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42-548: The Anadyr is 1,150 kilometres (710 mi) long and has a basin of 191,000 square kilometres (74,000 sq mi). It is frozen from October to late May and has a maximum flow in June with the snowmelt . It is navigable in small boats for about 570 kilometres (350 mi) to near Markovo . West of Markovo it is in the Anadyr Highlands (moderate mountains and valleys with a few trees) and east of Markovo it moves into

84-435: A piezometer . Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table . The infiltration capacity,

126-402: A more global approach to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a point source discharge or

168-451: A prediction in practical applications. Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test ). Measurements here can be made using

210-402: Is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include microbiological analysis . Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make predictions of

252-769: Is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer . It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan . Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of

294-950: Is due to climate change firmly remains a center of debate. Increased water runoff due to snowmelt was a cause of many famous floods. One well-known example is the Red River Flood of 1997, when the Red River of the North in the Red River Valley of the United States and Canada flooded. Flooding in the Red River Valley is augmented by the fact that the river flows north through Winnipeg, Manitoba and into Lake Winnipeg . As snow in Minnesota , North Dakota , and South Dakota begins to melt and flow into

336-859: Is in turn related to the variability of key patterns of atmospheric circulation. A study of the mountains in the western United States show a region wide decline in spring snow-pack since the mid-1900s, dominated by loss at low elevations where winter temperatures are near freezing. These losses are an indication of increased temperatures which lead to snow loss via some combination of increased regularity of rain versus snow and increased melting during winter months. These natural variations make it challenging to quantify trends with confidence, to deduce observed changes to predict future climate, or to clearly detect changes in snow-pack due to human impact on warming trends. Hydrology Hydrology (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ ( húdōr )  'water' and -λογία ( -logía )  'study of')

378-489: Is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, policy , and planning . Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. Ancient Egyptians were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by

420-428: Is the difference in energy received from the sun and that reflected by the snowpack because of the snowpack albedo . Longwave radiation is received by the snowpack from many sources, including ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor present in all levels of the atmosphere. Longwave radiation is also emitted by the snowpack in the form near- Black-body radiation , where snow has an emissivity between 0.97 and 1.0. Generally

462-916: Is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle , water resources , and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist . Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science , civil or environmental engineering , and physical geography . Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation , natural disasters , and water management . Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology ( hydrogeology ), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include hydrometeorology , surface hydrology , hydrogeology , drainage-basin management, and water quality . Oceanography and meteorology are not included because water

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504-493: Is thinly populated, and is dominated by tundra, with a rich variety of plant life. Much of the region's landscapes are dominated by rugged mountains. For nine months of the year the ground is covered with snow, and the frozen rivers become navigable roads. George Kennan, an American working on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition in the late 1860s, found that dog sled travel on the lower Anadyr

546-580: Is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; rain gauge for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; satellite for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, snow cover or snow water equivalent for example. Evaporation

588-513: Is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and residential demands. Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of scientific modeling . Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished: Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have

630-651: The Anadyr Lowlands (very flat treeless tundra with lakes and bogs). The drop from Markovo to the sea is less than 100 feet (30 m). It rises at about 67°N latitude and 171°E longitude in the Anadyr Highlands, near the headwaters of the Maly Anyuy , flows southwest receiving the waters of the rivers Yablon and Yeropol , turns east around the Shchuchy Range and passes Markvovo and

672-637: The Greeks and Romans , while history shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka , also known for the invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Marcus Vitruvius , in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of

714-960: The Onemen Bay of the Anadyr Estuary . If the Onemen Bay is considered part of the river, it also receives the Velikaya from the south and the Kanchalan from the north. Other important tributaries are the Yablon, Yeropol and Mamolina from the right and the Chineyveyem and Ubiyenka from the left. Its basin is surrounded by the Amguema and Palyavaam basins to the north, the Bolshoy Anyuy , Oloy and Kolyma basins to

756-577: The air and cause earlier melting of snow around them. The snow does not melt slower gradually with distance from the trunk, but creates a wall surrounding snow-free ground around it rather. According to some of sources, North American spring ephermal plants like spring beauty ( Claytonia caroliniana ), trout lily ( Erythronium americanum ) and red trillium (Trillium erectum L.) benefit from such thaw circle. They can emerge earlier inside these circles, what gives them more time before development of tree canopy foliage cutting off significant portion of

798-399: The return period of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. These estimates are important for engineers and economists so that proper risk analysis can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information

840-455: The 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph , the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton , and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by

882-584: The Anadyr river basin. Every year, on the last Sunday in April, there is an ice fishing competition in the frozen estuarine waters of the Anadyr's mouth. This festival is locally known as Korfest . The area is a summering place for a number of migratory birds including brent geese , Eurasian wigeons , and the pintails of California . Snowmelt In hydrology , snowmelt is surface runoff produced from melting snow . It can also be used to describe

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924-553: The Red River, the presence of downstream ice can act as a dam and force upstream water to rise. Colder temperatures downstream can also potentially lead to freezing of water as it flows north, thus augmenting the ice dam problem. Some areas in British Columbia are also prone to snowmelt flooding as well. The date of annual melt is of great interest as a potential indicator of climate change. In order to determine whether

966-564: The advent of computers and especially geographic information systems (GIS). (See also GIS and hydrology ) The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to

1008-530: The atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making

1050-408: The earlier disappearance of spring snow cover in northern Alaska is related to global warming versus an appearance of a more natural, continual cycle of the climate, further study and monitoring is necessary. Large year-to-year variability complicates the picture and furthers the debate. Inter-annual variability of springtime snow pack comes largely from variability of winter month precipitation which

1092-692: The future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality). One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist. The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle. By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of

1134-465: The hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With the adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of

1176-430: The important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. In some considerations, hydrology

1218-494: The light. They perform nearly all of their yearly photosynthesis during this period. Evergreen trees tend to produce larger thaw circles than deciduous trees. This involves largely a different mechanism and spring ephemeral plants don't occur there. The snow melts earlier in forest also for example on microtopographic mounds (small elevations) or in wet places like edges of creeks or in seeps . These microsites affect distribution of many herbs too. In northern Alaska,

1260-403: The maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force ( hydraulic head ). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action ; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces

1302-470: The melt-date has advanced by 8 days since the mid-1960s. Decreased snowfall in winter followed by warmer spring conditions seems to be the cause for the advance. In Europe, the 2012 heat wave has especially been anomalous at higher altitudes. For the first time on record, some of the highest Alpine peaks in Europe were snow-free. Although it would seem that the two were related, the question of how much of this

Anadyr (river) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-523: The modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault , Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley . By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea

1386-493: The need for salt to melt the ice . There are several energy fluxes involved in the melting of snow. These fluxes can act in opposing directions, that is either delivering heat to or removing heat from the snowpack . Ground heat flux is the energy delivered to the snowpack from the soil below by conduction. Radiation inputs to the snowpack include net shortwave (solar radiation including visible and ultraviolet light) and longwave ( infrared ) radiation. Net shortwave radiation

1428-407: The net longwave radiation term is negative, meaning a net loss of energy from the snowpack. Latent temperature flux is the energy removed from or delivered to the snowpack which accompanies the mass transfers of evaporation , sublimation , or condensation . Sensible heat flux is the heat flux due to convection between the air and snowpack. Tree trunks absorbing sunlight become warmer than

1470-608: The northwest, and the Penzhina basin to the southwest. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev reached the mouth of the Anadyr after being shipwrecked on the coast. In 1649, he went upriver and built winter quarters at Anadyrsk. For the next 100 years, the Anadyr was the main route from the Arctic to the Pacific and Kamchatka . In the 18th century, the Anadyr was described by the polar explorer Dmitry Laptev . The country through which it passes

1512-850: The old site of Anadyrsk , turns north and east and receives the Mayn from the south, thereby encircling the Lebediny Zakaznik , turns northeast to receive the Belaya from the north in the Parapol-Belsky Lowlands , then past Ust-Belaya it turns southeast into the Anadyr Lowlands past the Ust-Tanyurer Zakaznik and receives the Tanyurer from the north. At Lake Krasnoye , it turns east and flows into

1554-475: The period or season during which such runoff is produced. Water produced by snowmelt is an important part of the annual water cycle in many parts of the world, in some cases contributing high fractions of the annual runoff in a watershed. Predicting snowmelt runoff from a drainage basin may be a part of designing water control projects. Rapid snowmelt can cause flooding . If the snowmelt is then frozen, very dangerous conditions and accidents can occur, introducing

1596-461: The porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity , increasing infiltration. Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by capacitance probe , time domain reflectometer or tensiometer . Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods. Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although

1638-440: The treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge ), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. One of

1680-604: The variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example surface water storage, soil moisture , precipitation , evapotranspiration , and snow and ice , are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies. Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and satellite sensors which can capture microwave , thermal and near-infrared data or use lidar , for example. In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality

1722-417: Was limited by lack of firewood. Reindeer , upon which the local inhabitants subsisted, were once found in considerable numbers, but the domestic reindeer population has collapsed dramatically since the reorganization and privatization of state-run collective farms beginning in 1992. As herds of domestic reindeer have declined, herds of wild caribou have increased. There are ten species of salmon inhabiting

Anadyr (river) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-618: Was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea. Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation , by Daniel Bernoulli , and the Pitot tube , by Henri Pitot . The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law , the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen- Poiseuille 's capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in

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