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21-831: The Antler River is located in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America's Great Plains in south-eastern Saskatchewan and south-western Manitoba in Canada in an area known as Palliser's Triangle . Its source is in Saskatchewan's Moose Mountain Upland and it is a major tributary of the Souris River . As a result, its flood levels are monitored by the United States Geological Survey . In 2011, several communities along

42-691: A neighboring tribe the Si-Te-Cah in their language, meaning tule eaters. The young sprouts and shoots can be eaten raw and the rhizomes and unripe flower heads can be boiled as vegetables. One of the few Pomo survivors of the Bloody Island Massacre (also called the Clear Lake Massacre) in Northern California, a 6-year-old girl named Ni'ka (also known as Lucy Moore) evaded the U.S. Cavalry by hiding behind

63-643: A thick, rounded green stem growing to 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall, with long, grasslike leaves , and radially symmetrical , clustered, pale brownish flowers . The two varieties are: It is native to freshwater marshes all over North America . Tules at shorelines play an important ecological role, helping to buffer against wind and water forces, thereby allowing the establishment of other types of plants and reducing erosion . Tules are sometimes cleared from waterways using herbicides . When erosion occurs, tule rhizomes are replanted in strategic areas. Flour can be made by peeling and cutting up

84-542: Is a giant species of sedge in the plant family Cyperaceae , native to freshwater marshes all over North America . The common name derives from the Nāhuatl word tōllin [ˈtoːlːin] , and it was first applied by the early settlers from New Spain who recognized the marsh plants in the Central Valley of California as similar to those in the marshes around Mexico City . Schoenoplectus acutus has

105-542: Is a significant factor in the loss of wetlands in the PPR. More than half of the wetlands have been drained for farming. In particular, 90% of the prairie wetlands of the Minnesota River basin have been lost as habitat. The wetlands that do persist, surrounded as they are by agricultural lands, are also affected. Chemical runoff, sedimentation, and nutrient flow into the wetlands have adverse impacts. Climate change

126-401: Is an adverse factor in the long-term viability of PPR wetlands for breeding ducks and other birds. Without mitigation, severe droughts and rising temperatures will cause many pothole wetlands to dry up sooner in the spring. In turn, due to the timing of waterfowl migrations, these dried wetlands will not present suitable breeding habitat. Warming-related drought may affect as much as 90 percent of

147-636: Is joined by Auburnton Creek and starts to head in a more south-easterly direction, crossing Highway 18 between Carnduff and Carievale . It continues south-east until it crosses into Manitoba. Two miles after crossing into Manitoba, it crosses the Canada–United States border , near the Antler–Lyleton Border Crossing , into North Dakota . The closest community to the river in North Dakota is Antler . The rivers heads east paralleling

168-815: The Great Plains ecoregion of North America. Purple Locoweed ( Oxytropis lambertii ) is known to be found in parts of the river valley. [REDACTED] Media related to Antler River at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Canada portal Prairie Pothole Region Few natural surface water drainage systems occur in the region as pothole wetlands are not connected by surface streams. They receive most of their water from spring snowmelt and precipitation. Some pothole wetlands also receive groundwater inflow, so they typically last longer each year than those that only receive water from precipitation. Shorter-duration wetlands fed only by precipitation typically are sources of groundwater recharge . The hydrology of

189-613: The Pomo people , constructed tule houses as recently as the 1950s and still do for special occasions. Bay Miwok , Coast Miwok , and Ohlone peoples used the tule in the manufacture of canoes or balsas , for transportation across the San Francisco Bay and using the marine and wetland resources. Northern groups of Chumash used the tule in the manufacture of canoes rather than the sewn-plank tomol usually used by Chumash and used them to gather marine harvests. The Paiutes named

210-703: The PPR's remaining wetlands. Simulations suggest that climate change will shift the most productive wetlands from the center of the region (southeastern Saskatchewan and the Dakotas) to edges of the PPR in the east and north. However, research has suggested that the effect of global warming is overshadowed by that of intensified land use and drainage of wetlands. Schoenoplectus acutus Schoenoplectus acutus ( syn. Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris subsp. acutus ), called tule / ˈ t uː l iː / , common tule , hardstem tule , tule rush , hardstem bulrush , or viscid bulrush ,

231-467: The border for about three miles before going back into Manitoba. The river then heads north-east until it meets up with the Souris River upstream and south of Melita. There are two small dams along the river. One is just north-west of Carnduff. The other is in North Dakota. The North Dakota dam is called Antler Creek Dam and there is a park there called Memorial Park. The Antler River is located in

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252-405: The eastern side of Moose Mountain Upland, north-east of the lakes of Kenosee and White Bear (Carlyle) . and drains much of the eastern side of the upland. From there, the river heads south. It crosses Highway 13 just east of Wauchope and Highway 601 . From there it continues south along the same route as the 601, crossing Highway 361 just west of Alida . As the river nears Highway 18 , it

273-521: The older roots, crushing and boiling them, removing any fiber, and drying. The seeds can also be ground and mixed with the root flour. Dyed and woven, tules are used to make baskets, bowls, mats, hats, clothing, duck decoys, and even boats by Native American groups. Before the Salish got horses for bison hunting, they lived in tents covered with sewn mats of tule. At least two tribes, the Wanapum and

294-421: The potholes is very variable, responding to changes in precipitation and groundwater, and results in regular wet-and-dry cycles. The vegetation of the PPR consists of emergent plants and tall grasses, while the prairie surrounding the region has dense grassland vegetation. The composition of a local plant community is heavily affected by the amount of water available. In wetter wetlands that retain water through

315-491: The region is one of North America's most important breeding areas for ducks . Although the region contains only about one-tenth of the continent's habitat area for breeding of waterfowl, roughly half the primary species of game ducks on the continent breed there. The region accounts for more than 60% of the breeding populations of mallard , gadwall , blue-winged teal , northern shoveler , northern pintail , redhead , and canvasback ducks. Conversion of land for agriculture

336-441: The river experienced abnormally severe spring flooding that resulted in damage to many bridges crossing the river. Near Carnduff , repairs were still ongoing months after the water level had subsided. The Antler River Recreation District is an association of communities in the south-western corner of Manitoba that are on or near the river and its related branches. Towns involved include Melita and Pierson . The river starts on

357-405: The summer, the common plant is hard-stem bulrush , along with soft-stem bulrush and common threesquare in slightly drier regions of the wetlands. The vegetation in permanently flooded wetlands is more aquatic; duckweeds , pondweeds , aquatic buttercups , and aquatic smartweeds are some of the most common. In drier wetlands of the PPR, the vegetation varies from spikerush , which is found in

378-649: The tule reeds in the bloodied water. Her descendants have since formed the Lucy Moore Foundation to work for better relations between the Pomo and residents of California. It is so common in wetlands in California that several places in the state were named for it, including Tulare (a tulare is a tule marsh). Tule Lake is near the Oregon border and includes Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge . It

399-711: The wetter areas of the wetland, to foxtail barley and wheatgrass on the outer edges of the wetland. The variable availability of water in the Prairie Pothole Region is buffered by an abundant seed bank under the soil, comprising species that thrive under different water regimes. During times of drought, shortgrass species increase and expand their range, while during wetter periods, tallgrass and mixed prairie communities become more common. The Prairie Pothole Region provides important habitats for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife, supporting more than 50% of North America 's migratory waterfowl. In particular,

420-423: Was drained by land speculators in the 20th century. The expression "out in the tules" is still common, deriving from the dialect of old Californian families and meaning "where no one would want to live", with a touch of irony. The phrase is comparable to "out in the boondocks ". California's dense, ground-hugging tule fog is named for the plant, as are the tule elk , tule perch , and tule goose (a subspecies of

441-475: Was the site of an internment camp for Japanese Americans during World War II, imprisoning 18,700 people at its peak. The town of Tulelake is northeast of the lake. California also has a Tule River . The Tule Desert is located in Arizona and Nevada. Nevada also has Tule Springs . Tules once lined the shores of Tulare Lake in California, formerly the largest freshwater lake in the western United States. It

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