against Edward of Savoy . On 7 August he fought in the victory of the Battle of Varey over the Savoyards. In 1326 the envoys of Charles IV of France negotiated

416-408: The condemnation of Clement VI, who nonetheless maintained his good relations with the counts. Amadeus was not deterred. He seized the two castles and removed the Dauphin's banners, replacing them with his own. On 8 October 1349 an alliance was sealed at Cirié between Amadeus III of Geneva, Amadeus VI of Savoy, Galeazzo II of Milan , and James of Piedmont . This alliance was sealed by the marriage of

448-616: The council at Saint-Genix , he ordered that his opposition to hearing some ambassadors from Edward III of England be recorded. Amadeus and the Savoyard chancellor, Georges de Solerio, were largely responsible for the subsequent treaty signed with France on 27 October at Avignon . In 1351 the peasantry of the Valais rebelled against the lordship of the Bishop of Sion , then Guichard Tavel , of Genevan family and Savoyard allegiance.{{efn|For

480-521: The count of Savoy's sister Bianca to Galeazzo on 28 September 1350, which was followed by the creation of the Order of the Black Swan , of which Amadeus of Geneva was named one of the three grans seignours (along with the count of Savoy and Galeazzo). By 9 July 1351, Amadeus had fallen out with the rest of the council of Savoy and its anti-French policy. On that day, presiding over a meeting of

512-492: The germs of disaffection. To solicit political support, he created nineteen of the thirty-three total cardinals, but he seems never to have sincerely desired the termination of the schism. He died at Avignon on 16 September 1394. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than as a pope. Uncertainty over who the legitimate pope might be during the time of the Western Schism gave rise to

544-476: The larger part of the Pontifical States. Clement then tried to ally with Louis I, Duke of Orléans , the brother of Charles VI ; with Charles VI himself; and with John III, Count of Armagnac . The prospect of his brilliant progress to Rome was ever before Clement's eyes; and in his thoughts force of arms, of French arms, was to be the instrument of his glorious triumph over his competitor. There came

576-510: The legal theory called Conciliarism , which claimed that a general council of the church was superior to the pope and could therefore judge between rival claimants. Amadeus III, Count of Geneva Amadeus III ( French : Amédée III , 29 March 1311 – 18 January 1367) was the Count of Geneva from 1320 until his death. He ruled the Genevois , but not the city of Geneva proper, and it

608-680: The other, and all acts were to be committed to writing for purposes of review. In the details of this agreement considerable mutual suspicion can be detected. The lord of Vaud was the senior statesman of the House of Savoy, while Amadeus III was the head of its chief rival. The first concern of the regents of Savoy after 1343 was securing the succession against the claims of Joan, daughter of Edward of Savoy, who died on 29 June 1344, but not before ceding her claims to Philip, Duke of Orléans . Amadeus and Louis sent an embassy to Pope Clement VI , seeking his support against Joan and Philip. In 1345 Philip signed

640-524: The right to mint coins, but not to refuse to renew the oath of homage nor to appeal outside of the courts of the count of Savoy. The count of Geneva refused to accept the result, accusing the archbishop of an "unjust and iniquitous" verdict and vowing to appeal to the Emperor personally ( viva voce ). The two counts came to terms by 21 December. Amadeus III agreed to render homage at Geneva for his fiefs Duingt, Annecy, La Roche, Clermont , Thônes , Gruffy , Arlod , Châtel , La Bâtie , and Gaillard , and for

672-621: The small city of Cesena in the territory of Forlì , which resisted being added to the Patrimony of Peter for the second time in a generation; there he authorized the massacre of 3,000–8,000 civilians, an atrocity even by the rules of war at the time, which earned him the nickname butcher of Cesena. In 1392, at the death of his brother, Pierre , he inherited the title of Count of Geneva , his four brothers having each died without issue before him. The title then passed from him through his eldest sister Mary to her son, Humbert de Thoire. Robert

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704-777: The son of Amadeus III, Count of Geneva , and Mahaut de Boulogne, who were important within the House of Savoy . Guy de Boulogne was his maternal uncle. Robert studied at La Sorbonne in Paris. In 1359, he was appointed prothonotary Apostolic, became Bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, Archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and a cardinal on 30 May 1371. From 1373 he held the position of Archdeacon of Dorset , and from 1374 also Prebend of All Saints Parish Church in Middle Woodford in Wiltshire , leaving both positions in 1378. From 1375, he held

736-513: The treaty of Avignon negotiated by Amadeus III, maligning (probably without basis) the count of Geneva's integrity. In July Amadeus formally withdrew from the council of Savoy and challenged the lords of La Baume , whom he considered his archenemies at the Savoyard court, to war. In 1355, after the conclusion of a war between the count of Savoy and the Dauphin Charles, Amadeus III refused to do homage to his cousin for those fiefs he held of

768-452: The young Amadeus, which roles they assumed on Aymon's death on 22 June 1343. On 26 June, after Aymon's funeral, the young Amadeus was crowned as Count of Savoy and Amadeus of Geneva was the first to swear the oath of fealty. The count of Geneva and the lord of Vaud moved into the Castle of Chambéry and signed a written agreement, still preserved, whereby neither could act without the consent of

800-535: Was during his time that the term "Genevois" came to be used as it is today. He was the eldest son and successor of William III and Agnes, daughter of Amadeus V of Savoy . He played a major rôle in the politics of the House of Savoy , serving consecutively as regent and president of the council, and also sitting on the feudal tribunal—one of three tribunals of the Audiences générales —of the Duchy of Aosta . After

832-543: Was elected pope at Fondi on 20 September 1378 by the cardinals who opposed the return of the Papacy from Avignon to Rome , and the election of Pope Urban VI in the latter town. He chose the regnal name of Clement VII, and became the first of the line of 'popes' (now counted as antipopes) of the so-called Western Schism , the second of the two periods referred to as the Great Schism, which lasted until 1417. Following

864-596: Was established to deal with further boundary issues. The relationship between the peaceable and unambitious counts of Geneva and Savoy were, after 1337, always friendly. In 1336 Amadeus donated the village of Vésenaz to the monastery of Bellerive . On 11 January 1334 Amadeus stood godfather to his first cousin Amadeus VI of Savoy in the Sainte-Chapelle, then under construction, at Chambéry . He and Louis II of Vaud were designated by Aymon as regents for

896-408: Was excommunicated by Pope Urban VI. Coupled with the expectation of succeeding to Queen Joanna, Clement incited Louis I, Duke of Anjou , the eldest of the brothers of Charles V, to take arms in his favour. These tempting offers gave rise to a series of expeditions into Italy carried out almost exclusively at Clement's expense, in the first of which Louis went to war with some 40,000 troops. The campaign

928-521: Was granted the right to coin money (at the Palais de l'Isle ), legitimise bastards, and create notaries. The bishop of Geneva immediately opposed the count's right of coinage to the pope. Amadeus of Savoy ordered Amadeus III to renew his oath of homage, but the latter instead asked for the arbitration of Jean de Bertrand , the Archbishop of Tarentaise . On 2 August the archbishop ruled that Amadeus had

960-399: Was only fourteen years old. Later that year the lord of Vaud died and Amadeus III was left as sole regent, overseeing the "council of Savoy" or "count's council", as the former regency council was then known. The Savoyard historians Jehan Servion and Jean Cabaret d'Oronville record that the council elected one of its members, Guillaume de la Baume , to co-rule with the count of Geneva, who

992-474: Was still not trusted by the Savoyards. Guillaume's election may have been due to French influence. In 1348, Alamand de Saint-Jeoire , the Bishop of Geneva , placed two of his castles under the protection of the Dauphin Charles , future king of France, in an effort to stem the influence of the counts both of Geneva and of Savoy. Amadeus III's officials took reprisals against the diocese, bringing down

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1024-568: Was unsuccessful: Louis suddenly died at Bisceglie on 20 September 1384. Still, these enterprises on several occasions planted Angevin domination in the south of the Italian peninsula, and their most decisive result was the assuring of Provence to the dukes of Anjou and afterwards to the kings of France. After the death of Louis, Clement hoped to find equally brave and interested champions in Louis' son and namesake Louis II of Anjou , to whom he donated

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