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37-449: Pevsner was born as Natan Borisovich Pevzner in Oryol , Russian Empire , into a Jewish family. Among the originators of and having coined the term, Constructivism , and pioneers of Kinetic Art , Pevsner and his brother Naum Gabo discovered a new use for metals and welding and made a new marriage of art and mathematics. Pevsner said: "Art must be inspiration controlled by mathematics. I have

74-518: A blacksmith, and two parish churches near the prison towers. In the posad was a sloboda . In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by the voivode B. Koltovsky; it expanded with annexation of land beyond the Oka. Oryol remained a fortress city with a corresponding garrison; Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, and a Cossack sloboda developed near

111-525: A constituent unit of the larger Governorate General with Kiev being the capital of both well into the 20th century. In 1915, the General Governorate was disbanded while the guberniya continued to exist. Kiev Governorate consisted of 12 uyezds (their administrative centres in brackets): Russian Empire Census of 1897 In the times after the Russian revolution in 1917–1921 , the lands of

148-662: A need for peace, symphony, orchestration." He was one of the first to use the blowtorch in sculpture, welding copper rods onto sculptural forms and along with his brother, Naum, he issued the Realist Manifesto in 1920. He left the Soviet Union in 1923 and moved to Paris, where he would live for the rest of his life. Among the honors he received were a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris (1956-7) and

185-510: A new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 by V. A. Gaikovich and A. M. Suborov of Lengiprogor. The city's center was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was built in 1961. In 1966, construction of flood-control embankments in the central city began. Oryol has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half

222-483: A part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country. The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from

259-478: A radial-semicircular system was proposed the following year. In 1848, a new plan including Polesskaya Square was approved. Oryol's modern layout was developed in 1939 by Suborov, an architect at the leningrad-based Russian State Research and Design Institute of Urbanism . The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V. A. Gaikovich. Oryol's development required

296-416: A regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019. Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow. Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets , Moscow, Kursk , Bryansk , Mikhailovsky mine. The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol. On November 3, 1898, Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft

333-564: Is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport , which is currently not working. There are six institutions of higher education in Oryol, as well as four branches of such institutions from other cities. Oryol is twinned with: Kiev Governorate 50°27′00″N 30°31′25″E  /  50.4500°N 30.5236°E  / 50.4500; 30.5236 Kiev Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit ( guberniya ) of

370-464: Is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and dry. Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol —an administrative unit with

407-515: The 1897 Russian Census , there were 3,559,229 people in the guberniya making it the most populous one in all of the Russian Empire. Most of the population was rural. There were 459,253 people living in cities, including about 248,000 in Kiev . According to individuals' mother tongue , the census classified the respondents as follows: 2,819,145 Malorossy ( Ukrainians ) representing 79.2% of

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444-668: The Federal State Statistics Service , in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019. Largest ethnic groups in 2010: The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions . The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover

481-465: The Legion of Honour (1961). Pevsner is buried in Paris. This article about a Russian sculptor is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oryol Oryol ( Russian : Орёл , IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl] , lit.   ' eagle ' ), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol , is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast , Russia, situated on

518-693: The Oka River , approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District , as well as the Central Economic Region . While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov . The name of

555-681: The Russian Empire (1796–1917), Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–18; 1918–21), Ukrainian State (1918), and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1925; part of the Soviet Union since 1922). It included the territory of the right-bank Ukraine and was formed after a division of the Kiev Viceroyalty into Kiev and Little Russia Governorates in 1796. Its capital was in Kiev . By

592-1026: The Volhynia and the Podolia Governorates formed the Kiev Governorate General , also known as the Southwestern Krai . At the time, Vasily Levashov was appointed the Military Governor of Kiev as well as the General Governor of Podolia and Volhynia. In 1845, the population of the Governorate was 1,704,661. At the turn of the 20th century, the governorate included twelve uyezds named by their centers: Berdychiv , Cherkasy , Chyhyryn , Kaniv , Kiev , Lipovets , Radomyshl , Skvyra , Tarashcha , Uman , Vasylkiv and Zvenyhorodka . By

629-673: The German-Soviet War, Oryol was occupied by the Wehrmacht on October 7, 1941. The French air squadron Normandie-Niemen fought in the skies over Oryol. Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov" on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge . The city was almost completely destroyed. By Order No .2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute

666-606: The Kiev Governorate switched hands on several occasions. After the last Imperial governor Alexey Ignatyev (who ruled until March 6, 1917) fell from power, the local leaders were appointed by competing authorities. At times, the Governorate appointed by the Central Rada and the Governorate appointed by the Communists both claimed sole authority over the Governorate, while some of the short-lived ruling regimes of

703-513: The Oka. Oryol lost its military character after the 1689 fire, when the partially-burned city fortress was not rebuilt. In central Oryol, streets fan out from the fortress; two main axes are the Upper and Lower Korchak Roads. Opposite the fortress was probably a second marketplace in the Zaotsk section, where the dragoon settlements had a relatively-regular layout along the river. Away from the river,

740-725: The Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: "little eagle"). After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik's hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin 's White Army . Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast ), finally becoming

777-555: The administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937. The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War . Christian Rakovsky , Maria Spiridonova , Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin 's orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol. During

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814-606: The banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain , approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. Little information exists about its early history; the earliest data available refers to 1636, when the city

851-582: The early 20th century, it consisted of 12 uyezds , 12 cities, 111 miasteczkos and 7344 other settlements. After the October Revolution , it became part of the administrative division of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1923 it was divided into several okrugs and on 6 June 1925 it was abolished by the Soviet administrative reforms. Kiev Governorate on the right bank of Dnieper was officially established by Emperor Paul I 's edict of November 30, 1796. However it

888-523: The entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars. In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation. In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values: The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station On 29 October 1968,

925-650: The fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde . The territory became

962-426: The fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century. In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad. Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol

999-563: The grid becomes a fan. The city – its fortress, three marketplaces, two monasteries and a number of parish churches – was developed from the river. Its structure was visible from the Oka: the central fortress, the fan-shaped center and the grid of the Zaotsk settlements. The city was connected by bridges, making Oryol a military fortress and a trade center. The city's earliest plans, by Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev, date to 1728. A 1778 plan fixed its radial layout, and

1036-467: The neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk , the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively. Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving

1073-481: The population, 430,489 Jews representing 12.1% of the population, 209,427 Velikorossy ( Russians ) representing 5.9% of the population, and 68,791 Poles representing 1.9% of the population. By faith, 2,983,736 census respondents were Orthodox Christians , 433,728 were Jews and 106,733 were of the Roman Catholic Church. The estimated population in 1906 was 4,206,100. Kiev Governorate remained

1110-553: The right-bank parts of the former Kiev Viceroyalty merged with territories of the former Kiev and Bracław Voivodeships which were gained by the Russian Empire from the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (the lands of the Polish Crown province). The edict took effect on August 29, 1797, bringing the total number of uyezds to twelve. On January 22, 1832, the Kiev Governorate, along with

1147-435: The status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug . Administratively, the city is divided into four districts: In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election. City-managers: According to

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1184-641: The territory did not establish any particular administrative subdivision. The Soviet Ukrainian authority re-established the Governorate, whose leading post was titled the Chairman of the Governorate's Revolutionary Committee ( revkom ) or of the Executive Committee ( ispolkom ) . In the course of the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929 the Kiev Governorate of the Ukrainian SSR

1221-533: Was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then, the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute", and the day of the liberation from the German invaders was celebrated as the city's day. On September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region during the war. Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time), or UTC+03:00. Oryol stands on

1258-400: Was included as a part of Kiev Governorate ; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style ), 1778 Oryol Vice-Royalty was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and

1295-504: Was not until 1800 when the first governor was appointed. Prior to such, the territory was governed by the Kiev Viceroy Vasiliy Krasno-Milashevich (in 1796 –1800). Three existing Left-bank Ukraine viceroyalties were merged into one Little Russia Governorate centered on Chernigov , while the Kiev Governorate now centered on Right-bank Ukraine . With Kiev still the capital, the governorate included

1332-640: Was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit). The city

1369-471: Was rebuilt after its destruction during the Time of Troubles . According to historian T. G. Svistunova, the 16th-century Oryol fortress had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a city, an ostrog and a posad surrounded by gaps. The city housed a cathedral, a voivode 's (warlord or military leader's) house, government buildings and courts for the boyar children; the prison consisted of gunners' yards,

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