Misplaced Pages

#948051

107-492: The role of the news presenter developed over time. Classically, the presenter would read the news from news "copy" which they may or may not have helped write with a news writer . This was often taken almost directly from wire services and then rewritten. Prior to the television era, radio-news broadcasts often mixed news with opinion and each presenter strove for a distinctive style. These presenters were referred to as commentators . The last major figure to present commentary in

214-418: A cult of the leader , is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a glorious leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise . Historically, it has developed through techniques of mass media, propaganda , spectacle , the arts , patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis , except that it

321-451: A demagogue and a dictator. Perón sympathised with the Axis powers when he was a colonel and Minister of War and even served as a diplomatic envoy to Fascist Italy . During his regime he kept close ties with Francoist Spain . He ferociously persecuted dissents and potential political rivals, as political arrests were common during his first two terms. He eroded the republican principles of

428-553: A better future could not occur. Generally, this has been the justification for personality cults that arose in totalitarian societies, such as those of Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany , Joseph Stalin of the USSR , Kim Il Sung , his son Kim Jong Il , and currently ruling grandson Kim Jong Un , of North Korea , Mao Zedong of the People’s Republic of China and Hafez al-Assad of Syria , whose son Bashar al Assad currently rules

535-407: A comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover. A soft lead introduces the topic in a more creative, attention-seeking fashion, and is usually followed by a nutshell paragraph (or nut graf) , a brief summary of facts. An " off-lead " is the second most important front page news of the day. The off-lead appears either in the top left corner, or directly below the lead on

642-461: A contestable role in news broadcasts. Some argue anchors have become sensationalized characters whose identities overshadow the news itself, while others cite anchors as necessary figureheads of "wisdom and truth" in the news broadcast. The role of the anchor has changed in recent years following the advent of satirical journalism and citizen journalism , both of which relocate the interpretation of truth outside traditional professional journalism, but

749-425: A criticism against the anchor in this case, claiming that by decreasing the number of people responsible for delivering the news, American viewers receive a bottlenecked stream of information about their surroundings. The choreography and performativity involved in the construction of the news broadcast dramatizes political processes, but in doing so, exposes its flattening of subjectivity and insistence upon itself as

856-424: A cultural focus of the apparatus of the regime: reliance on top-down 'administrative measures': and a pyramidal structure of authority" which was created by a single ideal. The twentieth century brought technological advancements that made it possible for regimes to package propaganda in the form of radio broadcasts , films , and later content on the internet. Writing in 2013, Thomas A. Wright observed that "[i]t

963-556: A fervent Peronist, newspapers were censored and television and radio networks were nationalized, and only state media was allowed. He often showed contempt for any opponents, regularly characterizing them as traitors and agents of foreign powers. Those who did not fall in line or were perceived as a threat to Perón's political power were subject to losing their jobs, threats, violence and harassment. Perón dismissed over 20,000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions. Universities were then intervened,

1070-409: A former anchor for NBC Nightly News , evidences this lapse in credibility generated by the celebration of the role of the anchor. In early 2015, Williams apologized to his viewers for fabricating stories of his experiences on the scene of major news events, an indiscretion resulting in a loss of 700,000 viewers for NBC Nightly News . David Folkenflik of NPR asserted that the scandal "corrodes trust in

1177-466: A historically accurate and detailed description of what happened." News writing News style , journalistic style , or news-writing style is the prose style used for news reporting in media, such as newspapers , radio and television . News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event—who, what, when, where, and why (the Five Ws ) and also often how—at

SECTION 10

#1732793856949

1284-471: A news broadcast format in the United States was Paul Harvey . With the development of the 24-hour news cycle and dedicated cable news channels , the role of the anchor evolved. Anchors would still present material prepared for a news program, but they also interviewed experts about various aspects of breaking news stories, and themselves provided improvised commentary, all under the supervision of

1391-578: A news outlet's editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide ; common style guides include the AP Stylebook and the US News Style Book . The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity. Journalistic prose is explicit and precise and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when

1498-485: A particular anchor seems to influence viewer perception less than the presence of an anchor in general. The role of the anchor correlates with the analogous, authority- and information-bearing positions already well-established in American politics , and the benefits it confers upon the political realm elucidate the compatibility between these two systems of information. Once again, Morse outlines this relationship between

1605-520: A personality cult centered around Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi & the Nehru-Gandhi family . Indira Gandhi has also been described as having a cult of personality during her administration. Following India's victory in the 1971 Indo-Pak war , Gandhi was hailed by many as a manifestation of the Hindu goddess Durga . Devakanta Barooah , the then Congress party president had remarked ' India

1712-530: A photo with pull quote after some short time has elapsed). Such billboards are also used as pointers to the article in other sections of the publication or site, or as advertisements for the piece in other publication or sites. The most important structural element of a story is the lead (also intro or lede in journalism jargon), comprising the story's first, or leading, sentence or possibly two. The lead almost always forms its own paragraph. The spelling lede ( / ˈ l iː d / , from Early Modern English )

1819-401: A quotation (e.g. of an article subject, informant, or interviewee), it is referred to as a pulled quotation or pull quote . Additional billboards of any of these types may appear later in the article (especially on subsequent pages) to entice further reading. Journalistic websites sometimes use animation techniques to swap one billboard for another (e.g. a slide of a call-out may be replaced by

1926-414: A result, one is able to manipulate others based entirely on the influence of public personality ... the cult of personality perspective focuses on the often shallow, external images that many public figures cultivate to create an idealized and heroic image." Adrian Teodor Popan defined a cult of personality as a "quantitatively exaggerated and qualitatively extravagant public demonstration of praise of

2033-472: A rival organization. Definitions of professionalism differ among news agencies ; their reputations, according to both professional standards and reader expectations, are often tied to the appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the majority of readers, engaging, and succinct. Within these limits, news stories also aim to be comprehensive. However, other factors are involved, some stylistic and some derived from

2140-429: A short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose (see Grammar ). They offer anecdotes , examples and metaphors , and they rarely depend on generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror"). The headline (also heading , head or title , or hed in journalism jargon ) of

2247-664: A special purpose on Earth. BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra while campaigning in the Hindu holy city of Puri stated that even Jagannath (the form of the Hindu god Vishnu which is venerated there) worships Modi. The BJP is also stated to have created a cult of personality around Hindu Mahasabha leader V. D. Savarkar & Gandhi's assassin Nathuram Godse to oppose the dominance of Gandhian philosophy in Indian society. One study claims that India's political culture since

SECTION 20

#1732793856949

2354-487: A story is typically a complete sentence (e.g., "Pilot Flies Below Bridges to Save Divers"), often with auxiliary verbs and articles removed (e.g., "Remains at Colorado camp linked to missing Chicago man"). However, headlines sometimes omit the subject (e.g., "Jumps From Boat, Catches in Wheel") or verb (e.g., "Cat woman lucky"). A subhead (also subhed , sub-headline , subheading , subtitle , deck or dek ) can be either

2461-471: A subordinate title under the main headline, or the heading of a subsection of the article. It is a heading that precedes the main text, or a group of paragraphs of the main text. It helps encapsulate the entire piece, or informs the reader of the topic of part of it. Long or complex articles often have more than one subheading. Subheads are thus one type of entry point that help readers make choices, such as where to begin (or stop) reading. An article billboard

2568-513: A way for him to justify his personal rule and it acted as a way to enable social and political integration. Mussolini's military service in World War I and survival of failed assassination attempts were used to convey a mysterious aura around him. Fascist propaganda stated that Mussolini's body had been pierced by shrapnel just like St. Sebastian had been pierced by arrows, the difference being that Mussolini had survived this ordeal. Mussolini

2675-473: Is Indira, Indira is India '. Her assassination in 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards sparked a massive wave of public grief & anti-Sikh violence . The Congress party led by her son Rajiv Gandhi utilised her death to win the general elections shortly held after . His assassination while campaigning in the 1991 general elections also led to widespread public grief, which was utilised by the Congress to win

2782-492: Is also used in American English , originally to avoid confusion with the printing press type formerly made from the metal lead or the related typographical term " leading ". Charnley states that "an effective lead is a brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts." The lead is normally a single sentence, is ideally 20–25 words in length, and must balance the ideal of maximum information conveyed against

2889-535: Is becoming evident that the charismatic leader, especially in politics, has increasingly become the product of media and self-exposure." Focusing on the media in the United States, Robert N. Bellah added, "It is hard to determine the extent to which the media reflect the cult of personality in American politics and to what extent they have created it. Surely they did not create it all alone, but just as surely they have contributed to it. In any case, American politics

2996-423: Is capsule summary text, often just one sentence or fragment, which is put into a sidebar or text box (reminiscent of an outdoor billboard ) on the same page to grab the reader's attention as they are flipping through the pages to encourage them to stop and read that article. When it consists of a (sometimes compressed) sample of the text of the article, it is known as a call-out or callout , and when it consists of

3103-416: Is dominated by the personalities of political leaders to an extent rare in the modern world ... in the personalized politics of recent years the 'charisma' of the leader may be almost entirely a product of media exposure." Often, a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation and came to be treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation without whom the claimed transformation to

3210-546: Is established by modern social engineering techniques , usually by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states . Cults of personality often accompany the leaders of totalitarian or authoritarian governments. They can also be seen in some monarchies , theocracies , failed democracies , and even in liberal democracies . Throughout human history, monarchs and other heads of state were frequently treated with enormous reverence and they were also thought to be endowed with super-human qualities. Through

3317-423: Is sometimes used, usually pejoratively, to refer to news-style writing. Another is headlinese . Newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing style. Over time and place, journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity or sensationalism they incorporate. It is considered unethical not to attribute a scoop to the journalist(s) who broke a story, even if they are employed by

News presenter - Misplaced Pages Continue

3424-409: Is superhuman and has traces of God in him." The Opposition often accused Modi for spreading propaganda using popular media such as movies, television and web series. In 2021, Modi named the world's largest cricket stadium after himself. During the 2024 general elections , Modi tried to divinise himself in an interview, in which he stated that he viewed himself to be sent directly by God to serve

3531-505: Is the absence of a straight-news lead, most of the time. Instead of offering the essence of a story up front, feature writers may attempt to lure readers in. While straight news stories always stay in third person point of view, it is common for a feature article to slip into first person . The journalist often details interactions with interview subjects, making the piece more personal. A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From

3638-544: The Bangladesh National Party ), Mujib came back to dominate public consciousness from 2008 under the Awami League government led by Hasina. Hasina has been criticised for overemphasising the role of her father & the Awami League in securing Bangladeshi independence at the cost of sidelining other prominent figures & political parties of the time. Hasina had amended the constitution to make

3745-481: The People's Republic of China from his rise in 1949 until his death in 1976. Mass media , propaganda and a series of other techniques were used by the state to elevate Mao Zedong's status to that of an infallible heroic leader, who could stand up against The West , and guide China to become a beacon of Communism . Mao himself, however, publicly criticized the personality cult which was formed around him. During

3852-539: The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole : Tonton Makout ), indiscriminately tortured or killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult. Benito Mussolini was portrayed as

3959-510: The " Führer -cult". During the five election campaigns in 1932, the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter portrayed Hitler as a man who had a mass movement united behind him, a man with one mission to solely save Germany as the 'Leader of the coming Germany'. The Night of the Long Knives in 1934 – after which Hitler referred to himself as being single-handedly "responsible for the fate of

4066-609: The "historic balcony." Now he sometimes snapped at his adjutants when they came to him with the request that he show himself: "Stop bothering me with that!" The myth helped to unite the German people during World War II , especially against the Soviet Union and the Western Allies . During Hitler's early victories against Poland and Western Europe the myth was at its peak, but when it became obvious to most Germans that

4173-624: The 1920s, during the early years of the Nazi Party , Nazi propaganda began to depict the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler as a demagogue figure who was the almighty defender and savior of Germany. After the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles , the German people were left in turmoil under the Weimar Republic , and, according to Nazi propaganda, only Hitler could save them and restore Germany's greatness, which in turn gave rise to

4280-519: The 19th century. The subsequent development of mass media, such as radio, enabled political leaders to project a positive image of themselves onto the masses as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the most notorious personality cults arose. Frequently, these cults are a form of political religion . The advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web in

4387-546: The 21st century has renewed the personality cult phenomenon. Disinformation via social media platforms and the twenty-four hour news cycle has enabled the widespread dissemination and acceptance of deceptive information and propaganda. As a result, personality cults have grown and remained popular in many places, corresponding with a marked rise in authoritarian government across the world. The term "cult of personality" likely appeared in English around 1800–1850, along with

News presenter - Misplaced Pages Continue

4494-628: The Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping and others launched the " Boluan Fanzheng " program which invalidated the Cultural Revolution and abandoned (and forbade) the use of a personality cult. Longtime dictator of the Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo (ruled 1930–1961) was the center of a large personality cult. The nation's capital city, its highest peak, and a province were renamed for him. Statues of "El Jefe" were mass-produced and erected across

4601-523: The French and German versions of the term. It initially had no political connotations, but was instead closely related to the Romanticist "cult of genius". The first known political use of the phrase appeared in a letter from Karl Marx to German political worker Wilhelm Blos dated to November 10, 1877: Neither of us cares a straw of popularity. Let me cite one proof of this: such was my aversion to

4708-582: The German people" – also helped to reinforce the myth that Hitler was the sole protector of the Volksgemeinschaft , the ethnic community of the German people. Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels cultivated an image of Hitler as a "heroic genius". The myth also gave rise to the saying and concept, "If only the Führer knew". Germans thought that problems which they ascribed to the Nazi hierarchy would not have occurred if Hitler had been aware of

4815-528: The Hasina administration, including an official biopic in collaboration with the Indian government. The Hasina government converted Mujib's residence in the capital city of Dhaka , where he & his family was assassinated by mutinous military personnel in 1975 , into a memorial museum . Hasina designated the day of Mujib's assassination as the National Day of Mourning . The Hasina government also made

4922-489: The Muslim general and warlord Ma Lin was interviewed, he was described as having "high admiration for and unwavering loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek". A cult of personality has been developing around Xi Jinping since he became General Secretary of the ruling Chinese Communist Party and the regime's paramount leader in 2012. Mao Zedong's cult of personality was a prominent part of Chairman Mao Zedong 's rule over

5029-402: The anchor and the larger context in which they operate: "[s]ince there are few other organs for inclusive and substantial discourse on social and cultural values in American life, the responsibility for interpreting the world and posing a political course of action and a social agenda falls on a very limited number of public personas, including such news personalities and the president". She levies

5136-438: The anchor's construction of a commodified, aestheticized version of the news, some critics defend the role of the anchor in society, claiming that they function as a necessary conduit of credibility. The news anchor's position as an omnipotent arbiter of information results from their place behind a typically elevated desk, wherefrom they interact with reporters through a screen-within-screen spatial setup. A criticism levied against

5243-688: The anchor, in NBC and in the greater profession", exhibiting the way in which the credibility of the anchor extends beyond their literal place behind the news desk and into the expectation of the news medium at large. CBS's long-running nighttime news broadcast 60 Minutes displays this purported superfluousness of anchors, insofar as it has no central figurehead in favor of many correspondents with similarly important roles. Up-and-coming news networks like Vice magazine's documentary-style reporting also eschew traditional news broadcast formatting in this way, suggesting an emphasis on on-site reporting and deemphasizing

5350-485: The birthdays of Mujib, his wife Sheikh Fazilatunessa , eldest son Sheikh Kamal & youngest son Sheikh Russel as official government holidays, alongside March 7 (on that day in 1971, Mujib declared Bangladesh's seccession at a speech in Dhaka ). Under Hasina's rule, the country was doted with numerous statues of Mujib alongside several roads & prominent institutions named after him. Critics state that Hasina utilises

5457-439: The bulk of an article. Common usage is that one or two sentences each form their own paragraph. Journalists usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid. The essential and most interesting elements of a story are put at the beginning, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance. This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with

SECTION 50

#1732793856949

5564-498: The constraint of the unreadability of a long sentence. This makes writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work. While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the five Ws , few leads can fit all of these. Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads. A hard lead aims to provide

5671-422: The country as a way to stay in power and forced statewide censorship on most media. Following his election, he built a personality cult around both himself and his wife so pervasive it is still a part of Argentina's current political life. During Perón's regime, schools were forced to read Evita's biography La Razón de mi Vida , union and government jobs were only given to those who could prove themselves to be

5778-722: The country, and bridges and public buildings were named in his honor. Automobile license plates included slogans such as "¡Viva Trujillo!" and "Año Del Benefactor De La Patria" (Year of the Benefactor of the Nation). An electric sign was erected in Ciudad Trujillo so that "Dios y Trujillo" could be seen at night as well as in the day. Eventually, even churches were required to post the slogan "Dios en el cielo, Trujillo en la tierra" (God in Heaven, Trujillo on Earth). As time went on,

5885-558: The country. Admiration for Mao Zedong has remained widespread in China in spite of somewhat general knowledge of his actions. In December 2013, a Global Times poll revealed that over 85% of Chinese viewed Mao's achievements as outweighing his mistakes. Jan Plamper argues while Napoleon III made some innovations in France , it was Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s who originated

5992-418: The cult and thereby in sustaining the regime itself. The North Korean cult of personality is a large part of Juche and totalitarianism . Yakov Novichenko , a Soviet military officer who saved Kim Il Sung's life on 1 May 1946, is reported to also have developed a cult of personality around 1984. He is considered the only non-Korean to have developed a cult of personality there. Ferdinand Marcos developed

6099-485: The cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania." In Latin America, Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser link the "cult of the leader" to the concept of the caudillo , a strong leader "who exercises a power that is independent of any office and free of any constraint." These populist strongmen are portrayed as "masculine and potentially violent" and enhance their authority through

6206-474: The cult of personalities to be a patriarch. The idea of the cult of personalities that coincides with the Marxist movements gains popular footing among the men in power with the idea that they would be the "fathers of the people". By the end of the 1920s, the male features of the cults became more extreme. Pittman identifies that these features became roles including the "formal role for a [male] 'great leader' as

6313-434: The decline of the Congress' single-handed dominance over national politics from the 1990s has paved way for personality cults centered around leaders of the small regional parties, derived from hero-worship of sportspersons & film industry celebrities and the concept of bhakti , which in turn has fostered nepotism , cronyism & sycophancy. Among these leaders, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J. Jayalalitha had one of

6420-520: The divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura, though Napoleon III , and Queen Victoria appreciated its perpetuation in their carte-de-visite portraits which proliferated, circulated and were collected in

6527-537: The dominance of Nehruvian ideals, a product of Nehru's personality cult and the associated statism, i.e. the overarching faith in the state and the leadership. However, Nehru himself actively discouraged the creation of a cult of personality around him. He wrote an essay titled 'Rashtrapati' in 1937 published in the Modern Review warning people about dictatorship and emphasizing the value of questioning leaders. The Congress party has been accused of promoting

SECTION 60

#1732793856949

6634-575: The early 1930s, the myth was given credence due to Hitler's perceived ability to revive the German economy during the Great Depression . However, Albert Speer wrote that by 1939, the myth was under threat and the Nazis had to organize cheering crowds to turn up to events. Speer wrote: The shift in the mood of the population, the drooping morale which began to be felt throughout Germany in 1939,

6741-524: The elections despite unfavorable circumstances. Current Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is often criticized for creating a personality cult around him. Despite some setbacks and criticism, Modi's charisma and popularity was a key factor that helped the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) return to power in the 2019 general elections . Shivraj Singh Chouhan , the chief minister of the country's second largest state , said in 2022, "He

6848-512: The embodiment of Italian Fascism and was keen to be seen as such. Mussolini was styled by other Italian fascists as Il Duce ("The Leader"). Since Mussolini was represented as an almost omniscient leader, a common saying in Italy during Mussolini's rule was "The Duce is always right" (Italian: Il Duce ha sempre ragione ). Mussolini became a unifying force in Italy in order for ordinary Italians to put their difference to one side with local officials. The personality cult surrounding Mussolini became

6955-453: The end, which requires engendering curiosity and offering a "payoff." Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories, with smoother transitions between them. Feature writers use the active-verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news but often put more personality in their prose. Feature stories often close with a "kicker" rather than simply petering out. Cult of personality A cult of personality , or

7062-483: The entire population, not only the well-to-do or just the ruling class; they use mass media; they exist where the mass media can be controlled enough to inhibit the introduction of "rival cults". In his 2013 paper, " What is character and why it really does matter ", Thomas A. Wright stated, "The cult of personality phenomenon refers to the idealized, even god-like, public image of an individual consciously shaped and molded through constant propaganda and media exposure. As

7169-451: The essence of a story. It allows people to explore a topic to only the depth that their curiosity takes them, and without the imposition of details or nuances that they could consider irrelevant, but still making that information available to more interested readers. The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout, to fit in the space available. Writers are often admonished "Don't bury

7276-441: The faculty was pressured to get in line and those who resisted were blacklisted , dismissed or exiled. Numerous prominent cultural and intellectual figures were imprisoned. Thousands of artists, scientists, writers and academics left the country, migrated to North America or Europe. Union leaders and political rivals were arrested and tortured for years and were only released after Perón was deposed. Mujibism initially began as

7383-406: The final word of truth. More specifically, "the news media may do 'an important social good when using the techniques of dramaturgy to make governance more interesting to people than would be the case otherwise.' At the same time, however, 'there is an important difference between drama and democracy, with the former requiring spectators and the latter participants.'" In contrast to perceptions of

7490-414: The first paragraph, and then a direct quote to support the indirect quote. A kicker can refer to multiple things: News stories are not the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines. Longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper, are known as features . Feature stories differ from straight news in several ways. Foremost

7597-617: The first usage of this term on television. The anchor term then became commonly used by 1952 to describe the most prominent member of a panel of reporters or experts. The term "anchorman" also was used to describe Walter Cronkite 's role at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions , where he coordinated switches between news points and reporters. The widespread claim that news anchors were called "cronkiters" in Swedish has been debunked by linguist Ben Zimmer . Anchors occupy

7704-599: The ideological demands of the cult, especially as Stalin himself presented it in 1938 in Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) , which became the official history. Historian David L. Hoffmann states "The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism , and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule ... Many scholars of Stalinism cite

7811-406: The importance of the solitary anchor in the news medium. In her essay, "News as Performance", Margaret Morse posits this connection between anchor persona newsroom as an interconnected identity fusing many aspects of the newsroom dynamic: For the anchor represents not merely the news per se , or a particular network or corporate conglomerate that owns the network, or television as an institution, or

7918-422: The lead (or main) producer, who coordinated the broadcast by communicating with the anchor through an earphone. Many anchors help write or edit news for their programs, although modern news formats often distinguish between anchor and commentator in an attempt to establish the "character" of a news anchor. The mix of "straight" news and commentary varies depending on the type of program and the skills and knowledge of

8025-412: The lead!" to ensure that they present the most important facts first, rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them. Some writers start their stories with the "1-2-3 lead", yet there are many kinds of lead available. This format invariably starts with a "Five Ws" opening paragraph (as described above), followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of

8132-409: The leader." He also identified three causal "necessary, but not sufficient, structural conditions, and a path-dependent chain of events which, together, lead to the cult formation: a particular combination of patrimonialism and clientelism , lack of dissidence, and systematic falsification pervading the society's culture." One underlying characteristic, as explained by John Pittman, is the nature of

8239-583: The masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population. The cult of personality which surrounds North Korea 's ruling family, the Kim family , has existed for decades and it can be found in many aspects of North Korean culture . Although not acknowledged by the North Korean government , many defectors and Western visitors state there are often stiff penalties for those who criticize or do not show "proper" respect for

8346-450: The media form. Among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor in presenting information. Commentary is usually confined to a separate section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policies dictate the use of adjectives , euphemisms , and idioms . Newspapers with an international audience, for example, tend to use a more formal style of writing. The specific choices made by

8453-603: The model of dictator-as-cult-figure that was emulated by Hitler, Stalin and the others, using the propaganda powers of a totalitarian state . Pierre du Bois de Dunilac argues that the Stalin cult was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used. The Kremlin refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth, and key documents were destroyed. Photographs were altered and documents were invented. People who knew Stalin were forced to provide "official" accounts to meet

8560-489: The most extensive ones. She was widely referred by leaders & members of her party as Amma ('mother' in Tamil , also used to refer to Hindu goddesses) & would prostrate themselves before her. Her government provided various kinds of subsidised goods under the brand name of Amma . Widespread violence broke out throughout the state when she was arrested on charges of corruption . A huge wave of public grief swept all over

8667-422: The network and its viewers: "People tend to want to believe and trust in television news and start, really, from the anchor". Beneficial or not, the anchor fits snugly into the " personality cult " engendered within American society that encourages celebrity that demands a hierarchy of authority, evidenced by the negligible change in ratings following implementation of new anchors in broadcast lineups. The identity of

8774-465: The news as a one-sided relationship with its viewers, some believe that the news works in conjunction with its audience to produce the most efficient picture possible of the world. Tom Brokaw, in speaking about his experiences as a news anchor for NBC, explained how news stories for the length of their duration tend to feed off viewers' demands, and that news is inherently a "populist medium", and that "[p]eople are not going to turn to television networks for

8881-402: The opening of the article . This form of structure is sometimes called the " inverted pyramid ", to refer to the decreasing importance of information in subsequent paragraphs. News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence. The related term journalese

8988-529: The order of the phrases was reversed (Trujillo on Earth, God in Heaven). François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc , was a Haitian politician who served as the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958 , his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic . An undercover government death squad ,

9095-415: The particular anchor. The terms anchor , anchorman , or anchorwoman are derived from the usage common in relay racing , specifically the anchor leg , where the position is typically given to the fastest or most experienced competitor on a team. In 1948, "anchor man" was used in the game show Who Said That? to refer to John Cameron Swayze , who was a permanent panel member of the show, in what may be

9202-445: The particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject. The section that signals what a feature is about is called the nut graph or billboard . Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lead, a billboard rarely gives everything away. It reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers' attention to

9309-569: The period of the Cultural Revolution , Mao's personality cult soared to an unprecedented height. Mao's face was firmly established on the front page of People's Daily , where a column of his quotes was also printed every day. Mao's Selected Works were later printed in even greater circulation; the number of his portraits (1.2 billion) was more than the inhabitants in China. And soon Chairman Mao badges began to appear; in total, about 4.8 billion were manufactured. Every Chinese citizen

9416-612: The personality cult [orig. Personenkultus ] that at the time of the International, when plagued by numerous moves ... to accord me public honor, I never allowed one of these to enter the domain of publicity ... There are various views about what constitutes a cult of personality in a leader. Historian Jan Plamper wrote that modern-day personality cults display five characteristics that set them apart from "their predecessors": The cults are secular and "anchored in popular sovereignty"; their objects are all males; they target

9523-416: The personality cult around her father to justify her own authoritarianism, crackdown on political dissent & democratic backsliding of the country. Following the violent overthrow of Sheikh Hasina in 2024, the cult of personality around Mujib is being systematically dismantled. Chiang Kai-shek had a cult of personality . His portraits were common in private homes and in public on the streets. When

9630-429: The place anchormen and anchorwomen hold in American media remains consistent. "Just about every single major news anchor since the dawn of the medium after World War II has been aligned with show business," says Frank Rich, writer-at-large for New York magazine , in a polemic against commoditized news reporting, "reading headlines to a camera in an appealing way is incentivized over actual reporting". Brian Williams ,

9737-662: The political ideolody of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , which was gradually converted into a cult of personality around him by his daughter Sheikh Hasina , leader of the Awami League , the party which under the leadership of Mujib, led Bangladesh's seccession from Pakistan . After being pushed to the sidelines by 2 successive military dictators Ziaur Rehman (who founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party ) & Hussain Muhammad Ershad (who founded

9844-532: The presence of Mujib's portrait mandatory in every school, government office & diplomatic missions of the country & made it illegal to criticise Mujib, his ideals & his deeds, especially the one-party BAKSAL regime (1972-75) headed by him, through writing, speech or electronic media . Many events commemorating the birth-centenary of Bangabandhu ('Friend of Bengal' in Bengali , the honorific unofficial title given to Mujib in his lifetime) were launched by

9951-665: The principle of the divine right of kings , notably in medieval Europe, rulers were said to hold office by the will of God or the will of the gods. Ancient Egypt , Imperial Japan , the Inca , the Aztecs , Tibet , Siam (now Thailand ), and the Roman Empire are especially noted for their redefinition of monarchs as "god-kings". Furthermore, the Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with

10058-435: The public interest; rather, he represents the complex nexus of all of them. In this way, the network anchor position is a "symbolic representation of the institutional order as an integrated totality" (Berger and Luckmann 1967, p. 76), an institutional role on par with that of the president or of a Supreme Court justice, although the role originates in corporate practices rather than political or judicial processes. [...] Despite

10165-456: The regime. The personality cult began soon after Kim Il Sung took power in 1948, and was greatly expanded after his death in 1994. The pervasiveness and the extreme nature of North Korea's personality cult surpasses those of Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong . The cult is also marked by the intensity of the people's feelings for and devotion to their leaders, and the key role played by a Confucianized ideology of familism both in maintaining

10272-431: The right. To " bury the lead " is to begin the article with background information or details of secondary importance to the readers, forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential points. It is a common mistake in press releases , but a characteristic of an academic writing style, where its downsides are often mitigated by the inclusion of an abstract at

10379-404: The role of anchor stems from this dynamic, insofar as anchors simply "... regurgitat[e] or reproduc[e] the report of others...", differentiating them from the productive occupations of journalists and on-site reporters. However, journalism professor Elly Alboim articulates the pro-anchor position by characterizing the anchor's nightly presence as a necessary way to build familiarity and trust between

10486-494: The situation; thus Nazi bigwigs were blamed, and Hitler escaped criticism. British historian Ian Kershaw published his book The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich in 1987 and wrote: Hitler stood for at least some things they [German people] admired, and for many had become the symbol and embodiment of the national revival which the Third Reich had in many respects been perceived to accomplish. During

10593-501: The start of an article . A nutshell paragraph (also simply nutshell , or nut 'graph , nut graf , nutgraf , etc., in journalism jargon) is a brief paragraph (occasionally there can be more than one) that summarizes the news value of the story, sometimes bullet-pointed and/or set off in a box. Nut-shell paragraphs are used particularly in feature stories (see " Feature style " below) . Paragraphs (shortened as 'graphs , graphs , grafs or pars in journalistic jargon) form

10700-506: The state, with some even committing suicide, following her death in 2016. Another leader, Mayawati , was also known for attempting to foster a cult of personality during her tenure as the Chief Minister of India's most populous state by getting constructed large statues of herself & the elephant (which was the electoral symbol of her party ) that were installed in public parks at the cost of government exchequer. Starting in

10807-487: The use of the cult of personality. Mudde and Kaltwasser trace the linkage back to Juan Perón of Argentina . Juan Perón , who was elected three times as President of Argentina , and his second wife, Eva "Evita" Perón , were immensely popular among many of the Argentine people, and to this day they are still considered icons by the leading Justicialist Party . In contrast, academics and detractors often considered him

10914-607: The war was lost then the myth was exposed and Hitler's popularity declined. A report is given in the little Bavarian town of Markt Schellenberg on March 11, 1945: When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm , nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of

11021-459: Was also compared to St. Francis of Assisi , who had, like Mussolini, "suffered and sacrificed himself for others". The press were given instructions on what and what not to write about Mussolini. Mussolini himself authorized which photographs of him were allowed to be published and rejected any photographs which made him appear weak or less prominent than he wanted to be portrayed as in a particular group. Italy's war against Ethiopia (1935–37)

11128-436: Was eclipsed by another personality cult that had developed around India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru . C Rajagopalachari criticized the personality cult surrounding Nehru, saying that there should be an opposition group within the Congress. Rajagopalachari later formed the economically right-wing Swatantra Party in opposition to Nehru's socialist economic view. The expression ' Nehruvian consensus ' reflects

11235-411: Was evident in the necessity to organize cheering crowds where two years earlier Hitler had been able to count on spontaneity. What is more, he himself had meanwhile moved away from the admiring masses. He tended to be angry and impatient more often than in the past when, as still occasionally happened, a crowd on Wilhelmsplatz began clamoring for him to appear. Two years before he had often stepped out on

11342-609: Was portrayed in propaganda as a revival of the Roman Empire , with Mussolini as the first Roman emperor Augustus . To improve his own image, as well as the image of Fascism in the Arab world , Mussolini declared himself to be the "Protector of Islam " during an official visit to Libya in 1937. During the days of the freedom struggle, Mahatma Gandhi had a cult-like following amongst the people of India. The assassination of Gandhi in 1948 led to widespread violence against Marathi Brahmins by his followers. After Gandhi's death, his cult

11449-535: Was presented with the Little Red Book – a selection of quotes from Mao. It was prescribed to be carried everywhere and displayed at all public events, and citizens were expected to quote the contents of the book daily. Mao himself believed that the situation had gone out of hand, and in a conversation with Edgar Snow in 1970, he denounced the titles of "Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander, Great Helmsman" and insisted on only being called "teacher". After

#948051