Misplaced Pages

#631368

30-679: The Anacardiaceae , commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family , are a family of flowering plants , including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol , an irritant . The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus Anacardium ), mango , Chinese lacquer tree , yellow mombin , Peruvian pepper , poison ivy , poison oak , sumac , smoke tree , marula and cuachalalate . The genus Pistacia (which includes

60-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time

90-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching

120-557: A series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae). Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004). Later, Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and

150-444: A stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes. Flowering plants that produce drupes include coffee , jujube , mango , olive , most palms (including açaí , date , sabal and oil palms ), pistachio , white sapote , cashew , and all members of the genus Prunus , including the almond , apricot , cherry , damson , peach , nectarine , and plum . The term drupaceous

180-420: A stony endocarp being drupes. In marginal cases, terms such as drupaceous or drupe-like may be used. The term stone fruit (also stonefruit ) can be a synonym for drupe or, more typically, it can mean just the fruit of the genus Prunus . Freestone refers to a drupe having a stone which can be removed from the flesh with ease. The flesh is not attached to the stone and does not need to be cut to free

210-711: A subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo . The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus . Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Brown's name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of

240-481: Is applied to a fruit having the structure and texture of a drupe, but which does not precisely fit the definition of a drupe. The boundary between a drupe and a berry is not always clear. Thus, some sources describe the fruit of species from the genus Persea , which includes the avocado , as a drupe, others describe avocado fruit as a berry. One definition of berry requires the endocarp to be less than 2 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32  in) thick, other fruits with

270-431: Is known as scarification . Typical drupes include apricots , olives , loquat , peaches , plums , cherries , mangoes , pecans , and amlas (Indian gooseberries). Other examples include sloe ( Prunus spinosa ) and ivy ( Hedera helix ). The coconut is also a drupe, but the mesocarp is fibrous or dry (termed a husk ), so this type of fruit is classified as a simple dry, fibrous drupe. Unlike other drupes,

300-402: Is that the hard, woody ( lignified ) stone is derived from the ovary wall of the flower . In an aggregate fruit , which is composed of small, individual drupes (such as a raspberry ), each individual is termed a drupelet , and may together form an aggregate fruit. Such fruits are often termed berries , although botanists use a different definition of berry . Other fleshy fruits may have

330-595: Is very diverse. Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate). Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae. Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts . Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect). A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and

SECTION 10

#1732775646632

360-463: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Drupe The definitive characteristic of a drupe

390-735: The pistachio and mastic tree ) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae. The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones. Mostly native to tropical Americas , Africa and India. Pistacia and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe , Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabits South America exclusively. Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and resinous or milky sap that may be highly poisonous , as in black poisonwood and sometimes foul-smelling. Resin canals located in

420-542: The Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: ana means "upward" and -cardium means "heart"). Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between

450-444: The Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.The nature of its ovary, though, does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae. The genus Abrahamia was separated from Protorhus in 2004.(Pell 2004) The family has been treated as

480-459: The attention of animals as a food , and the plant population benefits from the resulting dispersal of its seeds . The endocarp (pit or stone) is sometimes dropped after the fleshy part is eaten, but is often swallowed, passing through the digestive tract , and returned to the soil in feces with the seed inside unharmed. This passage through the digestive tract can reduce the thickness of the endocarp, thus can aid in germination rates. The process

510-514: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

540-558: The coconut seed is so large that it is unlikely to be dispersed by being swallowed by fauna , but it can float extremely long distances—across oceans. Bramble fruits such as the blackberry and the raspberry are aggregates of drupelets. The fruit of blackberries and raspberries comes from a single flower whose pistil is made up of a number of free carpels. However, mulberries , which closely resemble blackberries, are not aggregate fruit, but are multiple fruits , actually derived from bunches of catkins , each drupelet thus belonging to

570-485: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

600-694: The frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma , Micronychia , and Heeria argentea ( Anaphrenium argenteum ). The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma . Leaves are deciduous or evergreen , usually alternate (rarely opposite), estipulate (without stipule ) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). Leaf architecture

630-658: The group, and filled it with the genera Anacardium , Semecarpus , Holigarna , Mangifera , Buchanania , Pistacia , Astronium , Comocladia , and Picramnia . John Lindley described the "essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by de Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ. He includes the genera that were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: Anacardium , Holigarna , Mangifera , Rhus , and Mauria . The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family,

SECTION 20

#1732775646632

660-411: The inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family. The wood of the Anacardiaceae has

690-408: The pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled. One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity. Fruits rarely open at maturity and are most often drupes . Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like. Little or no endosperm is present. Cotyledons are fleshy. Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo . In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged

720-576: The plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ, which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium ( Anacardium ), Anacardium ( Semecarpus ), Mangifera , Connarus , Rhus , and Rourea . In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme. Robert Brown described

750-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging

780-432: The same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud. Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s). Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move. Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx. In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled. In

810-472: The single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae. 79 genera are accepted: Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits. Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes. The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products. The name Anacardium , originally from

840-642: The stone and must be cut to free the stone. Clingstone varieties of fruits in the genus Prunus are preferred as table fruit and for jams, because the flesh of clingstone fruits tends to be more tender and juicy throughout. Tryma is a specialized term for such nut -like drupes that are difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts ( Carya ) and walnuts ( Juglans ) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, thus are not true botanical nuts . Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract

870-419: The stone. Freestone varieties of fruits are preferred for uses that require careful removal of the stone, especially if removal will be done by hand. Freestone plums are preferred for making homegrown prunes , and freestone sour cherries are preferred for making pies and cherry soup . Clingstone refers to a drupe having a stone which cannot be easily removed from the flesh. The flesh is attached strongly to

900-488: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within

#631368