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60-651: Juan Bautista de Anza led an exploratory expedition on January 8, 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses set forth from Tubac Presidio , south of present-day Tucson, Arizona . They went across the Sonoran desert to California from Mexico by swinging south of the Gila River to avoid Apache attacks until they hit the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing —about

120-592: A California Native American called Sebastian Tarabal who had fled from Mission San Gabriel to Sonora, and took him as guide. The expedition took a southern route along the Rio Altar ( Sonora y Sinaloa , New Spain), then paralleled the present-day Mexico–California border, crossing the Colorado River at its confluence with the Gila River . This was in the domain of the Yuma tribe, with which he established good relations. Anza reached Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , near

180-720: A Spanish soldier from a noble family, and Junípero Serra , newly appointed head of the Franciscan missions. Portolá, Serra, and Fernando de Rivera were thus together in remote Baja California at the moment when King Carlos III of Spain (advised by Gálvez), concerned about Russian and British encroachment on Spain's Pacific coast claims, ordered an expedition north to settle more northerly areas of The Californias. The newly explored northern regions became known as Upper ( Alta ) California, to distinguish those areas from older Lower ( Baja ) California. The Californias were officially split into "Alta" and "Baja" in 1804. Despite his conflict with

240-547: A buffer against Russian colonization of the Americas advancing from the north, and possibly establish a harbor that would give shelter to Spanish ships. The expedition got under way on October 23, 1775, and arrived at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in January 1776, the colonists having suffered greatly from the winter weather en route. The expedition continued on to Monterey with the colonists. Having fulfilled his mission from

300-569: A dispute with the New Spain government and church, destroyed both missions and pueblos – killing 103 soldiers, colonists and Friars and capturing about 80 more (mostly women and children). Included in the casualties were Fernando Rivera y Moncada military commander and former governor of California and Father Francisco Garcés founder of the missions on the Colorado River. In four well-supported punitive expeditions in 1782 and 1783 against

360-431: A few weeks later. Establishment of a colony at San Diego achieved the first of the expedition's two primary objectives. After the several land and sea groups reassembled at San Diego (where there was much suffering and death among the sea-borne legs, from scurvy), Rivera continued north with Portolá in the search for Monterey Bay , second objective of the expedition. By failing to recognize Monterey when they first saw it,

420-589: A girl. Rivera's tenure as military commander of Baja California was generally successful and he was highly thought of by the Jesuits, though he became embroiled in conflicts with local ranchers and miners whose aims were in conflict with those of the missions. Rivera's situation changed in 1767 when the Jesuits were expelled and replaced in Baja California by Franciscans . The change in mission leadership

480-457: A permanent overland route from Sonora to Alta California were thwarted in 1781, when a revolt of the Yumas tribe closed the trail at the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River. The route was not reopened until the late 1820s, and the only regular travel to Alta California during the intervening years was by sea. On his return from this successful expedition in 1777 he journeyed to Mexico City with

540-752: A raid in Nuevo México, and won a decisive victory. Chief Cuerno Verde , for whom Greenhorn Creek is named, and many other leaders of the Comanche were killed. In late 1779, Anza and his party found a route from Santa Fe to Sonora, west of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro . His various local military expeditions against tribes defending their homelands were often successful, but the Quechan (Yuma) Native American tribe which he had established peace with earlier rebelled, and he fell out of favor with

600-402: A single mission would be founded in the ten years after he departed. No one has ever alleged that Rivera was in any way self-serving; it is possible that he was in just slightly over his head in trying to manage the settlement of Alta California - a difficult assignment. But despite his many accomplishments—leading (and later commanding) several important early explorations, escorting to California

660-519: Is accused of having been uncooperative with Father Serra, too timid about founding new missions, and insufficiently supportive of founding a settlement at San Francisco. Against these positions it is worth pointing out that Rivera had only a handful—never more than 100—soldiers to police 450 miles of California, in which lived tens of thousands of natives who were potentially hostile and certainly in shock as their lives were forcibly changed; and also that three missions were established under Rivera, while only

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720-524: Is growing as local, state, and NPS efforts establish more trails, signage, and interpretive programs. The Trail is inspiring activities at existing municipal parks , neighborhood greenbelts, regional parks , and large open space preserves. Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788) was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under

780-1174: Is located in Riverside, California at the corner of Magnolia Ave. and 14th Street, and another statue stands in Lake Merced park, San Francisco . A 10-foot-high (3 m) portrait of de Anza by Albert Herter in 1929 hangs in the History Room of the Los Angeles Central Library. The de Anza and De Anza spellings are also the namesake of streets, schools, and buildings in his honor including: De Anza Boulevards in San Mateo and Cupertino , De Anza Park in Sunnyvale , De Anza College in Cupertino, De Anza High School in Richmond , Juan Bautista De Anza elementary school in San Jacinto, Juan De Anza K-5 in

840-799: Is located within the village of Borrego Springs, California , which is entirely surrounded by the park. A building named the Juan de Anza House in San Juan Bautista, California is a National Historic Landmark . However, it was constructed c. 1830 with its connection unclear. The Juan Bautista de Anza Community Park is in Calabasas, California , and De Anza Park and the De Anza Community and Teen Center are in Ontario , California. A 20-foot (6.1 m) statue of Anza, sculpted in 1939,

900-644: Is now Arizona . The Spanish began colonizing Alta California with the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770. The two-pronged Portolá effort involved both a long sea voyage against prevailing winds and the California Current , and a difficult land route from Baja California. Colonies were established at San Diego and Monterey , with a presidio and Franciscan mission at each location. A more direct land route and further colonization were desired, especially at present-day San Francisco , which Portolá saw but

960-643: The Berkeley Hills , and Anza Avenue and Anza Elementary School in Torrance . The town of Anza, California , is a small town of 7,000 people on State Route 371 in the mountains south of Palm Springs . Also named in his honor is Juan Bautista Circle in the Parkmerced development in San Francisco. Fernando Rivera y Moncada Fernando Javier Rivera y Moncada (c. 1725 – July 18, 1781)

1020-517: The Native American diversity of cultures in their homelands and their guidance on the expedition; and appreciate the extent and lasting influences of Spanish colonial settlements in present-day Arizona and California . The Trail was designated a National Historic Trail in 1990 and a National Millennium Trail in 1999. In 2005, Caltrans began posting signs on roads that overlap with the trail route so that California drivers could follow

1080-756: The Presidio of San Francisco , followed by Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) – the future city of San Francisco, California . In 1779, Father Francisco Garcés was assigned to establish a mission at Yuma crossing of the Colorado River . In 1780, the Spanish established two combination missions and pueblos at the Yuma Colorado River Crossing of the Anza trail: Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer and Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción . Both these pueblos and missions were on

1140-640: The San Gabriel Valley the trail is in the Puente Hills just north of Whittier, California . Also named for Anza is Anza-Borrego Desert State Park , located mostly in eastern San Diego County , California. The park contains a long and difficult stretch of the Anza trail, traveling west from the Imperial Valley to the coastal mountain passes northeast of San Diego . The de Anza Country Club and its 18-hole championship Golf course

1200-647: The San Luis Valley , entering the Great Plains at what is now Manitou Springs, Colorado . Circling "El Capitan" (current day Pikes Peak), he surprised a small force of the Comanche near present-day Colorado Springs . Pursuing them south down Fountain Creek , he crossed the Arkansas River near present-day Pueblo, Colorado . He found the main body of the Comanche on Greenhorn Creek, returning from

1260-542: The Santa Cruz River (Arizona) corridor and continuing on to Tubac, Arizona . The return trip only took 23 days as he now had found a trail with sufficient water to make land access to California possible. On the Gila River, he encountered several extensive villages of Pima ( Akimel O'odham ) Indians. These were a peaceful and populous agricultural tribe with extensive crops and irrigation systems located along

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1320-592: The Spanish Empire . He is credited as one of the founding fathers of Spanish California and served as an official within New Spain as Governor of the province of New Mexico . Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto was born in Fronteras , New Navarre , New Spain (today Sonora , Mexico ) in 1736 (near Arizpe ), most probably at Cuquiarachi, Sonora, but possibly at the Presidio of Fronteras. His family

1380-464: The Anza trail 1,200 miles (1,900 km) through the desert from Sinaloa Mexico. They passed through the new missions on the Colorado River, Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción and Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer . The group arrived at the Colorado River in June 1781. Rivera y Moncada sent most of his party ahead, but he stayed behind to rest the livestock before continuing their drive across

1440-629: The California coast, on March 22, 1774, and Monterey, California , Alta California's future capital (Alta California split from Las Californias 1804, creating Baja and Alta), on April 19. He returned to Tubac by late May 1774. This expedition was closely watched by Viceroy and King, and on October 2, 1774, Anza was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel , and ordered to lead a group of colonists to Alta California. The Spanish were desirous of reinforcing their presence in Alta California as

1500-662: The California side of the Colorado River near the mouth of the Gila River but were administered by the Arizona authorities. The settlement of Los Angeles, California involved two groups totaling 44 persons including 22 children. One group under Alfèrez Ramon Laso de la Vega crossed the Gulf of California on launches and then travelled overland to San Diego and up to the San Gabriel Mission . The second group, under Fernando Rivera y Moncada , took an overland route over

1560-552: The Colorado River. There Anza turned westward following along a seasonal dis-tributary river of the Colorado until it turned northwest near present-day Mexicali, Mexico and then turned north through present-day Imperial Valley . Anza then turned northwest again crossing the remaining desert and mountains before reaching the coastal valleys of Southern California and the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel near

1620-563: The Quechans, the Spanish managed to gather their dead and ransom nearly all the prisoners but failed to re-open the Anza Trail. The Yuma Crossing and the Anza trail were closed for Spanish traffic and would stay closed until the late 1820s. As a result, California was nearly isolated again from land-based travel, and about the only way into California from Mexico would now be a 40- to 60-day voyage by sea. According to historian David Weber,

1680-610: The Viceroy, he continued north with the priest Pedro Font and a party of twelve others, following an inland route to the San Francisco Bay established in 1770 by Pedro Fages . On the way, he led a raid on Apache settlements near Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac , capturing forty Apaches. The soldiers divided the captives among them as slaves; Anza kept the fifteen female captives and their newborns as his share. In Anza's diary on March 25, 1776, he states that he "arrived at

1740-1100: The Wiseburn Elementary School District of Hawthorne , De Anza Middle School in Ontario , De Anza Middle School in Ventura , De Anza Elementary School in El Centro , and the De Anza School in Baldwin Park, the landmark De Anza Hotel in San Jose , and the historic De Anza Hotel in Calexico —all in California . Using just Anza in his honor are: Anza Vista Avenue within the Anza Vista neighborhood of San Francisco, Anza Street in that city's Richmond District , Lake Anza in Tilden Regional Park above Berkeley in

1800-533: The Yuma revolt turned California into an "island" and Arizona into a "cul de sac", severing Arizona-California and Mexican land connections before they could be firmly established. Along the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail route, visitors can experience the varied landscapes similar to those the expedition saw; learn the stories of the expedition's events, members, and descendants; better understand

1860-464: The actual sums that he had been advanced, had been either destroyed or captured by the Yuma Indians in the 1781 uprising. By the time the payments were finally made, Rivera's widow and three of his four children were already dead (though there were also grandchildren, who had suffered in poverty during the interim). Rivera has often been viewed somewhat negatively in the historical literature. He

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1920-481: The army at the Presidio of Fronteras. He advanced rapidly and had become a captain by 1760. He married in 1761. His wife was Ana María Pérez Serrano (b. January 1744/45, d. date unknown), the daughter of Spanish mine owner Francisco Pérez Serrano. They had no children. His military duties mainly consisted of hostile forays against Native Americans , such as the Apache , during the course of which he explored much of what

1980-468: The arroyo of San Joseph Cupertino (now Stevens Creek ), which is useful only for travelers. Here we halted for the night, having come eight leagues in seven and a half hours. From this place we have seen at our right the estuary which runs from the port of San Francisco." Pressing on, Anza located the sites for the Presidio of San Francisco and Mission San Francisco de Asis in present-day San Francisco, California on March 28, 1776. He did not establish

2040-765: The chief of the lower Colorado River area Quechan (Yuma) Native American tribe who requested the establishment of a mission. On August 24, 1777, the Viceroy of New Spain appointed Anza as the Governor of the Province of Nuevo México , the present-day U.S. state of New Mexico . Governor Anza led a punitive expedition against the Comanche group of Native Americans, who had been repeatedly raiding Taos during 1779. With his Ute and Apache Native American allies, and around 800 Spanish soldiers, Anza went north through

2100-466: The desert. His party would never reach San Gabriel. In July, Rivera was killed along with the local missionaries, settlers, and travelers with them in the Yuma revolt of the Quechan Indians in 1781. The Quechan and Mojave Indians rose up against the party for encroaching on their farmlands and for other abuses inflicted by the soldiers. On July 17–19, 1781, the Yuma ( Quechan ) Indians, in

2160-654: The expedition continued to the north and discovered San Francisco Bay before returning to San Diego. A second foray, a few months later, recognized the error and established a colony at Monterey . After journeying south to resupply San Diego, Rivera retired to the Mexican mainland around 1772, but he was soon recalled to service. Serra and the Franciscans had quarreled with California's second lieutenant (military) governor, Pedro Fages (who replaced Portolá), and Rivera took over as Fages' replacement in 1774. Rivera himself

2220-491: The future city of Los Angeles, California . The Pueblo de Los Angeles would be established in 1781 by eleven families recruited mostly from Sonora y Sinaloa Province. It took Anza about 74 days to make this initial reconnaissance trip to establish a land route into California. On his return trip he retraced his path to the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River and then went down the Gila River corridor until reaching

2280-495: The intervening hills, failed to discover its narrow entrance channel. The 1772 Fages expedition saw the Golden Gate, but from the opposite side of the bay, in the vicinity of modern Oakland . Also on the 1774 trip, Palóu named a long valley formed (unknown to the explorers) by coastal California's largest earthquake fault , just south of modern San Francisco. Palou's name, Cañada de San Andrés later became "San Andreas", and

2340-526: The lower Colorado River during the civil resistance uprising and revolt of the Quechan Indians in 1781. The Quechan (Apache) revolt of 1781 in Arizona was a critical event, because the Indian victory shut down overland transportation between northern Mexico and Alta California for the next 50 years, ensuring that Spain / Mexico would never be able to populate Alta California sufficiently to stave off

2400-631: The military commander of the Northern Frontier, the frontier-general. In 1783 Anza led a campaign against the Comanche on the eastern plains and by 1784 they were suing for peace. The last of the Comanche chiefs eventually acceded and a formal treaty was concluded on 28 February 1786 at Pecos Pueblo . This paved the way for traders and the development of the Comanchero trade. Juan Bautista de Anza remained as governor of Nuevo Mexico (New Mexico) until 1787 when he returned to Sonora . He

2460-498: The missionaries, Rivera was chosen to be second-in-command on the Portolá expedition, charged with provisioning the entire expedition. In 1769 , traveling in advance of expedition leader Gaspar de Portolá , Rivera led the first overland party of the Portolá expedition , reaching San Diego , together with missionary diarist Juan Crespí and road-building-engineer José Cañizares. Portolá and missionary president Junípero Serra , arrived

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2520-430: The only way across the Colorado River. The friendly Quechan (Yuma) Indians (2,000–3,000) they encountered there were growing most of their food using irrigation systems and had already imported pottery, horses, wheat and a few other crops from New Mexico . After crossing the Colorado to avoid the impassable Algodones Dunes , they followed the river about 50 miles (80 km) to approximately Arizona's southwest corner on

2580-622: The river. In Anza's second trip (1775–1776) he returned to California via the Gila River path he had discovered with 240 friars, soldiers and colonists with their families. They took 695 horses and mules, 385 Texas Longhorn bulls and cows with them—starting the cattle and horse industry in California. In California, the cattle and horses had few enemies and plentiful grass in all but drought years and essentially grew and multiplied as feral animals, doubling roughly every two years. They started from Tubac Arizona on October 22, 1775 and arrived at San Francisco Bay on March 28, 1776. There they established

2640-489: The settlement; it was established later by José Joaquín Moraga . While returning to Monterey, he located the original sites for Mission Santa Clara de Asis and the town of San José de Guadalupe (present-day San Jose, California ), but again did not establish either settlement. Today this route is marked as the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail . Despite DeAnza's successes, Spanish ambitions to establish

2700-521: The strong ego of Anza. Although preferring a site further south (in the area of modern Palo Alto ), Rivera ultimately acceded to Serra's wish to locate a mission and presidio at the northern end of the peninsula that is home to modern San Francisco. Missions at Santa Clara and San Juan Capistrano were also founded under Rivera's governorship. (The first civilian town in Alta California, the Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe (modern San Jose, California ),

2760-463: The swarm of immigrants from eastern North America who would ultimately seize Alta California in the Mexican–American War of 1846–48. Rivera's family had to wait 19 years after his death before the Spanish government finally paid out to them the substantial sums that Rivera was owed for back pay. The delay was mostly due to the fact that most records of what Rivera had been advanced, as well as

2820-487: The trail. The National Park Service has developed a printed and online: Brochure Map for driving and guides for auto tours, hiking sections, and designated Historic sites, landmarks, and museums open to the public. Schedules of Anza celebrations and other historic events are on an updated NPS: What to Do-Events Guide . The detailed Anza Trail Maps by County show more points of interest, trailheads, and local lore. The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail project

2880-677: Was a part of the military leadership in Nueva España , as his father and maternal grandfather, Captain Antonio Bezerra Nieto, had both served Spain, their families living on the frontier of Nueva Navarra. He was the son of Juan Bautista de Anza I . It is traditionally thought that he may have been educated at the College of San Ildefonso in Mexico City , and later at the military academy there. In 1752 he enlisted in

2940-461: Was a religiously observant man and the excommunication clearly troubled him greatly. The excommunication was subsequently overturned when he returned the Indian to the church, then turned around and formally requested that the Indian be handed over to him (which did in fact occur). Even during the events, there was disagreement among the Franciscans over whether excommunication had in fact been warranted. Following his tenure as governor, in 1777 Rivera

3000-425: Was a soldier of the Spanish Empire who served in The Californias ( Las Californias ), the far north-western frontier of New Spain . He participated in several early overland explorations and later served as third Governor of The Californias , from 1774 to 1777. Rivera was born near Compostela , New Spain (now Mexico). His father, Don Cristóbal de Rivera, was locally prominent and a local office holder. Rivera

3060-574: Was applied to the fault line itself. When several Kumeyaay Indian communities joined to sack the mission at San Diego in 1775, governor Rivera had the responsibility of suppressing the revolt. As punishment for the forcible removal of one of the rebels from a temporary church building at the mission, Rivera was excommunicated by leaders of the Alta California Franciscans, including Junípero Serra , Pedro Font (who had quarreled with Rivera) and Fermín Lasuén . Lasuén had been Rivera's only close personal friend during his period in Alta California. Rivera

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3120-437: Was appointed commander of the Presidio of Tucson in 1788 but died before he could depart and take office. He was 52 years old. Anza was survived by his wife. Juan Bautista de Anza died in Arizpe, in what is now the State of Sonora, Mexico, and was buried in the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe . In 1963, with the participation of delegations from the University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco , he

3180-400: Was born of Don Cristóbal's second wife, Josefa Ramón de Moncada. Rivera had a total of 10 siblings and half-siblings; he was ninth in birth order. Rivera's pure Spanish blood but local birth made him a "criollo". Rivera entered military service in 1742, serving in Loreto, Baja California , at a time when the colonial settlement of that peninsula comprised mostly Jesuit missions. In 1751 Rivera

3240-428: Was concurrent with installation of civil authority by New Spain . The story of the Jesuit expulsion is related to European power struggles of the time, but it had the effect of bringing to Baja California three individuals who shaped the subsequent history of the region: José de Gálvez , appointed "visitador" (roughly equivalent to inspector-general, a powerful office reporting directly to the Crown); Gaspar de Portolá ,

3300-421: Was disinterred and reburied in a new marble memorial mausoleum at the same Church. The primary legacy is the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail in California and Arizona, administered by the US National Park Service , for hiking and driving the route of his expedition exploring Las Californias In the San Fernando Valley the trail crosses the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve , and in

3360-453: Was elevated over several older and higher ranking soldiers to the command of the presidio (military headquarters). He participated in reconnaissance missions to previously unexplored northern areas of the peninsula, together with the Jesuit missionary-explorers Ferdinand Konščak and Wenceslaus Linck . In 1755, Rivera married Doña María Teresa Dávalos; a marriage probably arranged by their parents. The couple had four children; three boys and

3420-419: Was founded a few weeks after Rivera departed.) Prior to the arrival of the 1774 Anza expedition, Rivera led scouting expeditions from Monterey to the target areas. Accompanied by missionary Francisco Palóu , this party became the first Europeans to visit the shores of the entrance to San Francisco Bay, later dubbed the " Golden Gate ". The earlier Portolá expedition found San Francisco Bay but, view blocked by

3480-509: Was not able to colonize. By the time of Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition, three more missions had been established, including Mission San Antonio de Padua in the Salinas Valley . In 1772, Anza proposed an expedition to Alta California to the Viceroy of New Spain. This was approved by the King of Spain and on January 8, 1774, with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses, Anza set forth from Tubac Presidio , south of present-day Tucson, Arizona . Anza heard of

3540-492: Was reassigned as military commander (and vice-governor of The Californias) at Loreto. His final assignment was to recruit settlers for the new pueblo (secular settlement) of Los Ángeles , and transport them to Alta California via the overland route from northern Mexico. Although the settlers made it safely to southern California, Rivera and many of his soldiers were killed along with the local missionaries including Francisco Garcés , at Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer on

3600-471: Was soon in conflict with Serra and the Franciscans, and also with Juan Bautista de Anza , commander of two new overland expeditions to "Alta" California in 1774–75. The conflict with Serra came because Serra wanted to found as many new missions as possible, while Rivera, with only about 60 soldiers to police a strip of land 450 miles long, wanted to wait for reinforcements. The conflict with Anza arose out of insults (unintentionally) given by Rivera, combined with

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