São Tomé is the capital and largest city of the Central African island country of São Tomé and Príncipe . Its name is Portuguese for " Saint Thomas ". Founded in the 15th century , it is one of Africa's oldest colonial cities.
48-460: Anambra State ( Igbo : Ọra Anambra ) is a Nigerian state located in the South-eastern region of the country. The state was created on 27 August 1991. Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north. The state's capital is Awka , while the state’s largest city is Onitsha which
96-533: A machine, that could wash off the bitterness from bitter-leaf (a popular vegetable staple in Nigeria). This machine will greatly improve the productivity of vegetable farming in the state. The export of agricultural items is a continual boost to Anambra Internal Generated Revenue. In 2017, the state generated $ 5 million from the export of washed bitter leaf. There is a huge deposit of oil and gas in Nigeria, with
144-810: A memorandum of understanding with Galway modular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state. Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding. The government of Peter Obi, with
192-581: A relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle"). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off from Sao Tome and other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population. Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll in Biafra from starvation, as well as
240-572: A single preposition. The meaning of na , the single preposition, is flexible and must be ascertained from the context. Examples from Emenanjo (2015) illustrate the range of meaning: O 3sg bì live n' Enugwū. PREP -Enugwū O bì n' Enugwū. 3sg live PREP -Enugwū 'He lives in Enugwū.' O 3sg bì live ebe here à this n' ogè PREP -time agha. war O bì ebe à n' ogè agha. 3sg live here this PREP -time war 'He lived here during
288-491: Is Awka . The city of Onitsha , a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state,while Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in the state. Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is the fourteenth most populous state in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against as Onitsha , the state's biggest and most populous urban area
336-547: Is a clan in the Omambala region and the last Igbo speaking community the British colonialists encountered while heading up to Northern Nigeria from across the riverine areas. They usually described present day Anambra as 'Anam branch' to their colleagues up North. Reason Anam together with some neighboring clans was Anambra LGA when the state was created. It is now Anambra-West LGA with Olumbanasa. Anambra's history stretches to
384-463: Is also part of the economic mainstay of Anambra State more especially for communities along the riverine areas. Anambra is a home of innovation, inventions and creativity. There have been several innovations in Anambra, due to its appreciation of education, which has added to the state's GDP. One of those was in 2018, when two brothers, Atikpo Chukwuebuka and Ubaka Chukwuebuka, were the first to invent
432-582: Is otherwise conveyed through the use of stative verbs or abstract nouns. Sao Tome Álvaro Caminha founded the colony of São Tomé in 1493. The Portuguese came to São Tomé in search of land to grow sugarcane . The island was uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sometime around 1470. São Tomé, situated about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the equator , had a climate wet enough to grow sugarcane in wild abundance. In 1497, 2,000 Jewish children, eight years old and under, were taken from
480-589: Is regarded as one of the largest metropolis in Africa. Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in Anambra State, and also a known automobile hub within Nigeria and Africa . The state name was formed in 1976 from the former East Central State . The state is named after Omambala River , a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the anglicized name of the Omambala . The State capital
528-495: Is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha . Road Transportation companies; Air Transportation service; Ogbunike Caves , listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site , is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age). The Owerre Ezukala caves and waterfalls are great tourist attractions in the state. Largely unexplored,
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#1732771950339576-627: Is to include Anambra State in the list of oil producing States as stated in the NDDC law through the amendment of Section 2(1)(b) of the NDDC Establishment ACT CAP N 86 LFN 2004. Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, the APGA -led state government of Willie Obiano , signed
624-730: The Anambra Basin having a great potential of 1000 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves untapped. Having more than 13 oil wells situated in Anambra, the state has the capacity to produce more than 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with indigenous companies like Orient Petroleum, and Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO), already leading the way. Anambra is rich in natural gas , crude oil , bauxite , and ceramic . It has an almost 100 percent arable soil . Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated for pasturing and animal husbandry . In
672-593: The Anambra River basin. On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in its Aguleri oil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish a gas plant at Umueje in Ayamelum Local Government Area to support economic activities in
720-576: The Igbo language serving as a lingua franca throughout the state. During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionist Republic of Biafra formed by Igbo nationalists. Anambra was severely affected by the war. Today, Anambra State is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria. The name Anambra is the merging of Anam and the English word 'branch'. Anam
768-679: The 19th century. Another early building is Fort São Sebastião, built in 1566 and now the São Tomé National Museum . On July 9, 1595, a slave revolt led by Rei Amador took control of the capital; they were subjugated in 1596. In 1599, the Dutch took the city as well as the islands for two days; they re-occupied it in 1641 for a year. The city served as the capital of the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe and, from São Tomé and Príncipe's independence in 1975, as capital of
816-513: The 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations at Igbo-Ukwu and Ezira . It has great works of art in iron , bronze , copper , and pottery . These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such as Ogidi and others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries. Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of
864-412: The 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance. Other places of interest in the state includes: Cuisines Igbo language Igbo ( English: / ˈ iː b oʊ / EE -boh , US also / ˈ ɪ ɡ b oʊ / IG -boh ; Standard Igbo: Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò [ásʊ̀sʊ̀ ìɡ͡bò] ) is the principal native language cluster of the Igbo people , an ethnicity in
912-635: The Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city. Anambra International Cargo Airport , Umueri , opened on 7 December 2021. Anambra has good transport links to other states in the country. Federal highways: Other major roads include: The Niger River connects Onitsha Inland Port with the ports of Port Harcourt in Rivers State , and Bururu and Warri in Delta State . Nearing completion
960-471: The Iberian peninsula, to receive catholic education, following the national policy of conversion to Catholicism. The nearby African Kingdom of Kongo eventually became a source of slave labor as well. The island of São Tomé was the main center of sugar production in the sixteenth century; it was overtaken by Brazil by 1600. São Tomé is centred on a sixteenth-century cathedral , that was largely rebuilt in
1008-677: The Life of Olaudah Equiano was published in London, England, written by Olaudah Equiano , who was a former slave , featuring 79 Igbo words. The narrative also illustrated various aspects of Igbo life in detail, based on Equiano's experiences in his hometown of Essaka. Following the British Niger Expeditions of 1854 and 1857, Samuel Ajayi Crowther , published an Igbo primer coded by a young Igbo missionary named Simon Jonas, who travelled with him to Aboh in 1857. The language
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#17327719503391056-591: The Protectorate of South Nigeria . Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties. Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independent Biafra in 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During the Nigerian/Biafran war (1967–1970), Biafran engineers constructed
1104-567: The Southeastern part of Nigeria . Igbo Languages are spoken by a total of 31 million people. The number of Igboid languages depends on how one classifies a language versus a dialect , so there could be around 35 different Igbo languages. The core Igbo cluster, or Igbo proper, is generally thought to be one language but there is limited mutual intelligibility between the different groupings (north, west, south and east). A standard literary language termed 'Igbo izugbe' (meaning "general igbo")
1152-624: The adoption of loan words . Chinua Achebe passionately denounced language standardization efforts, beginning with Union Igbo through to Central and finally Standard Igbo, in a 1999 lecture sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Owerri . Igbo (and its dialects) is the dominant language in the following Nigerian states: Lexical categories in Igbo include nouns, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, and
1200-428: The area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre. The state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate with yearly temperature of 28.99 °C (84.18 °F) and it is -0.47% lower than Nigeria's averages. Anambra typically receives about 212.36 millimeters (8.36 inches) of precipitation and has 243.38 rainy days (66.68% of the time) annually. The state has been described as one of
1248-636: The assistance of the UN-HABITAT , produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State: Onitsha , Nnewi and Awka – the Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future. The plans contain policies and proposals for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn
1296-532: The caves are said to be the largest in West Africa. The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Igbo (99% of the population) and a small population of people who are bilingual Igbo Ukwu Museum: Igbo Ukwu is an ancient town known for its astonishing metal crafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated by Thurstan Shaw (an English archaeologist). They have been dated to
1344-416: The centre of the island's road and bus networks The town is well known for the tchiloli playing. São Tomé is served by São Tomé International Airport with regular flights to Europe and other African countries. São Tomé features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen As ), although it is not far above a semi-arid climate ( BSh ) due to the influence of the cold Benguela Current , which makes even
1392-524: The cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents. Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt structural plans for its cities. With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria, and West Africa. The process of urbanization is fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in
1440-434: The city: The main hospital of the country is Hospital Ayres de Menezes . Sports clubs based in the city include Sporting Praia Cruz and Vitória FC based in the neighborhood of Riboque. All clubs play at Estádio Nacional 12 de Julho . Among the places of worship , they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of São Tomé and Príncipe ( Catholic Church ), Universal Church of
1488-578: The continuous harassment of the relief planes by the Nigerian Airforce , Carl Gustaf von Rosen resigned as a Red Cross relief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an Airforce of five Minicoin planes Malmö MFI-9 stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective air force " Babies of Biafra " in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra. Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part of East Central State , and its capital
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1536-470: The first Nigerian vehicle manufacturer, Innoson , an automobile manufacturer, located in Nnewi . People all over West Africa travel to Onitsha and Nnewi to trade, which boost the internal revenue of the state. Onitsha is among the top commercial cities in Africa. Agriculture is an important economic sector in Anambra. Oil palms , maize , rice , yams and cassava are among the crops grown. Fishing
1584-513: The growth of villages into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in
1632-654: The oil and gas industry in the state. Following the attribution of eleven (11) oil wells by the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) in August 2021, Anambra State joined the league of oil producing States in Nigeria. The process to amend the law that set up the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) through which infrastructure is provided to oil producing States has started. The purpose
1680-475: The production of yam, cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population in urban areas . To upgrade the state capital and improve traffic, Awka , Governor Willie Obiano signed off on construction of three flyovers between the Amawbia and Arroma end of
1728-416: The sovereign nation. Important as a port, São Tomé is located on Ana Chaves Bay in the northeast of São Tomé Island , and Ilhéu das Cabras lies nearby offshore. São Tomé is located northeast of Trindade , southeast of Guadalupe and northwest of Santana . It is linked to these towns by a highway which encircles the entire island of São Tomé. It is linked to Cape Verde by a weekly ferry. Features of
1776-533: The state capital. Awka and Onitsha had developed as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre. Onitsha is a fast-growing commercial city and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending to Idemili , Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa. In 2012
1824-674: The time of the war.' Ndị people Fàda Catholic kwènyèrè believe n' atọ̀ PREP -three n' ime PREP -inside otù. one Ndị Fàda kwènyèrè n' atọ̀ n' ime otù. people Catholic believe PREP -three PREP -inside one 'The Catholics believe in the Trinity .' Igbo has an extremely limited number of adjectives in a closed class . Emenanjo (1978, 2015) counts just eight, which occur in pairs of opposites: ukwu 'big', nta 'small'; oji 'dark', ọcha 'light'; ọhụrụ 'new', ochie 'old'; ọma 'good'; njọ 'bad'. Adjectival meaning
1872-587: The town include the Presidential Palace , the cathedral , and a cinema . The city is also home to schools, and middle schools, high schools, one polytechnic, two markets , three radio stations , the public television station TVSP , several clinics and hospitals, the country's main airport - São Tomé International Airport (with direct regular scheduled flights to Angola, Gabon, Ghana and Portugal as well as occasional domestic flights to Príncipe ), and many squares ( praças ). São Tomé also serves as
1920-533: The tri-city area was dubbed the Onitsha-Nnewi-Awka (ONA) Industrial Axis, in recognition of the expanding industrial capacity. Nnewi (sometimes called the Taiwan of Nigeria) is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence. Anambra State consists of 21 local government areas . They are: Anambra houses
1968-602: The wettest months drier than would be expected for such a low latitude but at the same time makes the city very cloudy and foggy even during the almost rainless dry season mid-year. The city has a relatively lengthy wet season from October through May and a short dry season . São Tomé sees on average just under 900 mm (35 in) of rainfall per year. Temperatures in the city are relatively constant, with average high temperatures usually around 30 °C (86 °F) and average low temperatures around 22 °C (71.6 °F). The following Portuguese international schools are in
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2016-531: The worst places affected by the climate change in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa in 2022 according to the Climate Change Education and Action Programme, (CLEAP). With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria. The major urban centres of Anambra State are Onitsha , Nnewi, Ekwulobia , Ihiala, Aguleri and Awka ,
2064-653: The year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), was made at Aguleri area. The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL), owner of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of 55,000 barrels per day (~7,500 t/d). In 2012, following the efforts of Governor Peter Obi and other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in
2112-533: Was Enugu . In 1991, a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu . The capital of the New Anambra is Awka . Boundaries are formed by Delta State and Edo State to the west for about 97 km across the River Niger , Imo State and Rivers State (for four km) to the south, Enugu State to the east for 139 km, and Kogi State to the north for about 40 km. The name
2160-501: Was derived from the Anambra River (Omambala) which flows through the area and is a tributary of the River Niger . Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the second-most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos State . The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns of Oba and Amorka contains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages and small towns, giving
2208-439: Was discovered to be over 8.5 million in population in 2022 by Africapolis which makes Onitsha one of the largest urban areas in Nigeria by population. The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancient Kingdom of Nri , whose capital was the historic town of Igbo-Ukwu within the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarily Igbo , with
2256-762: Was generically developed and later adopted around 1972, with its core foundation based on the Orlu ( Isu dialects), Anambra ( Awka dialects) and Umuahia ( Ohuhu dialects), omitting the nasalization and aspiration of those varieties. The first book to publish Igbo terms was History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brothers in the Caribbean ( German : Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischen Brüder auf den Carabischen Inseln ), published in 1777. Shortly afterwards in 1789, The Interesting Narrative of
2304-750: Was standardized in church usage by the Union Igbo Bible (1913). Central Igbo, is based on the dialects of two members of the Ezinifite group of Igbo in Central Owerri Province between the towns of Owerri and Umuahia in Eastern Nigeria. From its proposal as a literary form in 1939 by Ida C. Ward , it was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, and publishers across the region. Standard Igbo aims to cross-pollinate Central Igbo with words from other Igbo dialects, with
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