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71-461: It is said that in 1903 on the Namedy peninsula , a 343 m deep borehole was drilled into a CO 2 -containing aquifer to extract carbon dioxide for mineral water . The reason for boring the hole at this location was that CO 2 gas bubbles were seen rising in the waters of the old Rhine oxbow lake . When the cold-water geyser initially erupted, it leapt to a height of 40 metres. The geyser, and

142-541: A capital which represents the temptations of Christ . On three of its sides, facing the inside of the temple, two kneeling angels pray. At the foot of the saint there is another capital with the figures of the Holy Trinity . Under the Apostle there is a representation of the tree of Jesse , the name given to the family tree of Jesus Christ from Jesse , father of King David ; this is the first time that this subject

213-528: A rebec , personifies the triumph over evil and is an outstanding Romanesque work, sculpted by Master Esteban. The creation of Adam and Christ's blessing is also shown. Many of these figures come from the Romanesque façade of the north or do Paraíso (current façade of the Acibecharía) and were placed on this façade in the 18th century. In the tympanum of the right door there are several scenes from

284-584: A diameter of 147 cm (58 in) and a height of 150 cm (59 in). Both original bells cracked, forcing their replacement. The current replicas were cast in Asten (Netherlands) by the Eijsbouts house in 1989 and were placed in the cathedral in February 1990. During a Jacobean Holy Year , pilgrims may enter the cathedral through the holy door (Porta Santa) to gain a plenary indulgence . During

355-518: A few guided boat trips, booked in advance, on certain summer weekends. In summer 2008, 33 boat tours were operated. A much wider tourist attraction was established with the opening of the Andernach Geyser Adventure Centre ( Erlebniszentrum Geysir Andernach ) on 29 May 2009 with a trip to the geyser in the river cruiser and ferry, Namedy . The boat was christened during the celebrations. In the tourist visitor centre, there

426-469: A holy year, the lantern of the Berenguela Tower is lit throughout the year. otherwise it stays unlit. The light acts as a lighthouse to guide pilgrims to the cathedral during the holy years. The cathedral is 97 m (318 ft) long and 22 m (72 ft) high. It preserves its original, barrel-vaulted , cruciform, Romanesque interior. It consists of a nave , two lateral aisles,

497-503: A monumental fountain in front of the north portal in 1122. The city became an episcopal see in 1075 and the church its cathedral. Due to its growing importance as a place of pilgrimage , it was raised to an archiepiscopal see by Pope Callixtus II in 1120. A university was added in 1495. It has been proposed that the peculiar lantern towers of several churches in the Duero valley ( Zamora , Plasencia , Toro , Évora ) were inspired by

568-562: A new location farther from the road. Even when the first hole was drilled, the geyser jetted back to a height of 40 metres. The well was then fitted with a gate valve again. The Federation for the Environment and Conservation (BUND) presented a case to the Higher Administrative Court of Rhineland-Palatinate to prevent the further development of the geyser for tourism within the nature reserve . In May 2005,

639-782: A place of pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the Early Middle Ages and marks the traditional end of the pilgrimage route. The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions. According to the legend, the apostle Saint James the Great brought Christianity to the Iberian Peninsula. However, in Acts 12 it is written that James was killed on order of Herod in Jerusalem. According to legend,

710-600: A unifying architecture across the façade. The Clock Tower, also called Torre da Trindade or, Berenguela, is at the intersection of the Pratarías square and the Quintana Square . Traditionally, construction was thought to begin in 1316, at the request of Archbishop Rodrigo del Padrón as a defence tower. After his death his successor, Archbishop Bérenger de Landore , continued work on it, though these dates are questioned by some authors. When he became main master of

781-655: A wide transept , and a choir with radiating chapels. Compared with many other important churches, the interior of this cathedral gives a first impression of austerity until one enters further and sees the magnificent organ and the exuberance of the choir. It is the largest Romanesque church in Spain and one of the largest in Europe. The Portico of Glory ("Pórtico da Gloria" in Galician ) of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

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852-510: Is Christ tempted by a group of demons . To the right is a half-dressed woman with a skull in her hands, which could be Eve or the adulterous woman. This figure is not praying on her knees but is sitting on two lions. The jambs are Saint Andrew and Moses . In the left abutment, the Biblical King David seated on his throne with his legs crossed, translucent through the thin fabric of his clothes, and playing what appears to be

923-589: Is God the Creator who blesses the pilgrim and holds the Book of Eternal Truth; to his right are Adam (naked), Abraham (with the index raised), and Jacob . With them are two figures that could be Noah (new father of humanity saved through the Flood) and Esau or Isaac and Judah . To the left of God are Eve , Moses , Aaron , King David and Solomon . In the second archivolt, the top, ten small figures represent

994-442: Is a Romanesque portico by Master Mateo and his workshop commissioned by King Ferdinand II of León . To commemorate its completion in 1188, the date was carved on a stone and set in the cathedral, and the lintels were placed on the portico. Finalising the complete three-piece set took until 1211, when the temple was consecrated in the presence of King Alfonso IX of León . The portico has three round arches that correspond to

1065-583: Is a covered narthex . This façade has become a symbol of the cathedral and the city of Santiago de Compostela. As such, it is the engraving on the back of the Spanish euro coins of 1, 2 and 5 cents. The façade of the Silverware (Pratarías in Galician) is the southern façade of the transept of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela; it is the only Romanesque façade that is preserved in the cathedral. It

1136-652: Is information about the geyser. On 9 November 2008, the Andernach Geyser was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest cold-water geyser in the world. Namedy Castle Namedy Castle (or Burg Namedy) is located in the Rhine valley, close to the village of Namedy in Andernach , Germany . Late gothic, moated castle (middle of the 14th century) originally belonging to

1207-410: Is named a convent just opposite). On this door niches contain the image of James, with his disciples Athanasius and Theodore at his side. On the bottom and sides of the door were placed twenty-four figures of prophets and apostles (including St. James) coming from the old stone choir of Master Mateo. Inside this door through a small courtyard is the true Holy Door, which enters into the ambulatory of

1278-933: Is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia , Spain . The cathedral is the reputed burial place of Saint James the Great , one of the apostles of Jesus Christ . It is also among the remaining churches in the world built over the tomb of an apostle, the other ones being St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City , St Thomas Cathedral Basilica in Chennai , India and Basilica of St. John in Izmir , Turkey . The archcathedral basilica has historically been

1349-569: Is popularly known as Santo dos Croques from the ancient tradition of students hitting their heads against the figure for wisdom, a tradition that was adopted later by pilgrims , although steps are being taken to limit access, to stem deterioration from which the work has suffered. In the columns of the central door and two side doors, the apostles are represented, as well as prophets and other figures with their iconographic attributes. All are topped with its own capital which represents different animals and human heads with leaf motifs. The names of all

1420-535: Is represented in religious iconography in the Iberian Peninsula . The column rests on a base where there is a figure with beard to his chest (perhaps an image of Noah ) and two lions. At the foot of the central column at the top inside, looking towards the main altar of the cathedral, there is the kneeling figure of the Master Mateo himself, holding a sign on which is written Architectus . This image

1491-459: Is shown, with the image of Christ in Majesty, displaying in his hands and feet the wounds of crucifixion . Surrounding Christ is the tetramorph with the figures of the four Evangelists with their attributes: left, top St. John and the eagle and below St. Luke with the ox; on the right above, St. Matthew on the hood of the tax collector and below St. Mark and the lion. On both sides of

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1562-410: The B 9 federal highway, the well was closed with a valve in 1967. In the late 1990s, efforts were made to enable the geyser to become a tourist attraction again, but these conflicted with strict conservation obligations to which the area had been subject since 1985. Ownership of the peninsula went to the town of Andernach in 1990. In 2001, another borehole was drilled into the gas-permeable rock at

1633-616: The Passion of Christ and the Adoration of the Magi . In one of the jambs is the inscription commemorating the laying of the stone: Registration follows the Roman calendar , according to the computation of the Spanish era , corresponding to July 11, 1078. An image, unidentified, of a fox eating a rabbit and, against this, a badly dressed woman with an animal in her lap. Supported on the wall of

1704-490: The True Cross . The crypt, below the main altar, shows the substructure of the 9th-century church. This was the final destination of the pilgrims . The crypt houses the relics of Saint James and two of his disciples: Saint Theodorus and Saint Athanasius. The silver reliquary (by José Losada, 1886) was put in the crypt at the end of the 19th century, after authentication of the relics by Pope Leo XIII in 1884. Throughout

1775-617: The apse of the church. The early towers in the main façade of the cathedral were Romanesque (current façade of the Obradoiro). They are called the Torre das Campás, which is situated on the side of the Epistle (right) and Torre da Carraca, to the side of the Gospel (left). The two have a height of between 75 and 80 metres. The first part of the tower was built in the 12th century, but in

1846-453: The 15th century several modifications were made and King Louis XI of France donated in 1483 the two largest of the thirteen bells . Due to a tilt that was detected in its structure between the 16th and 17th centuries, the towers had to be reinforced with buttresses , between 1667 and 1670. The towers housing the bells were made by José de la Peña de Toro (1614–1676) in a baroque style, and completed by Domingo de Andrade. The architecture of

1917-591: The Acibecharía façade by Ferro Caaveiro and Fernández Sarela, later modified by Ventura Rodríguez. The Pratarías façade, built by the Master Esteban in 1103, and most importantly the Pórtico da Gloria, an early work of Romanesque sculpture , were completed by Master Mateo in 1188. The Obradoiro square in front of the façade alludes to the workshop ( Galician : obradoiro ) of stonemasons who worked on

1988-508: The Archbishop Rafael de Vélez  [ es ] . As part of its mechanism it has two bells , one, at the hour, called Berenguela, and a smaller one marking the quarter hours. These two were cast in 1729 by Güemes Sampedro. Berenguela has a diameter of 255 cm (100 in) and a height of 215 cm (85 in), weighing approximately 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), and the smaller weighs 1,839 kg (4,054 lb) with

2059-696: The Husmann Knights of Andernach. Since 1909 in possession of the Rhenish line of the Hohenzollern dynasty . The castle is located down in the Rhine valley on the left side of the river, north of the village of Namedy. The first wooded hills of the Eifel highlands rises just behind the castle. The Eurovelo 15 cycleway which follows the Rhine river on both banks, runs beside the castle park as part of

2130-450: The Romanesque dome of Santiago, substituted by a Gothic one in the 15th century. The cathedral was expanded and embellished with additions in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Each of the façades along with their adjoining squares constitute a large urban square. The Baroque façade of the Praza do Obradoiro square was completed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1740. Also in baroque style is

2201-577: The Son. To the right of these heads, Hell is represented with figures of monsters ( demons ) that drag and torture the souls of the damned. On the left is Heaven with the elect, with figures of angels with children symbolizing the saved souls . The arch of the left door depicts scenes from the Old Testament , with the righteous awaiting the arrival of the Savior. In the center of the first archivolt

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2272-574: The baroque. At the top of the façade is an 18th-century statue of St. James, with two kings in prayer at his feet: Alfonso III of Asturias and Ordoño II of León . In the centre is the statue of Faith. The façade of the cathedral that overlooks the Plaza de la Quintana has two gates: the Porta Real (royal gate) and the Porta Santa (holy gate). The construction of the Porta Real, baroque,

2343-515: The beasts) with situations that can only be saved by human intelligence (the heads of older men). The arch of the right door represents the Last Judgment . The double archivolt is divided into two equal parts by two heads. Some authors identify these heads with the figures of archangel Michael and Christ. For others, they are Christ-Judge and an angel or may indicate God the Father and God

2414-534: The bells, carried by local Christian captives to Córdoba , were added to the Aljama Mosque . When Córdoba was taken by king Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236, these same gates and bells were then transported by Muslim captives to Toledo , to be inserted in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo . Construction of the present cathedral began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile (1040–1109) and

2485-539: The blessed, forty in all. In the archivolt of the central tympanum are seated the elders of the Apocalypse , each holding a musical instrument, as if preparing a concert in honor of God. In the mullion, the figure of Saint James is seated with a pilgrim 's staff, as a patron of the basilica. St. James appears with a scroll which contains written Misit me Dominus (the Lord sent me). The column just above his head with

2556-682: The castle into a cultural centre. Since his death in 2001 it has been in the care of his widow, Princess Heide of Hohenzollern. The cultural programme includes concerts, theatrical performances and art exhibitions, for example, the "Kultursommer Rheinland-Pfalz" (Summer of Culture) event. Namedy Castle and its castle park can also be used for various private celebrations and professional events. 50°27′22″N 7°21′24″E  /  50.4560°N 7.3567°E  / 50.4560; 7.3567 Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela The Santiago de Compostela Arch cathedral Basilica ( Spanish and Galician : Catedral Basílica de Santiago de Compostela )

2627-503: The castle occupied by American soldiers who, at that time, showed their hostility towards him and towards the castle’s interior. He died in Namedy in 1919 at the age of 51, as a result of his ill health caused by his war service on several fronts. Karl-Anton’s son, Albrecht, Prince of Hohenzollern, took over and dealt with the necessary restorations of the castle. In 1988 the grandson of Karl-Anton, Godehard Prince of Hohenzollern, developed

2698-453: The castle passed into the hands of the von Klepping family through marriage, before its new owners sold it in 1700. Johann Arnold von Solemacher (1657–1734), chancellor of the electorate of Trier , bought the castle in 1700 for 7,500 Reichstaler . He was granted a knighthood in 1718 by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , after appending to his name, the labels and coat of arms of the ancient family, Husmann von Namedy. Johann Arnold transformed

2769-418: The cathedral through this door, hence its name, and the royal coat of arms on its lintel . The holy door (Porta Santa) or Door of Forgiveness (Porta do Perdón) is the closest to the steps. It is usually closed with a fence and opened only in a Jacobean holy year (years when Saint James' Day , 25 July, falls on a Sunday). It was one of the seven lesser gates and was dedicated to St. Pelagius (for whom

2840-428: The cathedral, Domingo de Andrade continued with its construction and between 1676 and 1680 raised it two floors higher; the use of various structures achieved a harmonious and ornamental design, with a pyramid-shaped crown and a lantern as a final element, with four light bulbs permanently lit. It rises to 75 m (246 ft). In 1833, a clock was placed on each side of the tower by Andrés Antelo, commissioned by

2911-460: The course of time, the burial place of the saint had been almost forgotten. Because of regular Dutch and English incursions, the relics had been transferred in 1589 from their place under the main altar to a safer place. They were rediscovered in January 1879. A dome above the crossing contains the pulley mechanism to swing the " Botafumeiro ", which is a famous thurible found in this church. It

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2982-662: The entrance to the old 12th century Romanesque crypt of the Master Mateo , popularly called the "Old Cathedral". According to Manuel Gago Mariño , the sculptures at the base of the Maximilian Staircase of the cathedral, built by Maximilian of Austria are also related to the Battle of Clavijo . Between the existing plane of the façade of the Obradoiro and the old Romanesque portal (Pórtico da Gloria) there

3053-464: The evangelists, behind Mark and Luke, there are four angels on each side with the instruments of the Passion of Christ. Some are, without touching them directly, the cross and crown of thorns (left) and lance and four nails (right), another the column in which he was whipped and the jar through which Pontius Pilate proclaimed his innocence. Above the heads of these angels, two large groups of souls of

3124-411: The field hospital. After renovation in 1856, the castle had several owners during the 19th century, among them were wealthy people of the industrial era. Finally, Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern -Sigmaringen bought the castle in 1909 and gave its todays (2021) look. Karl-Anton was a lieutenant general in the service of the kingdom of Prussia , married to Princess Joséphine Caroline of Belgium , who

3195-426: The figures are on the books or scrolls held in their hands. The four pillars of the portico are based on strong foundations which represent various groups of animals and human heads with beards. For some historians, these figures are images of demons and symbolize the weight of glory (the portico in this case) crushing sin . Other sources give an apocalyptic interpretation, with wars, famine and death (represented by

3266-536: The late 19th century. The original provision of the iconographic elements was invalidated since in the 18th century numerous images were introduced recovered from the dismantled Acibecharía façade. A central medallion shows the Eternal Father (or Transfiguration ) with open hands and on the top surface there are four angels with trumpets heralding the Final Judgment. In the tympanum of the left door

3337-472: The left depicts his father Zebedee . The balustrade on the left side depicts St. Susanna and St. John and the one on the right depicts St. Barbara and James the Less. The Maximilian Staircase allows entrance to the façade. The stair was made in the 17th century by Ginés Martínez and it is of Renaissance style inspired by Giacomo Vignola of Palazzo Farnese . It is diamond-shaped with two ramps that surround

3408-442: The medieval buildings into a baroque style pleasure palace , adding stories and two side wings. The Solemacher family inhabited the castle until they had to flee before the advancing French army who, in 1794, occupied the region left of the Rhine. French revolutionary troops used the castle as hospital and as powder magazine, which ruined its interiors and structures. Windows, stairs, floors and doors were used as fuel for heating

3479-399: The mineral water it produced, was then called "Namedyer Sprudel" ("Namedy Fizz"). The well was initially intended for producing sparkling mineral water but soon it also became a touristic attraction. For years, the high fountain was a landmark of the Namedy peninsula. The site suffered from significant degradations over the years and in 1957 was put out of operation. Following the upgrade to

3550-611: The patronage of bishop Diego Peláez . It was built according to the same plan as the monastic brick church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse, probably the greatest Romanesque edifice in France. It was built mostly in granite . Construction was halted several times and, according to the Liber Sancti Iacobi , the last stone was laid in 1122. But by then, the construction of the cathedral was certainly not finished. The cathedral

3621-573: The rest of granite . In the center are the figures of twelve prophets and the Apostles on the sideline. On the tympanums is a large frieze separated from the upper body by a strip supported by grotesque corbels; on this floor are two windows decorated with Romanesque archivolts. In the central frieze is Christ, with various characters and scenes. On the right six figures belong to the Stone choir of Master Mateo  [ es ] that were placed in

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3692-581: The saint's mantle via a narrow passage behind the altar. In the choir aisle the lattice work and the vault of the Mondragon chapel (1521) stand out. The radiating chapels constitute a museum of paintings, retables, reliquaries and sculptures, accumulated throughout the centuries. In the Chapel of the Reliquary ( Galician : Capela do Relicario ) is a gold crucifix, dated 874, containing an alleged piece of

3763-491: The section from Koblenz to Bonn . The Eifel-Camino hiking trail passes also there. The latter at this location, is close to its starting point linking the Rhine valley with Trier , and further with the french and spanish networks of pilgrims' ways to Santiago de Compostela . The history of its construction goes back to the 14th century when the castle was built by the Husmanns, a patrician family from Andernach. It

3834-432: The side aisles around the church. The choir is covered by three bays and surrounded with an ambulatory and five radiating chapels. The vault of the apse is pierced by round windows, forming a clerestory . The choir displays a surprising exuberance in this Romanesque setting. An enormous baldachin , with a sumptuous decorated statue of Saint James from the 13th century, rises above the main altar. The pilgrims can kiss

3905-408: The square during the construction of the cathedral. In order to protect the Pórtico da Gloria from deterioration caused by weather, this façade and towers have had several reforms since the 16th century. In the 18th century it was decided to build the current Baroque façade, designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa . It has large glazed windows that illuminate the ancient Romanesque façade, located between

3976-468: The three naves of the church, supported by thick piers with pilasters . The central arch, twice as wide as the other two, has a tympanum and is divided by a central column—a mullion —containing a depiction of Saint James . Vertically, the lower part is formed by the bases of the columns, decorated with fantastic animals, the middle portion consists of columns adorned with statues of the Apostles , and

4047-623: The tomb in Santiago was rediscovered in AD 814 by Pelagius the Hermit , after he witnessed strange lights in the night sky above the Libredon forest. Bishop Theodomirus of Iria recognized this as a miracle and informed king Alfonso II of Asturias and Galicia (791–842). The king ordered the construction of a chapel on the site. Legend has it that the king was the first pilgrim to this shrine. This

4118-407: The tower Berenguela appear other images representing the creation of Eve, Christ on a throne, and the Binding of Isaac . The façade "da Acibecharía" (Galician name derived from the jet gemstone) is in the Praza da Inmaculada or Acibecharía, draining the last section of urban roads: French , Primitive , Northern and English through the old gate Franxígena or Paradise door. The Romanesque portal

4189-474: The towers has a great effect in perspective with its vertical lines and the sequencing of its floors. It is located to the left of the façade del Obradoiro, and was built – like its partner – on the opposite side of an earlier tower of the Romanesque period. It was designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1738, imitating the bell towers by Peña de Toro and Domingo de Andrade in the 17th century: baroque decorations adorned all kinds of ornamentation that provided

4260-400: The towers of the Bells and of the Ratchet. In the middle of the central body is St. James and one level below his two disciples Athanasius and Theodore, all dressed as pilgrims . In between, the urn (representing the found tomb) and the star (representing the lights Hermit Pelagius saw) between angels and clouds. The tower on the right depicts Mary Salome , mother of St. James, and the tower on

4331-433: The town of Andernach and the BUND settled out of court to allow the geyser to be reactivated under certain conservation conditions and for tourism purposes. Today, the geyser is fed from a 350-metre-deep artesian well . Since 7 July 2006, the geyser has erupted regularly. At night it is closed with a valve for safety reasons, but it is allowed to erupt during the day. Access to the nature reserve used to be possible in only

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4402-409: The twelve tribes of Israel . The barrel-vaulted nave and the groin-vaulted aisles consist of eleven bays , while the wide transept consists of six bays. Every clustered pier is flanked by semi-columns, three of which carry the cross vaults of the side aisles and the truss of the arched vaults, while the fourth reaches to the spring of the vault. Lit galleries run, at a remarkable height, above

4473-411: The upper part supports the base of the arches crowning the three doors. The sculpture is intended to serve as an iconographic representation of various symbols derived from the Book of Revelation and books of the Old Testament. The arrangement of the tympanum is based on the description of Christ that John the Evangelist makes in Revelation ( Chapter 1 v 1 to 18). In the centre, the Pantocrator

4544-465: Was a sister of King Albert I of Belgium . The couple loved Namedy which also had the advantage of being equidistant to the home towns of both families: Brussels and Sigmaringen . The couple added a hall of mirrors to the castle, flanked by 2 corner towers. During World War I , Princess Josephine sat up a hospital within the hall of mirrors, while Karl-Anton participated in the chaos of that terrible war. When he returned home to Namedy in 1918, he found

4615-418: Was a small moated castle in the late gothic style, which included the noble court of Niederhof . Gerhardus dictus Husmann (died 1211) was the first lord of that court. During the 16th century, the buildings were extended by later generations of the H(a)usmann family. In 1633, the castle suffered from plundering by Swedish troops during the Thirty Years' War . After the male line became extinct in 1678,

4686-434: Was begun under the direction of José de Vega y Verdugo and by José de la Peña de Toro in 1666, and was completed by Domingo de Andrade in 1700, who built some of the columns that span two floors of windows, a balustrade with large pinnacles , and an aedicula with an equestrian statue of Saint James (now disappeared), well adorned with decorative fruit clusters and large-scale military trophies. The kings of Spain entered

4757-414: Was built between 1103 and 1117 and elements from other parts of the cathedral have been added in subsequent years. The square is bound by the cathedral and cloister on two sides. Next to the cathedral is the Casa do Cabido . It has two entrance doors in degradation with archivolts and historical tympanums. The archivolts are attached over eleven columns, three are of white marble (middle and corners) and

4828-410: Was built in 1122 by Bernardo, treasurer of the temple. This portal was demolished after suffering a fire in 1758; some sculptural pieces that were saved were placed on the façade das Pratarías. The new façade was designed in Baroque style by Lucas Ferro Caaveiro and finished by Domingo Lois Monteagudo and Clemente Fernández Sarela in the neoclassical style in 1769, although it retained some traces of

4899-414: Was consecrated in 1211 in the presence of king Alfonso IX of Leon . According to the Codex Calixtinus the architects were "Bernard the elder, a wonderful master", his assistants Robertus Galperinus and, later possibly, "Esteban, master of the cathedral works". In the last stage "Bernard, the younger" was finishing the building, while Galperinus was in charge of the coordination. He also constructed

4970-425: Was created by the goldsmith José Losada in 1851. The Santiago de Compostela Botafumeiro is the largest censer in the world, weighing 80 kg (180 lb) and measuring 1.60 m (5.2 ft) in height. It is normally on exhibition in the library of the cathedral, but during certain important religious holidays it is attached to the pulley mechanism, filled with 40 kg (88 lb) of charcoal and incense. In

5041-402: Was followed by the first church in AD 829 and then in AD 899 by a pre-Romanesque church, ordered by king Alfonso III of León , which caused the gradual development of this major place of pilgrimage . In 997 the early church was reduced to ashes by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (938–1002), army commander of the caliph of Córdoba . St James' tomb and relics were left undisturbed. The gates and

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