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67-548: Voseo is common in the Bolivian and Ecuadorian Andes, largely among rural and poorer speakers. It is nearly extinct in Peru. Some speakers tend towards pronominal voseo , using vos with the tú conjugations of verbs, whereas more indigenous speakers tend to use the vos conjugations. Words like pues, pero and nomás are often used similarly to the modal suffixes of Quechua and Aymara . They can be stacked at

134-912: A Spanish-based creole spoken in the Philippines , employs voseo , while the standard Spanish spoken in the country does not. The Chavacano language below in comparison of other Chavacano dialects and level of formality with Voseo in both subject and possessive pronouns. Note the mixed and co-existing usages of vos, tú, usted , and vosotros . vos (informal) vosotros All modern voseo conjugations derive from Old Spanish second person plural -ades , -edes , -ides , and -odes (as in sodes , 'you are'). The 14th and 15th centuries saw an evolution of these conjugations, with -ades originally giving -áis , -edes giving -és (or -ís ), -ides giving -ís , and -odes giving -óis . Soon analogous forms -ás and -éis appeared. Hence

201-556: A 2014 article, on the grounds that it requires at least six different rules, including three monophthongization processes that completely lack phonological motivation. Alternatively, the article argues that the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are synchronically derived from underlying representations that coincide with those corresponding to the non-honorific second person singular tú . First, both Chilean and River Plate voseo has an accentuation rule which assigns stress to

268-519: A final -s . The forms erís for 'you are', and habís and hai for 'you have' are also found in Chilean Spanish. In the case of the ending -ís (such as in comís, podís, vivís, erís, venís ), the final -s is pronounced like any other final /s/ in Chilean Spanish. It is most often pronounced as an aspiration similar to the 'h' sound in English. It can also be pronounced as

335-527: A fricative [s] , or be dropped completely. Its variable pronunciation is a phonological rather than a morphological phenomenon. Venezuelan Maracucho Spanish is notable in that they preserve the diphthongized plural verb forms in all tenses, as still used with vosotros in Spain. Chilean Spanish also notably uses the diphthong -ái . In Ladino , the -áis , -éis , -ís , & -ois endings are pronounced /aʃ/ , /eʃ/ , /iʃ/ , & /oʃ/ . In Chile, it

402-479: A great familiarity among friends, or speaking to God, or a wife and husband to themselves, or a father and mother to their children, or to servants. Examples . O Dios, sois vos mi Padre verdadéro , O God, thou art my true Father; Tú eres un buen amígo , Thou art a good friend. The standard formal way to address a person one was not on familiar terms with was to address such a person as vuestra merced ("your grace", originally abbreviated as v.m. ) in

469-532: A local variant of Spanish. In some places it has become symbolically important and is pointed to with pride as a local defining characteristic. Geography of Ecuador#La Sierra (the highlands) Ecuador is a country in western South America , bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator , for which the country is named. Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural formations and climates, from

536-404: A normal part of Chilean, and River Plate, Spanish phonology, means that syllable or word-final /s/ becomes pronounced like an [h] . The proposed theory requires the use of only one special rule in the case of Chilean voseo . This rule plus other rules that are independently justified in the language make it possible to synchronically derive all the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms in

603-469: A person of respect to aggrandize them. Vos , the second-person plural inherited from Latin, came to be used in this manner. Already by the late 18th century, however, vos itself was restricted to politeness among one's familiar friends. The following extract from a textbook is illustrative of usage at the time: We seldom make use in Spanish of the second Person Singular or Plural, but when through

670-577: A straightforward manner. The article additionally solves the problem posed by the alternate verbal forms of Chilean voseo like the future indicative (e.g. bailaríh or bailarái 'you will dance'), the present indicative forms of haber ( habíh and hai 'you have'), and the present indicative of ser ( soi , eríh and eréi 'you are'), without resorting to any ad hoc rules. All these different verb forms would come from different underlying representations. The future forms bailarái and bailaríh come from underlying /bailaˈɾas/ and /bailaˈɾes/ ,

737-481: A year-round temperature in the range of 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F) and an annual rainfall of 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in). The temperate level experiences rainstorms, hailstorms, and fog. Winter, or the rainy season, lasts from January through June, and the dry season or summer from July through December. Most rain falls in April. There also is a short rainy period in early October caused by moisture penetrating

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804-774: Is 1,500 millimeters (59.1 in) in Quito and can reach 2,500 millimeters (98.4 in) on exposed slopes that catch rain-bearing winds. On a seasonal basis, the driest months are June through September. The climate in the Sierra is divided into levels based on altitude. The tropical level (400 to 1,800 meters [1,312 to 5,906 ft]) has temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 °C (68.0 to 77.0 °F) and heavy precipitation. The subtropical level (1,800 to 2,500 meters [5,906 to 8,202 ft]) has temperatures from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) and moderate precipitation. The temperate level (2,500 to 3,200 meters [8,202 to 10,499 ft]) has

871-521: Is 40,000 square kilometers in area. The sixty-kilometer-long Guayas River forms just north of Guayaquil out of the confluence of the Babahoyo and Daule rivers. Briefly constricted at Guayaquil by hills, the Guayas widens south of the city and flows through a deltaic network of small islands and channels. At its mouth, the river forms a broad estuary with two channels around Puná Island , the deeper of which

938-456: Is a strong tendency to use preterite instead of present perfect . Vos also differs in its affirmative imperative conjugation from both tú and vosotros . Specifically, the vos imperative is formed by dropping the final -r from the infinitive, but keeping the stress on the last syllable. The only verb that is irregular in this regard is ir ; its vos imperative is not usually used, with andá (the vos imperative of andar , which

1005-574: Is coming out there.'" Due to Aymara and Quechua influence, Andean Spanish often uses the pluperfect tense or clause-final dice "he/she says" to indicate evidentiality . Evidential dice is more common in monolingual Peruvian Spanish. In upper Ecuador, a dar + gerund construction is common, ie: Pedro me dio componiendo mi reloj. "Pedro fixed my watch." Andean Spanish typically uses more loans from Aymara and Quechua than other Spanish varieties. In addition, some common words have different meanings. Pie , meaning "foot," can refer to

1072-544: Is denoted by * ) being generally used instead; except for the Argentine province of Tucumán , where the imperative ite is used. For most regular verbs ending in -ir , the vos imperatives use the same conjugations as the yo form in the preterite ; almost all verbs that are irregular in the preterite (which are denoted by ‡ ) retain the regular vos imperative forms. Again, the conjugation of tú has far more irregularities, whereas vos has only one irregular verb in

1139-499: Is determined by altitude. With each ascent of 200 meters (656 ft) in altitude, temperature drops 1 °C (1.8 °F). This phenomenon is particularly significant in the Sierra. Temperatures in the Sierra do not vary greatly on a seasonal basis; the hottest month averages 16 °C (60.8 °F) and the coolest month, 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the upper elevations. Diurnal temperatures, however, vary dramatically, from cold mornings to hot afternoons. The almost vertical sun and

1206-629: Is formed by the confluence of the Chambo and the Patate rivers, both of which rise in the Sierra. The Pastaza includes the Agoyan waterfall, which at sixty-one meters (200 feet) is the highest waterfall in Ecuador. The Napo rises near Mount Cotopaxi and is the major river used for transport in the eastern lowlands. The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 m (1,640 to 5,906 ft). In its upper reaches,

1273-619: Is in the form of snow, fog, and rain. The eastern lowlands in the Oriente experience abundant rainfall, especially in the Andean Piedmont, sometimes exceeding 5,000 millimeters (196.9 in) per year. Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F) in the western parts of this region. The jungle-covered plains of the Eastern lowlands register high levels of rainfall and temperatures surpassing 28 °C (82.4 °F). Being located on

1340-487: Is influenced primarily by proximity to warm or cool ocean currents. By contrast, climate in the Sierra varies more as a function of altitude. The Oriente has a fairly uniform climate that varies only slightly between the two subregions. Climate in the Galápagos Islands is both moderated by the ocean currents and affected by altitude. Throughout Ecuador variation in rainfall primarily determines seasons. Temperature

1407-581: Is located on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2,237 km of coastline . It has 2237 km of land boundaries, with Colombia in the north (708 km border) and Peru in the east and south (1,529 km border). 283,561 km (109,484 sq mi) is land and 6,720 km (2,595 sq mi) water. Ecuador is one of the smallest countries in South America, but bigger than Uruguay, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It has

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1474-434: Is much more usual to use tú + vos verb conjugation ( tú sabís ). The use of pronominal vos ( vos sabís ) is reserved for very informal situations and may even be considered vulgar in some cases. Unlike tú , which has many irregular forms, the only voseo verbs that are conjugated irregularly in the indicative present are ser , ir and haber . However, haber is seldom used in the indicative present, since there

1541-560: Is present in certain Andean regions and Cajamarca , but the younger generations have ceased to use it. It is also present in Judaeo-Spanish , spoken by Sephardic Jews , where it is the archaic plural form that vosotros replaced. Voseo is seldom taught to students of Spanish as a second language, and its precise usage varies across different regions. Nevertheless, in recent years, it has become more commonly accepted across

1608-401: Is severe, with catastrophic oil pollution in some areas. Some 38% of Ecuador's land is forested, and despite a 1.5% annual deforestation rate remains one of the most biodiverse locations on the planet. The Oriente is also home to a large number of Ecuador's indigenous groups, notably the lowland Quechua , Siona , Secoya , Huaorani , and Cofán . Almost all of the rivers in Ecuador rise in

1675-643: Is used for navigation. The second major Costa river system, the Esmeraldas, rises in the Hoya de Quito in the Sierra as the Guayllabamba River and flows westward to empty into the Pacific Ocean near the city of Esmeraldas. The Esmeraldas River is 320 kilometers long and has a 20,000-square-kilometer drainage basin . Major rivers in the Oriente include the Pastaza , Napo , and Putumayo . The Pastaza

1742-477: Is visible exclusively in the present indicative, imperative and subjunctive , and, most of the time, in the preterite . Below is a comparison table of the conjugation of several verbs for tú and for vos , and next to them the one for vosotros , the informal second person plural currently used orally only in Spain; in oratory or legal language (highly formal forms of Spanish) it is used outside of Spain. Verb forms that agree with vos are stressed on

1809-601: The tuteo set of forms. That is, vos is both nominative and the form to use after prepositions . Therefore, para vos ("for you") corresponds to the tuteo form para ti , etc. The preposition-pronoun combination con vos ("with you") is used for the tuteo form contigo . The direct and indirect object form te is used in both voseo and tuteo . The possessive pronouns of vos also coincide with tú < tu(s) , tuyo(s) , tuya(s) > rather than with vosotros < vuestro(s) , vuestra(s) >. Chavacano ,

1876-475: The Andes Mountains, with volcanoes and mountain peaks that sport year-round snow on the equator . Many areas of the Sierra are deforested to make way for agriculture and a number of cut-flower growing operations. At a certain altitude, cloud forests may be found. The northern Ecuadorian Andes are divided into three parallel cordilleras which run in what is similar to an S-shape from north to south:

1943-591: The Hispanophone world as a valid part of regional dialects. Classical Latin , and the Vulgar Latin from which Romance languages such as Spanish are descended, had only two-second-person pronouns – the singular tu and the plural vos . Starting in the early Middle Ages, however, languages such as French and Spanish began to attach honorary significance to these pronouns beyond literal number . Plural pronouns were often used to refer to

2010-405: The Pacific Ocean to the west, encompasses a broad coastal plain, and then rises to the foothills of the Andes Mountains to the east. It is estimated that 98% of the native forest of coastal Ecuador has been eliminated in favor of cattle ranching and other agricultural production, including banana , cacao and coffee plantations. The forest fragments that still survive are primarily found along

2077-533: The desert -like southern coast to the snowcapped peaks of the Andes mountain range to the plains of the Amazon Basin . Cotopaxi in Ecuador is one of the world's highest active volcanos . It also has a large series of rivers that follow the southern border and spill into the northwest area of Peru . 2°00′S 77°30′W  /  2.000°S 77.500°W  / -2.000; -77.500 Ecuador

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2144-586: The vos conjugation (for example, tú sabés ). Conversely, speakers in some other places where both tú and vos are used combine vos with the tú conjugation (for example, vos sabes ). This is a frequent occurrence in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero . The verb forms employed with vos are also different in Chilean Spanish: Chileans use -ái and soi 'you are' instead of -áis or -ás and sois or sos . Chileans never pronounce these conjugations with

2211-624: The vos -form, such that the vos form carries information about the speaker's belief state, and can be stigmatized. For example, in Central America the subjunctive and negative command form is no mintás , and in Chile it is no mintái ; however, in Río de la Plata both no mientas and no mintás are found. Real Academia Española models its voseo conjugation tables on the most frequent, unstigmatized Río de la Plata usage and therefore omits

2278-466: The 29th largest exclusive economic zone of 1,077,231 km (415,921 sq mi) which includes the Galápagos Islands . The five largest cities in the country are Quito (2.78 million inhabitants), Guayaquil (2.72 million inhabitants), Cuenca (636,996 inhabitants), Santo Domingo (458,580 inhabitants), and Ambato (387,309 inhabitants). The most populated metropolitan areas of

2345-604: The Andes is the road from Quito to Lago Agrio, which is paved for most of its length yet is heavily by tractor-trailers—and the Trans-Ecuadorian Oil Pipeline serves as the guardrail for long stretches of this road. Partial, incomplete table of volcanoes in the north of the Ecuadorian Andes, from north to south: Much of the Oriente is tropical moist broadleaf forest (Spanish: la selva ), on

2412-619: The Costa Externa from the Costa Internal and the Sierra on their way to the Pacific Ocean. The Costa Internal, by contrast, is crossed by perennial rivers that may flood during the rainy season, sometimes forming swamps. The Guayas River system, which flows southward to the Gulf of Guayaquil, constitutes the most important of the drainage systems in the Costa Internal. The Guayas River Basin, including land drained by its tributaries,

2479-711: The Ecuadorian coast. They are noted for their association with Charles Darwin , whose observation of animals here during the voyage of the Beagle led to his formation of the theory of natural selection as a means of evolution . The islands have witnessed a large number of tourists and travelers over recent years. Special species that could be found here include blue footed boobies , iguanas and many more. Internal flight services from Ecuador to Galápagos are also available for tourists making it more convenient for guests from outside. The western coastal area of Ecuador borders

2546-635: The Napo flows rapidly until the confluence with one of its major tributaries, the Coca River, where it slows and levels off. The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia. All of these rivers flow into the Amazon River . The Galápagos Islands have no significant rivers. Several of the larger islands, however, have freshwater springs, although they are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. Each region has different factors that affect its climate. The Costa

2613-553: The Sierra from the Oriente. Quito and most other populated areas in the Sierra are located at this temperate level. The cold level extends from the temperate zone to 4,650 meters (15,256 ft). Here, average temperatures are 3 to 9 °C (37.4 to 48.2 °F), and the precipitation often appears in the form of rain, hail, and thick fog. Above 4,650 meters (15,256 ft) is the frozen level, where peaks are constantly capped with snow and ice, and temperatures range from below 0 to 3 °C (32.0 to 37.4 °F). Precipitation frequently

2680-474: The Sierra region and flow east toward the Amazon River or west toward the Pacific Ocean. The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations. In the Sierra region, the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes. Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from

2747-462: The affirmative imperative. In Chile, the general vos conjugation is not used in the affirmative imperative. In most places where voseo is used, it is applied also in the subjunctive . In the Río de la Plata region, both the tú -conjugation and the voseo conjugation are found, the tú- form being more common. In this variety, some studies have shown a pragmatic difference between the tú -form and

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2814-600: The coastal mountain ranges of Mache-Chindul, Jama-Coaque , and Chongon-Colonche, and include tropical dry forest, tropical wet forest, tropical moist evergreen forest, premontane cloud forest, and mangrove forest. Collectively known as the Pacific Equatorial Forest , these forest remnants are considered the most endangered tropical forest in the world, and are part of the Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena biodiversity hotspot. Guayaquil , located on

2881-659: The context of using verb conjugations for vos with tú as the subject pronoun ( verbal voseo ). In all regions with voseo , the corresponding unstressed object pronoun is te and the corresponding possessive is tu/tuyo . Vos is used extensively as the second-person singular in Rioplatense Spanish ( Argentina and Uruguay ), Chilean Spanish , Eastern Bolivia , Paraguayan Spanish , and much of Central America ( El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica ); in Mexico , in

2948-494: The countries historically best connected with Spain: Mexico, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Equatorial Guinea . Vuestra merced evolved into usted : vuestra merced > usarced > usted ; in fact, usted is still abbreviated as either Vd or Ud ). Note that the term vosotros is a combined form of vos otros (meaning literally 'ye/you others'), while

3015-595: The country are those of Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, Manabí Centro ( Portoviejo - Manta ) and Ambato. Ecuador is divided into three continental regions—the Costa (coast), Sierra (mountains), and Oriente (east)—and one insular region, the Galápagos Islands (officially Archipiélago de Colón). The continental regions extend the length of the country from north to south and are separated by the Andes Mountains. The Galápagos are located 1,000 kilometres (621 mi) west of

3082-452: The east slopes of the Andes Mountains and descending into the Amazon Basin , with strikingly different upland rainforest with steep, rugged ridges and cascading streams (can be seen around Puyo ) and lowland rainforest. The oil fields are located in the Amazon basin, headquartered at Lago Agrio ; some of the rainforest has been seriously damaged in this region and environmental degradation

3149-461: The end of a clause: Dile nomás pues pero. "Just go ahead and tell him." Andean Spanish also widely uses redundant "double possessives" as in: De María en su casa estoy yendo. "I'm going to Maria's house." This also shows how en can indicate "motion towards" in the Andes. En may also be used "before a locative adverb, as in Vivo en acá 'I live here' or En allá sale agua 'Water

3216-571: The equator, the Galápagos Islands would have an equatorial climate were it not for the modifying effects of the Peruvian Current . Instead, climate on the islands follows a pattern more like that of the Sierra than the Costa. At sea level, the land is desertlike with temperatures of 21 °C (69.8 °F). The eight summer months experience no precipitation, whereas the winter months of January through April have some fog and drizzle. Above sea level to an altitude of 450 meters (1,476 ft),

3283-610: The foothills of the Pichincha (volcano) . The town of Baños de Agua Santa features hot springs swimming pools on the foothills of the Tungurahua in the Central Cordillera. The road from Baños to Puyo has long been known for its narrowness, curves and sheer drops (only one lane in some places, on one area, actually cut into the side of a cliff so that the cliff roofs over it). The most important east–west road across

3350-415: The heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions. The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente. In the Costa region, the Costa Externa has mostly intermittent rivers that are fed by constant rains from December through May and become empty riverbeds during the dry season. The few exceptions are the longer, perennial rivers that flow throughout

3417-819: The islands have a mixture of tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. In general, temperatures are around 17 °C (62.6 °F). There is constant fog and drizzle in the summer and rain in the winter. The cold level above 450 meters (1,476 ft) has temperatures below 14 °C (57.2 °F). It is cool along the tropical coast. Ecuador has land which is rich in petroleum. Main fishing products include herring and mackerel . Other natural resources include timber and hydropower. 8,534 km (2003) 424.4 km (2011) Natural hazards in Ecuador include frequent earthquakes , landslides, volcanic activity; periodic droughts and floods. deforestation ; soil erosion ; desertification ; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of

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3484-402: The last syllable, causing the loss of the stem diphthong in those verbs, such as poder and venir , which are stem-changing . General conjugation is the one that is most widely accepted and used in various countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, parts of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, as well as Central American countries. Some Uruguayan speakers combine the pronoun tú with

3551-412: The latter related to the historical future form -és , which was documented in Chile in the 17th century. Habíh and hai come from /ˈabes/ and /as/ , while soi and eríh come from /sos/ and /ˈeɾes/ . The form erei also comes from /ˈeɾes/ , with additional semi-vocalization. The theoretical framework of the article is that of classic generative phonology. In some countries,

3618-535: The pronoun usted is completely absent, so the use of vos with strangers and elders is the standard. Voseo was long considered a backward or uneducated usage by prescriptivist grammarians. Many Central American intellectuals, themselves from voseante nations, have condemned the usage of vos in the past. With the changing mentalities in the Hispanic world, and with the development of descriptive as opposed to prescriptive linguistics, it has become simply

3685-425: The pronoun vos is used with family and friends ( T-form ), like tú in other varieties of Spanish, and contrasts with the respectful usted (V-form used with third person) which is used with strangers, elderly, and people of higher socioeconomic status ; appropriate usage varies by dialect. In Central America, vos can be used among those considered equals, while usted maintains its respectful usage. In Ladino ,

3752-429: The rarefied air in the higher Sierra region allow the land to warm quickly during the day and lose heat quickly at night. Mornings typically are bright and sunny, whereas afternoons often are cloudy and rainy. In general, rainfall amounts are highest on exposed locations at lower altitudes. Rain can also vary on a local basis. Sheltered valleys normally receive 500 millimeters (19.7 in) per year, whereas annual rainfall

3819-615: The second half of the 20th century, it has become very common to see billboards and other advertising campaigns using voseo . Vos is present in some regions of other countries, for instance in the Maracucho Spanish of Zulia State , Venezuela (see Venezuelan Spanish ), the Azuero peninsula of Panama , in a few departments in Colombia, and in parts of Ecuador ( Sierra down to Esmeraldas ). In Peru , voseo

3886-536: The singular and vuestras mercedes in the plural. Because of the literal meaning of these forms, they were accompanied by the corresponding third-person verb forms. Other formal forms of address included vuestra excelencia ("your excellence", contracted phonetically to ussencia ) and vuestra señoría ("your lordship/ladyship", contracted to ussía ). Today, both vos and tú are considered to be informal pronouns, with vos being somewhat synonymous with tú in regions where both are used. This

3953-629: The southern part of the coast is the biggest city in the country. On the north coast of Ecuador the port of Balao in Esmeraldas is used for oil export and the port of Manta was formerly used by the United States Air Force as a control point for narcotics traffic control until 2009. A recent remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 635 km of tidal flats in Ecuador, making it the 41st ranked country in terms of tidal flat area. The central belt of Ecuador that includes

4020-586: The southern regions of Chiapas and parts of Oaxaca . It is rarely used, if at all, in places such as Cuba and Puerto Rico . Vos had been traditionally used in Argentina, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Philippines and Uruguay, even in formal writing. In the dialect of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (known as 'Rioplatense'), the usage of vos is prevalent, even in mainstream film, media and music. In Argentina, particularly from

4087-430: The subjunctive voseo . In South America: In Central America: In South America: In the following countries, voseo is used only in certain areas: In the following countries, voseo has disappeared completely among the native population: The traditional assumption that Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are derived from those corresponding to vosotros has been challenged as synchronically inadequate in

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4154-607: The syllable following the verb's root, or its infinitive in the case of the future and conditional conjugations. This alone derives all the River Plate voseo verb conjugations, in all tenses. Chilean verb forms also undergo rules of semi-vocalization, vowel raising, and aspiration. In semi-vocalization, /s/ becomes the semivowel /j/ when after /a, o/ ; thus, -ás becomes -ái , and sos becomes soi 'you are'. The vowel raising rule turns stressed /e/ into /i/ , so bebés becomes bebís . Aspiration,

4221-559: The term nosotros comes from nos otros ("we/us others"). In the first half of the 19th century, the use of vos was as prevalent in Chile as it was in Argentina. The current limitation of the use of vos in Chile is attributed to a campaign to eradicate it by the Chilean education system . The campaign was initiated by Andrés Bello who considered the use of vos a manifestation of lack of education. The independent disjunctive pronoun vos also replaces ti , from

4288-400: The variety of forms the contemporary American voseo adopts, some varieties featuring a generalized monophthong (most of them), some a generalized diphthong (e.g. Venezuela), and some combining monophthongs and diphthongs, depending on the conjugation (e.g. Chile). In the most general, monophthongized, conjugation paradigm, a difference between voseo forms and respective tuteo forms

4355-596: The western, central ( Cordillerra Real ) and eastern ( Cordillera Occidental ) cordilleras. The cordilleras were formed earlier in the Cenozoic era (the current geological era), as the Nazca Plate has subducted underneath the South American Plate and has raised the mountain range. In the south, the cordilleras are not well defined. Quito , the capital city, is located in a high mountain valley on

4422-469: The whole leg, due to Aymara influence. Siempre ("always") can mean "still." Voseo In Spanish grammar, voseo ( Spanish pronunciation: [boˈseo] ) is the use of vos as a second-person singular pronoun , along with its associated verbal forms, in certain regions where the language is spoken. In those regions it replaces tuteo , i.e. the use of the pronoun tú and its verbal forms. Voseo can also be found in

4489-546: Was the situation when the Spanish language was brought to the Río de la Plata area (around Buenos Aires and Montevideo ) and to Chile. In time, vos lost currency in Spain but survived in a number of areas in Spanish-speaking America: Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia (east), Uruguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and some smaller areas; it is not found, or found only in internally remote areas (such as Chiapas ) in

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