Ram Nath ( R. Nath , born 9 March 1933) is an Indian historian who specializes in Mughal architecture . He obtained a doctorate from the Agra University , and later taught at the University of Rajasthan . He is regarded as one of India's leading art historians .
81-415: Anarkali ( lit. ' pomegranate blossom ' ) is a legendary lady said to be loved by the 16th-century Mughal Prince Salim, who later became Emperor Jahangir . According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the courtesan ( tawaif ) Sharf-un-Nisa , though scholars hold varying opinions. According to speculative and fictional accounts, Anarkali had an illicit relationship with Salim,
162-610: A bonsai specimen tree. It could well be a wild form with a distinct origin. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . The only other species in the genus Punica is the Socotran pomegranate ( P. protopunica ), which is endemic to the Socotran archipelago of four islands located in the Arabian Sea, the largest island of which is also known as Socotra. The territory
243-502: A different meaning 'of a dark red color'. This derivation may have originated from pomum granatum , describing the color of pomegranate pulp, or from granum , referring to 'red dye, cochineal '. The modern French term for pomegranate, grenade , has given its name to the military grenade . Pomegranates were colloquially called wineapples or wine-apples in Ireland, although this term has fallen out of use. It still persists at
324-464: A distinctive overall form. Pomegranates are drought -tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Mediterranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. In wetter areas, they can be prone to root decay from fungal diseases. They can tolerate moderate frost , down to about −12 °C (10 °F). Insect pests of the pomegranate can include the butterflies Virachola isocrates , Iraota timoleon , Deudorix epijarbas , and
405-426: A gate. As per the description given by Finch, Jahangir ordered the dome of the tomb to be wrought in works of gold. Edward Terry , who visited a few years after William Finch, wrote that Akbar had threatened to disinherit Jahangir for his relationship with Anarkali, the emperor's most-beloved wife, but on his death-bed he repealed the threat. According to Lisa Balabanlilar, the majority of legends present Anarkali as
486-628: A limited supply from Southern California . China was self-sufficient for its pomegranate supply in 2019, while other South Asia markets were supplied mainly by India. Pomegranate production and exports in South Africa competed with South American shipments in 2012–18, with export destinations including Europe, the Middle East , the United Kingdom , and Russia. South Africa imports pomegranates mainly from Israel. The pomegranate
567-468: A love affair with Salim, it was around the same time that Salim rebelled against his father. Khalid says one possibility might also be that Akbar had the mausoleum built after his return from Deccan campaign . Khalid says the popular narrative still remains that Anarkali was Akbar's concubine who crossed the line and fell in love with Salim, Akbar's son. He says that according to Tareekh - e - Lahore, an 1892 book by Sayed Abdul Latif, Anarkali's original name
648-463: A natural sweet and tart flavor. Dried seeds can be used in several culinary applications, such as trail mix , granola bars, or as a topping for salad, yogurt, or ice cream. In Turkey, pomegranate sauce ( Turkish : nar ekşisi ) is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink straight. Pomegranate seeds are also used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as güllaç . Pomegranate syrup, also called pomegranate molasses,
729-408: A new name, Nur Jahan . Nur Jahan died in 1645, 18 years after Jahangir's death and she was buried in her tomb near the tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara , Lahore. Art historian R. Nath said Jahangir had no wife on record bearing the name or title Anarkali, to whom the emperor could have built a tomb and dedicated a couplet with a suffix Majnun . He writes: [it is] absolutely improbable that
810-521: A part of Akbar's harem as a spouse, a concubine or a servant. Thus, as per Muni Lal, Anarkali was a maidservant in the household of Salim's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani . A common thread across the various accounts is that after realizing the likelihood of an amour between his son Salim and Anarkali, Akbar got incensed and ordered to ensepulchre Anarkali alive in a wall. This brutality enraged Salim and caused him to rebel against his father. Balabanlilar continues, however, that while captivating and widely believed,
891-512: A prominent role in first half of the series. Pomegranate The pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) is a fruit -bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae , subfamily Punicoideae , that grows between 5 and 10 m (16 and 33 ft) tall. The pomegranate is rich in symbolic and mythological associations in many cultures. The pomegranate is thought to have originated from Afghanistan and Iran before being introduced and exported to other parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. It
SECTION 10
#1732780028079972-478: A thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts , usually spooned over duck or other poultry and rice, and in ash-e anar ( pomegranate soup ). Pomegranate seeds are used as a spice known as anar dana (from Persian : anar + dana , pomegranate + seed), most notably in Indian and Pakistani cuisine . Dried whole seeds can often be obtained in ethnic Indian markets. These seeds are separated from
1053-542: Is accepting the representatives of all the subordinate lands of Greater Iran to his presence, while holding a large flower in his hand as a sign of peace and friendship. Ancient Egyptians regarded the pomegranate as a symbol of prosperity and ambition. It was referred to by the Semitic names of jnhm or nhm . According to the Ebers Papyrus , one of the oldest medical writings from around 1500 BC, Egyptians used
1134-587: Is also extensively grown in southern China and in Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the route of the Silk Road or brought by sea traders. Kandahar is famous in Afghanistan for its high-quality pomegranates. Although not native to Korea or Japan, the pomegranate is widely grown there and many cultivars have been developed. It is widely used for bonsai because of its flowers and for
1215-518: Is also made into a liqueur , and as a popular fruit confectionery used as ice cream topping, mixed with yogurt , or spread as jam on toast. In Mexico, pomegranate seeds are commonly used to adorn the traditional dish chiles en nogada , representing the red of the Mexican flag in the dish which evokes the green (poblano pepper), white ( nogada sauce) and red (pomegranate seeds) tricolor. Pomegranate peels may be used to stain wool and silk in
1296-581: Is native to a region from modern-day Iran to northern India. Pomegranates have been cultivated throughout the Middle East, India, and Mediterranean region for several millennia, and it is also cultivated in the Central Valley of California and in Arizona. Pomegranates may have been domesticated as early as the fifth millennium BC, as they were one of the first fruit trees to be domesticated in
1377-503: Is on record that he was so unhappy with his father in this year 1599 that he defied his orders and revolted. It may be recalled that Mehrunissa (later Nurjahan Begum) was also married to Sher Afgan the same year and the young Prince was so dejected and disturbed on the failure of his two romances and annihilation of his tender feelings of love that he went as far as to defy Akbar. Reign: 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 Reign:1556 to 1605 Married to Salim on 18 June 1596 Anarkali has been
1458-567: Is part of Yemen. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit. P. granatum has more than 500 named cultivars , but evidently has considerable synonymy in which the same genotype is named differently across regions of the world. Several characteristics between pomegranate genotypes vary for identification, consumer preference, preferred use, and marketing, the most important of which are fruit size, exocarp color (ranging from yellow to purple, with pink and red most common), seed-coat color (ranging from white to red),
1539-410: Is typically a syrup made just of sugar and commercially produced natural and artificial flavors, preservatives, and food coloring, or using substitute fruits (such as berries). Before tomatoes (a New World fruit) arrived in the Middle East, pomegranate juice, pomegranate molasses , and vinegar were widely used in many Iranian foods; this mixture still found in traditional recipes such as fesenjān ,
1620-486: Is used in muhammara , a roasted red pepper , walnut, and garlic spread popular in Syria and Turkey. In Greece, pomegranate is used in many recipes, including kollivozoumi , a creamy broth made from boiled wheat, pomegranates, and raisins , legume salad with wheat and pomegranate, traditional Middle Eastern lamb kebabs with pomegranate glaze, pomegranate eggplant relish, and avocado -pomegranate dip. Pomegranate
1701-423: Is very unlikely that an emperor's concubine would have fallen in love with his rebellious son. Khalid says that the pomegranate garden is mentioned by Dara Shikoh , the grandson of Jahangir, in his work "Sakinat al-Auliya" as a location where the saint Mian Mir used to sit. According to Subhash Parihar, Dara also mentions the existence of a tomb in the garden but does not give it a name. According to Muhammed Baqir,
SECTION 20
#17327800280791782-869: The Agra University . His research covered the Mughal -era monuments such as the Agra Fort , the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri , and the Jama Masjid of Delhi . Nath taught at the Agra College and later at the University of Rajasthan in Jaipur where he was a Reader and associate professor in the Department of History and Indian Culture. He also delivered lectures at other institutions including
1863-531: The BJP -led Narendra Modi government for fostering an environment of intolerance in the country on behalf of Hindu nationalists , Nath was among the 46 academics who disagreed with them. Nath and his colleagues branded the first group of academics as " leftist ", and stated that their letter was politico-ideological rather than intellectual in nature. They asserted that they rejected the nationalist attempts to portray India's past as glorious golden age, but also condemned
1944-723: The Moore Street open-air market, in central Dublin. The pomegranate is a shrub or small tree growing 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) high, with multiple spiny branches. It is long-lived, with some specimens in France surviving for 200 years. P. granatum leaves are opposite or subopposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3–7 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) long and 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 in) broad. The flowers are bright red and 3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) in diameter, with three to seven petals. Some fruitless varieties are grown for
2025-616: The "leftist" historians for promoting contempt of Indian civilisation. In 2017, when the Uttar Pradesh chief minister and BJP leader Yogi Adityanath reportedly stated that the Mughal-built Taj Mahal was not a part of Indian culture, Nath denounced him for "ignoring the contribution of [the] Mughal rulers to Indian arts, culture and literature". Nath also criticised the BJP leader Sangeet Som 's claim that Taj Mahal
2106-596: The 13th-century poet Saʿdī . According to Ebba Koch , Jahangir perceived himself as a Majnun prince king, who is almost mad in his love for his beloved. Ebba Koch says that he had his name inscribed as Majnun on the Anarkali's sarcophagus and had pictorials of himself painted as Majnun king; as late as 1618, he reared a pair of Sarus cranes , which are considered in Indian culture to be love birds named Layla and Majnun . Koch observed their breeding and wrote about them with keen interest. According to art historian Ram Nath
2187-409: The 2013 Ekta Kapoor 's television series Jodha Akbar , she was portrayed by Heena Parmar while Saniya Touqeer played young Anarkali. A daily soap titled " Dastan-e-Mohabbat...Salim Anarkali " in which Prince Salim is played by Shaheer Sheikh and his beloved Anarkali by Sonarika Bhadoria , was aired on Colors TV . In 2022 TAJ, a webseries, started. Following the first season 'Anarkali' played
2268-534: The Akbar his wives, with whom it is said Sha Selim had to do ( her name was Immaeque Kelle, or Pomgranate kernell); upon notice of which the King [Akbar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where she died, and the King [Jahangir], in token of his love commands a sumptuous tomb to be built of stone in the midst of four square garden richly walled, with a gate and divers roomes over it. The convexity of
2349-593: The English Quaker Peter Collinson wrote to the botanizing John Bartram in Philadelphia , 1762. "Plant it against the side of thy house, nail it close to the wall. In this manner it thrives wonderfully with us, and flowers beautifully, and bears fruit this hot year. I have twenty-four on one tree... Doctor Fothergill says, of all trees this is most salutiferous to mankind." The pomegranate had been introduced as an exotic to England
2430-542: The FDA issued a warning letter to one such manufacturer, POM Wonderful , for using published literature to make illegal claims of unproven anti-disease effects. In May 2016, the US Federal Trade Commission declared that POM Wonderful could not make health claims in its advertising, followed by a US Supreme Court ruling that declined a request by POM Wonderful to review the court ruling, upholding
2511-692: The FTC decision. Pomegranate, known as anār in Persian , is a symbol of fertility, blessing and favor in Iranian belief. Pomegranates are sacred in the Zoroastrian religion and Zoroastrians used it in their religious rituals. The yellow color of the pomegranate stamens symbolizes the sun and light. Pomegranate tree has been one of the most sacred and holiest plants in Iran and is believed to be grown from
Anarkali - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-691: The Heras Institute ( St. Xavier's College, Mumbai ) and the Harvard University . Specializing in medieval Indian architecture, Nath came to be regarded one of India's leading art historians and an authority on the Mughal architecture . In 1990, in the context of the Ayodhya dispute , the All India Babri Masjid Action Committee (AIBMAC) cited Nath's History of Mughal Architecture to argue that
2673-587: The Islamic Mughal rulers did not destroy a Hindu temple to build the Babri mosque in Ayodhya . When Nath learned about this from an Indian Express newspaper report, he clarified that he actually believed that the mosque had been built over a temple. He explained his position in a booklet titled Architecture & Site of the Baburi Masjid of Ayodhya , stating that a Jami Masjid is always sited in
2754-589: The Prince was already married "to Zain Khan's niece" (the daughter of paternal uncle of Zain Khan, and hence Zain Khan's cousin). Akbar objected to the marriage of near relations. According to Aniruddha Ray, the inscribed year 1599 and the name Salim are important since if it was built after he became emperor his regnal name Jahangir would have been used instead. Ray says according to historians Akbar left Lahore on 6 November 1598, so it would be difficult to assume Akbar gave
2835-571: The Salim Anarkali love legend can not be entirely fabricated myth since nobody would have had the courage to inscribe his name in public as a Majnun (passionate lover) without his approval. Nath says, Jahangir held his father Akbar in very high regard in his autobiography, still in 1599 he rebelled against Akbar and one most possible reason could be that his romance with Anarkali was frustrated by Akbar. According to Haroon Khalid, irrespective of incestuous relationship in popular imagination, it
2916-505: The acidic ellagitannins contained in the juice. Pomegranate juice has long been a common drink in Europe and the Middle East, and is distributed worldwide. Pomegranate juice is also used as a cooking ingredient. In Syria, pomegranate juice is added to intensify the flavor of some dishes such as kibbeh safarjaliyeh . Grenadine syrup, commonly used in cocktail , originally consisted of thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice, but today
2997-408: The author of "Lahore Past and Present", Anarkali was originally just the name of the garden in which the tomb of Sahib-i-Jamal , one of the wife of Jahangir, was situated. The tomb later came to be named as that of Anarkali. According to Muhammed Baqir, the tomb of Anarkali belonged to a woman named Sahib-i Jamal , a wife of Salim, the mother of the prince's second son Sultan Parvez and a daughter of
3078-460: The carpet industry. The edible portion of raw pomegranate is 78% water, 19% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat (table). A 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of pomegranate sarcotesta provides 12% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C , 16% DV for vitamin K , and 10% DV for folate (table). Pomegranate seeds are a rich source of dietary fiber (20% DV) which is entirely contained in
3159-534: The claims that Shah Jahan had forcibly acquired the land from Hindu king Jai Singh to build the monument, and that hands of 20,000 artisans involved in its construction were amputated. He also criticised the Hindu chauvinist theory that Taj Mahal was originally a Shiva temple , calling it "absolutely wrong and absurd". He stated that the Hindu nationalist characterisation of the Mughal era as "exploitative, barbaric and
3240-494: The dates inscribed on the sarcophagus. Nur Jahan's first husband Sher Afghan died in a skirmish with Jahangir's foster brother Qutbuddin Koka in 1607. Jahangir fell in love with Nur Jahan and married her on 25 May 1611. According to Masudul Hasan and also Lisa Balabanlilar, a popular legend exists that Jahangir saw Nur Jahan in childhood and was attracted to her but Akbar had not given him permission to marry her; when Jahangir ascended
3321-537: The eastern Mediterranean region. Carbonized exocarp of the fruit has been identified in early Bronze Age levels of Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) in the West Bank , as well as late Bronze Age levels of Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus and Tiryns . A large, dry pomegranate was found in the tomb of Djehuty , the butler of Queen Hatshepsut in Egypt; Mesopotamian records written in cuneiform mention pomegranates from
Anarkali - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-420: The edible seeds. The phenolic content of pomegranate juice is degraded by processing and pasteurization techniques. The most abundant phytochemicals in pomegranate juice are polyphenols , including the hydrolyzable tannins called ellagitannins formed when ellagic acid and gallic acid bind with a carbohydrate to form pomegranate ellagitannins , also known as punicalagins . The red color of
3483-438: The emperor Akbar ensepulchred Anarkali alive, the movie Mughal-e-Azam gives the historical legend a twist wherein Akbar himself lets Anarkali run away clandestinely . Schofield says in this case film producer seemingly twists the plot finding it difficult to reconcile an idealized national hero of modern times had been legendarily cruel enough to entomb a woman alive. In 1979, Telugu superstar N. T. Rama Rao directed and acted in
3564-582: The film Akbar Salim Anarkali , featuring himself as Akbar, Nandamuri Balakrishna as Salim and Deepa as Anarkali. In Pakistan, Anarkali was released in 1958 with Noor Jehan in the titular role, based on the Imtiaz Ali Taj play/script as adapted by Qamar Ajnalvi for Anwar Kamal Pasha 's direction. Iman Ali portrayed Anarkali in Shoaib Mansoor 's short music video series on the theme Ishq ( transl. love ) in 2003. In
3645-532: The flesh, dried for 10–15 days, and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry preparation. Ground anardana is also used, which results in a deeper flavoring in dishes and prevents the seeds from getting stuck in teeth. Seeds of the wild pomegranate variety known as daru from the Himalayas are regarded as high-quality sources for this spice. Dried pomegranate seeds, found in some natural specialty food markets, still contain some residual water, maintaining
3726-450: The flowers alone. The pomegranate fruit husk is red-purple in color with an outer, hard pericarp , and an inner, spongy mesocarp (white "albedo"), which comprises the fruit inner wall where seeds attach. Membranes of the mesocarp are organized as nonsymmetric chambers that contain seeds which are embedded without attachment to the mesocarp. Pomegranate seeds are characterized by having sarcotesta , thick fleshy seed coats derived from
3807-425: The fruit far before it was introduced to Rome via Carthage , and it figures in multiple myths and artworks. In Ancient Greek mythology , the pomegranate was known as the "fruit of the dead", and believed to have sprung from the blood of Adonis . The myth of Persephone , the goddess of the underworld , prominently features her consumption of pomegranate seeds, requiring her to spend a certain number of months in
3888-420: The grand Mughal emperor would address his married wife as yar , designate himself as majnun and aspire to see her face once again. Had he not seen her enough? Obviously she was not his married wife but only his beloved, to whom he would take the liberty to be romantic and a little poetic too, and it appears to be a case of an unsuccessful romance of a disappointed lover... The prince could not save her, though it
3969-570: The hardness of seed, maturity, juice content and its acidity, sweetness, and astringency . The leading producers globally are India and China, followed by Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, the US, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, and Spain. During 2019, Chile, Peru, Egypt, Israel, India, and Turkey supplied pomegranates to the European market. Chile was the main supplier to the United States market, which has
4050-452: The integuments or outer layers of the ovule's epidermal cells . The number of seeds in a pomegranate can vary from 200 to about 1,400. Botanically, the fruit is a berry with edible seeds and pulp produced from the ovary of a single flower. The fruit is intermediate in size between a lemon and a grapefruit , 5–12 cm (2– 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) in diameter with a rounded shape and thick, reddish husk. In mature fruits,
4131-745: The juice is attributed to anthocyanins , such as delphinidin , cyanidin , and glycosides of pelargonidin . Generally, an increase in juice pigmentation occurs during fruit ripening. Pomegranate peel contains high amount of polyphenols, condensed tannins, catechins , and prodelphinidins . The higher phenolic content of the peel yields extracts for use in dietary supplements and food preservatives . Pomegranate seed oil contains punicic acid (65%), palmitic acid (5%), stearic acid (2%), oleic acid (6%), and linoleic acid (7%). Despite limited research data, manufacturers and marketers of pomegranate juice have liberally used results from preliminary research to promote products. In February 2010,
SECTION 50
#17327800280794212-473: The juice obtained by compressing the seeds yields a tart flavor due to low pH (4.4) and high contents of polyphenols , which may cause a red indelible stain on fabrics. The pigmentation of pomegranate juice primarily results from the presence of anthocyanins and ellagitannins . P. granatum is grown for its vegetable crop, and as ornamental trees and shrubs in parks and gardens. Mature specimens can develop sculptural twisted-bark, multiple trunks and
4293-505: The leaf-footed bug Leptoglossus zonatus , and fruit flies and ants are attracted to unharvested ripe fruit. Pomegranate grows easily from seed, but is commonly propagated from 25 to 50 cm (10 to 20 in) hardwood cuttings to avoid the genetic variation of seedlings. Air layering is also an option for propagation, but grafting fails. P. granatum var. nana is a dwarf variety of P. granatum popularly planted as an ornamental plant in gardens and larger containers, and used as
4374-439: The legend cannot be verified and most likely does not reference a historical event. The gravestone in the tomb for Anarkali bears the inscription: Could I behold the face of my beloved once more, I would thank God until the day of resurrection. ~ Majnun Salim Akbar According to Andrew Topsfield , in his book Paintings from Mughal India , (p. 171 n. 18) Robert Skelton has identified these verses as being from
4455-529: The legend of Salim and Anarkali still persists. Khalid provides the same narrative as Latif which was later used as inspiration by fiction writers beginning with Imtiaz Ali Taj's 1922 play 'Anarkali'. Basing his analysis on the above two accounts, Abraham Eraly , the author of The Last Spring: The Lives and Times of the Great Mughals , wrote there "seems to have been an oedipal conflict between Akbar and Salim". He also considers it probable that Anarkali
4536-546: The legend. Nath points out that De Laet mentioned that a contemporary traveler Pelsaert said that Jahangir loved Nur Jahan even before her marriage to Sher Afghan but Akbar intervened otherwise. According to Nath, it is not impossible for Jahangir to have engineered the murder of Nur Jahan's first husband (1607) and suppressed the real cause of the conflict of his love interest. Hasan and also Balabanlilarsay say that this legend has been proven to be historically false. Jahangir became attracted to and married Nur Jahan when she
4617-421: The main bazar of a city where the faithful can congregate conveniently and make purchases in the market afterwards. The Babri Masjid is on the other hand sited on a high mound in the midst of a series of Hindu temples in an exclusively Hindu locality. There would have been no reason to site a mosque at that location unless it was built on top of a demolished temple. In 2015, when a group of 53 academics criticised
4698-538: The mid-third millennium BC onwards. Waterlogged pomegranate remains have been identified at the circa 14th century BC Uluburun shipwreck off the coast of Turkey. Other goods on the ship include perfume, ivory and gold jewelry, suggesting that pomegranates at this time may have been considered a luxury good. Other archaeological finds of pomegranate remains from the Late Bronze Age have been found primarily in elite residences, supporting this inference. It
4779-498: The newly married couple to have a healthy child in the future. They also used to plant a pomegranate tree in their fire temples to use its leaves in their ceremonies. During the Iranian tradition, Yalda Night, people come together on winter solstice and eat pomegranate fruit to celebrate the victory of light over darkness. In a relief from Persepolis, Darius the Great is holding a pomegranate flower with two buds. This Achaemenid king
4860-468: The noble Zain Khan Koka . The daughter of Zain Khan was married to Salim on 18 June 1596. According to Akbar Nama, Jahangir "became violently enamoured of the daughter of Zain Khan Koka. Akbar was displeased at the impropriety, but he saw that his heart was immoderately affected, he, of necessity, gave his consent" The translator of Akbar Nama, H. Beveridge, said Akbar objected to the marriage because
4941-549: The old French word for the fruit, pomme-grenade , the pomegranate was known in early English as apple of Grenada —a term which today survives only in heraldic blazons . This is a folk etymology , confusing the Latin granatus with the name of the Spanish city of Granada , which is derived from an unrelated Arabic word. Garnet derives from Old French grenat by metathesis , from Medieval Latin granatum as used in
SECTION 60
#17327800280795022-440: The order for the entombment in 1599. Ray says that Sahib-i Jamal died in 1599 so the tomb may be hers. According to Haroon Khalid, a chronicler named Noor Ahmad Chishti in his Tehqiqat–i–Chishti first published in 1849 notes Anarkali or Sharf–un–Nissa as Emperor Akbar's favorite concubine. According to Tehqiqat–i–Chishti Anarkali died while Akbar was on his Deccan campaign . Khalid says that while Chishti's book does not speak about
5103-463: The pomegranate for treatment of tapeworm and other infections. A pomegranate is displayed on coins from Side , as Side was the name for pomegranate in the local language, which is the city's name. The ancient Greek city of Side was in Pamphylia , a former region on the southern Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor (modern-day Antalya province , Turkey). The Greeks were familiar with
5184-543: The poppy's narcotic capsule , with its comparable shape and chambered interior. Ram Nath R. Nath was born on 9 March 1933, grew up in a syncretic environment of Agra . He later recalled that, in his childhood period, Hindus and Muslims lived together in the same neighbourhoods, went to the same schools and participated in each other's festivals. Nath studied in the St. John's College in Agra and obtained PhD and DLitt from
5265-977: The previous century, by John Tradescant the Elder , but the disappointment that it did not set fruit there led to its repeated introduction to the American colonies, even New England. It succeeded in the South: Bartram received a barrel of pomegranates and oranges from a correspondent in Charleston , South Carolina, 1764. John Bartram partook of "delitious" pomegranates with Noble Jones at Wormsloe Plantation , near Savannah, Georgia , in September 1765. Thomas Jefferson planted pomegranates at Monticello in 1771; he had them from George Wythe of Williamsburg . Pomegranate juice can be sweet or sour , but most fruits are moderate in taste, with sour notes from
5346-562: The relationship between Salim and Anarkali were written by British travellers William Finch and Edward Terry. Finch reached Lahore in February 1611, 11 years after the supposed death of Anarkali, to sell indigo he had purchased at Bayana on behalf of the East India Company . His account, which was written in early 17th-century English, gives the following information. ... is a faire monument for Don Sha his mother, one of
5427-595: The same title in 1935. Bina Rai portrayed Anarkali in Anarkali , a 1953 Indian film. In 1955, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Anjali Devi starred in Anarkali . Kunchacko directed Anarkali , an Indian Tamil -language film, in 1966. In 1960, K. Asif 's landmark film Mughal-e-Azam was released in India with Madhubala in the role of Anarkali and Dilip Kumar as Prince Salim. According to Katherine Butler Schofield, while as per rumor peddled by European travelers ,
5508-555: The son of Mughal Emperor Akbar , who had her executed by immurement . The character often appears in movies, books and historical fiction, most notably depicted in the 1960 Bollywood film Mughal-e-Azam in which she is portrayed by Madhubala . Anarkali was first mentioned in the journal of the English tourist and trader William Finch , who visited the Mughal Empire on 24 August 1608. The earliest Western accounts about
5589-530: The spot where the blood of Siavash (the legendary Iranian character who is known for his innocence) and has been mentioned in Iranian Pahlavi scripts as a fruit of heaven. It is also believed that the invulnerability of Esfandiar (Iranian legend) was related to this sacred fruit. The Zoroastrians of Iran, believe that pomegranate is a blest fruit as it is served in their festivals like Mehregan and Nowruz, and especially in their wedding ceremonies to wish for
5670-565: The subject of a number of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani books, plays and films. The earliest, most-celebrated historical play about her, Anarkali , was written by Imtiaz Ali Taj in Urdu and performed in 1922. The play was made into a film Loves of a Mughal Prince , which was released in India in 1928 and stars Taj as Akbar. Another Indian silent film about the tawaif, Anarkali , was released in 1928 by R.S. Choudhury, who remade it in Hindi with
5751-556: The throne he got her husband killed and married her. Art historian Ram Nath gives credence to this theory saying for unknown reasons Nur Jahan's first marriage to Sher Afghan took place in 1599 when she was almost 22, quite late for a woman of that time. Nath says it is quite possible that Jahangir might have seen her, and shown interest but his father Akbar denied permission taking political considerations into account. Nath says that while modern biographers like Beniprasad do not put faith in this legend, there are contemporary mentions of
5832-434: The tomb he hath willed to be wrought in workes of gold with a large faire jounter with roomes over—head... ( sic ) ~ William Finch . Anarkali had a relationship with Prince Salim. Upon notice of the relationship, Akbar ordered her to be enclosed within a wall of his palace, where she died. Subsequently, Jahangir, as a token of his love, ordered a stone tomb to be built in the centre of a walled, four-square garden surrounded by
5913-406: The underworld every year. The number of seeds and therefore months vary. During the months that Persephone sits on the throne of the underworld beside her husband Hades , her mother Demeter mourned and no longer gave fertility to the earth. This was an ancient Greek explanation for the seasons . According to Carl A. P. Ruck and Danny Staples , the chambered pomegranate is also a surrogate for
5994-518: The unusual twisted bark the older specimens can attain. The term "balaustine" ( Latin : balaustinus ) is also used for a pomegranate-red color. Spanish colonists later introduced the fruit to the Caribbean and America ( Spanish America ). However, in the English colonies , it was less at home: "Don't use the pomegranate inhospitably, a stranger that has come so far to pay his respects to thee,"
6075-410: Was Sharf-un-Nissa. According to Ellison Banks Findly Anarkali's name was Nadira Begum. Findly states that according to European traveller Finch, Anarkali was actually the mother of prince Daniyal. Findly quotes Latif who described Anarkali as a concubine and according to him, Akbar observed Anarkali smile back at Salim in a mirror and suspected the worst, leading him to entomb the lady in a wall while she
6156-470: Was about to strike the "intruder" with his sword when he recognised Salim. According to this theory, the intruder might have been Prince Salim and that the story of the mad man was concocted to hide the prince's actions. According to Subhash Parihar, the accounts of the British travellers, and consequently the presumption of Eraly, is unlikely because Prince Daniyal's mother died in 1596, which does not match
6237-415: Was built by "traitors": he asserted that the monument's builder Shah Jahan was an Indian emperor, who defended India against foreign invasions, promoted the Indian languages Sanskrit and Hindavi over Arabic , and who liberally patronised Indian poets, musicians, and painters. He further pointed out that the monument was built by Indian artisans, using Indian material and Indian techniques. Nath rejected
6318-402: Was in her 30s and Jahangir in his 40s. According to Archana Garodia Gupta, the legend of the prior love with Nur Jahan is unlikely because after Nur Jahan's first marriage with Sher Afgan, Jahangir had accompanied him on a campaign to Mewar and also awarded a title on Sher Afgan. According to other accounts, after Akbar's death, Salim (Jahangir) recalled Anarkali and they married. She was given
6399-919: Was introduced into Spanish America in the late 16th century and into California by Spanish settlers in 1769. It is widely cultivated throughout West Asia and Caucasus region, South Asia , Central Asia , north and tropical Africa, the drier parts of Southeast Asia , and the Mediterranean Basin . The fruit is typically in season in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May, and in the Northern Hemisphere from September to February. Pomegranate and juice are variously used in baking, cooking, juice blends, garnishes , non-alcoholic drinks, and cocktails . The name pomegranate derives from medieval Latin pōmum 'apple' and grānātum 'seeded'. Possibly stemming from
6480-561: Was still alive. The same had been mentioned by Finch ".. upon notice of which the King [Akabar] caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, .." According to Lisa Balabanlilar, usually it is considered that Jahangir married at least 20 times. Findly says that if the assumed date of Anarkali’s death is correct then Salim would have already entered into several marriages and had three sons by then. Accordingly, it would have been out of character for Salim to have been madly in love in an incestuous relationship. However,
6561-425: Was the mother of Prince Daniyal Mirza . Eraly supports his hypothesis by quoting an incident recorded by Abul Fazl, Akbar's court historian, according to whom, Salim was assaulted one evening by the guards of Akbar's royal harem. A madman wandered into Akbar's harem because of the carelessness of the guards. According to Abul Fazl, Salim caught the man but was himself mistaken for the intruder. The emperor arrived and
#78921