83-786: The Andhra Ikshvaku ( IAST : Ikṣvāku) dynasty ruled in the eastern Krishna River valley of India, from their capital at Vijayapuri (modern Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh ) for over a century during 3rd and 4th centuries CE. The Ikshvakus are also known as the Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri to distinguish them from the Sūryavaṃśa (also known as the Ishvaku dynasty) of Hindu legend. The Ikshvaku kings were Shaivites and performed Vedic rites, but Buddhism also flourished during their reign. Several Ikshvaku queens and princes contributed to
166-625: A domino effect , displacing other central Asian tribes in their path. According to these ancient sources, Modu Shanyu of the Xiongnu tribe of Mongolia attacked the Yuezhi (possibly related to the Tocharians , who lived in the eastern Tarim Basin ) and evicted them from their homeland between the Qilian Shan and Dunhuang c. 175 BCE. Leaving a few people behind, most of
249-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
332-509: A century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
415-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
498-561: A group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent : the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan , Pakistan , Eastern Iran and northern India . The migrations persisted from the middle of the second century BCE to the fourth century CE. The first Saka king in India was Maues/Moga (first century BCE) who established Saka power in Gandhara ,
581-500: A group of Sabalas. After Azes' death, Indo-Scythian rule in northwestern India ended with the rise of the Indo-Parthian ruler Gondophares late in the first century BCE. For the following decades, A number of minor Scythian leaders maintained themselves in local strongholds on the fringes of the loose Indo-Parthian empire over the next few decades, some paying allegiance to Gondophares I and his successors. Indo-Parthian rule
664-411: A land grant to the deity Halampura-svamin by Nodu Keshri, for the increase of Keshri's life. The Nagarjunakonda inscription, dated to the 11th regnal year, records the erection of a pillar to commemorate the king's mother Vammabhatta. According to American academic Richard Salomon "a Nagarjunakonda memorial pillar inscription of the time of King Rudrapurusadatta attests to a marital alliance between
747-602: A monastery for the leaders of the Mahishasaka (Mahiśāsaka) sect. Chandrashri (Candraśrī), an upasika performed many religious activities in favour of the Apara-mahavina-seliya sect. A stupa (now termed as Stupa No. 9 at Nagarjunakonda) was renovated during Ehuvala's reign. Kumara-nandin, a merchant, installed an image of Buddha with a Sanskrit inscription during the same period. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST )
830-480: A significant role in the history of the subcontinent and nearby regions. The Indo-Scythian war was triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the second century CE, which had lasting effects on Bactria , Kabul and the Indian subcontinent and Rome and Parthia in the west. Ancient Roman historians, including Arrian and Claudius Ptolemy , have mentioned that
913-815: A specific state or ethnic group; Saka tribes were part of a cultural continuum of early nomads across Siberia and the Central Eurasian steppe lands from Xinjiang to the Black Sea. Like the Scythians whom Herodotus describes in book four of his History ( Saka is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek Scythes , and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called kurgans . The Saka of western India spoke
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#1732772521252996-464: A winged Indo-Scythian horseman riding a winged deer and being attacked by a lion. The Indo-Scythians seem to have supported Buddhism, with many of their practices continuing those of the Indo-Greeks. They had an active role in the dissemination of Buddhism beyond India. Several Indo-Scythian kings after Azes made Buddhist dedications in their name on plaques or reliquaries: Excavations at
1079-649: Is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for
1162-482: Is also debased; the silver content becomes lower and bronze content higher, an alloying technique suggesting a lack of wealth. The Mathura lion capital inscriptions attest that Mathura came under Saka control. The inscriptions refer to Kharahostes and Queen Ayasia , the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, satrap Rajuvula." Kharahostes was the son of Arta , as attested by his own coins. Arta
1245-571: Is attested by an inscription dated to his 24th regnal year. He had multiple wives, including three daughters of his paternal aunts (Chamtasri and Hammasri). He also married Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of the ruler of Ujjain ( Uj(e)nika mahara(ja) balika ), possibly the Indo-Scythian Western Kshatrapa king Rudrasena II . Scythian influence can also be noticed in the Palace of Nagarjunakonda , especially through
1328-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
1411-469: Is generally of high quality, although the coins of Rajuvula deteriorate near the disintegration of Indo-Scythian rule c. 20 CE. A fairly high-quality, stereotypical coinage was continued by the Western Satraps until the fourth century. Indo-Scythian coinage is generally realistic, artistically between Indo-Greek and Kushan coinage. It has been suggested that its coinage benefited from
1494-655: Is mentioned by Isidore of Charax in "The Parthian Stations". According to Isidore, they were bordered by Greek cities on the east ( Alexandria of the Caucasus and Alexandria of the Arachosians ) and the Parthian-controlled territory of Arachosia on the south: Beyond is Sacastana of the Scythian Sacae, which is also Paraetacena, 63 schoeni . There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and
1577-467: Is the oldest known copper-plate charter from the Indian subcontinent . The Ikshvaku kingdom seems to have suffered multiple foreign invasions during Ehuvala's reign. The Sarvadeva temple inscription credits his commander Anikke with victories on the battlefield. The memorial pillar of his general Mahasenapati Chamtapula, a Kulahaka chief, also alludes to battle victories. Hariti-putra Virapurushadatta,
1660-802: The Mahābhāṣya , the Bṛhat Saṃhitā by Varāhamihira , the Kāvyamīmāṃsā, the Bṛhatkathāmañjarīi, and the Kathāsaritsāgara . They are described as part of a group of other warlike tribes from the northwest. There are references to the warring mleccha hordes of Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas in the Balakanda of the Ramayana . H. C. Raychadhury saw in these verses the struggles between
1743-600: The Matsya Purana . The dynasty's founder Vasishthiputra Chamtamula ( IAST : Vāsiṣṭhīputra Cāṃtamūla; also transliterated Chantamula) rose to power after the decline of the Satavahana power. He is attested by the Rentala and Kesanapalli inscriptions. The Rentala inscription, dated to his 5th regnal year, calls him " Siri Cāṃtamūla". The 4-line Kesanapalli inscription, dated to his 13th regnal year, and inscribed on
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#17327725212521826-573: The Butkara Stupa in Swat by an Italian archaeological team have yielded Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. An Indo-Corinthian capital of a Buddhist devotee in foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of Azes buried at its base, dating the sculpture to c. 20 BCE. A contemporary pilaster of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has been found at
1909-716: The Indus Valley , and other regions. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over the north-western subcontinent, conquering the Indo-Greeks and other local peoples. They were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire 's Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka . The Saka continued to govern as satrapies , forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps . The power of the Saka rulers began to decline during
1992-810: The Saka language (also known as Khotanese), first documented in the Tarim Basin . During the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley c. 515 BCE, the Achaemenid army was not Persian and the Saka probably participated in the invasion of northwest India. The Achaemenid army was composed of a number of ethnic groups who were part of the Achaemenid Empire . The army included Bactrians, Saka, Parthians , and Sogdians . Herodotus listed
2075-766: The Western Ksatrapas and the Iksvaku rulers of Nagarjunakonda". An inscription dated to the 30th regnal year of the Abhira king Vashishthi-putra Vasusena has been discovered at the ruined Ashtabhuja-svamin temple in Nagarjunakonda. This has led to speculation that the Abhiras, who ruled the region around Nashik , invaded and occupied the Ikshvaku kingdom. However, this cannot be said with certainty. By
2158-865: The Wusun and the Xiongnu . They were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians (who migrated south towards Bactria and present-day Afghanistan and south-west towards Parthia . A tribe known to ancient Greek scholars as the Sacaraucae (probably from the Old Persian Sakaravaka , "nomadic Saka") and an allied people, the Massagetae , came into conflict with the Parthian Empire in Parthia between 138 and 124 BCE. The Sacaraucae-Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed
2241-715: The pointed hat typical of the Scythians . Kushan men seem to wear thick, rigid tunics, and are generally represented more simplistically. Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in Gandharan art, particularly in the Buner reliefs . They are depicted in loose tunics with trousers, with heavy, straight swords. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap; this distinguishes them from
2324-415: The 20th regnal year of Virapurushadatta mentions Chamtamula's death, which can be interpreted in various ways. It is possible that Chamtamula lived up to this time, having given up the throne at an earlier date; alternatively, it is possible that the inscription merely commemorates his death anniversary. Mathari-putra Vira-purusha-datta ( IAST : Māṭharīputra Vīrapuruṣadatta) ruled for at least 24 years, as he
2407-546: The 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians were defeated by the Satavahana emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni . Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern subcontinent ended when the last Western Satrap, Rudrasimha III , was defeated by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II in 395 CE. The invasion of the northern Indian subcontinent by Scythian tribes from Central Asia, often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played
2490-508: The 3rd century BCE Mauryan empire Ashoka to propagate Buddhism. Inscriptions dated to the regnal years 6, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, and 24 of Virapurushadatta's rule record the construction of Buddhist monuments by royal ladies and commoners. During the reign of Ehuvala Chamtamula, Mahadevi Bhattideva commissioned a monastery for the teachers of the Bhaushrutiya (Bhauśrutīya) Buddhist sect. Mahadevi Kodabalishri (Kodabaliśrī) commissioned
2573-571: The Agnishtoma, Vajapeya and Ashvamedha sacrifices. The reign of his grandson Ehuvala Chamtamula saw the rise of Brahmanism , and the construction of several shrines, such as those of Nodagishvara-svamin, Pushpa-bhadra-svamin, and Sarva-deva. The shrine of Sarva-deva ("all gods") was commissioned by his commander Elishri (Eliśrī) during his 11th regnal year. Six or seven versions of an inscription written in metrical Sanskrit were inscribed on its pillars. Prince Haritiputra Virapurushadatta commissioned
Andhra Ikshvaku - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-581: The Erythraean Sea describes the Scythian territories: Beyond this region ( Gedrosia ), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river Sinthus , the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except
2739-565: The Hindus and the invading hordes of mleccha barbarians from the northwest beginning in the second century BCE, and fixed the date of the Ramayana around (or after) the 2nd century CE. The Mahabharata also alludes to the invasion of mixed hordes from the northwest, with prophetic verses that "...the Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas , Bahlikas ... shall rule
2822-528: The Ikshvaku kingdom during Ehuvala's rule. Some of the inscriptions issued during this period use the Shaka title svamin for the king. An inscription to commemorate Vammabhatta, issued during the 11th regnal year of his son Rudrapurushadatta uses this title svamin for all the preceding kings. Vasishthi-putra Rudra-purusha-datta ( IAST : Vasiṣṭhīputra Rudrapuruṣadatta) is attested by two inscriptions. The Gurazala inscription, dated to his 4th regnal year, records
2905-499: The Indo-Greek practice (since Menander I ) of depicting gods forming the vitarka mudra with their right hand (like Zeus on the coins of Maues or Azes II ), the Buddhist lion on the coins of those two kings, or the triratana symbol on the coins of Zeionises . Other than coins, few works of art are known to indisputably represent Indo-Scythians. Several Gandharan sculptures show foreigners in soft tunics, sometimes wearing
2988-514: The Indo-Parthians, who wore a simple fillet over their bushy hair, and which is worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With their right hand, some form the karana mudra to ward off evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used to decorate the pedestals of Buddhist stupas . They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks. In another relief,
3071-646: The Indo-Scythians. Following military pressure from the Yuezhi (predecessors of the Kushana), some Indo-Scythians moved from Bactria to Lake Helmond (or Hāmūn) and settled in or near Drangiana ( Sigal ). The region came to be known as "Sakistana of the Skythian ;Sakai [ sic ]" towards the end of the first century BCE. The presence of the Saka in Sakastan in the first century BCE
3154-515: The Parthian kings Phraates II and Artabanus I . The Yuezhi tribes migrated east into Bactria after their defeat, from which they conquered northern India to establish the Kushan Empire . The Saka settled in Drangiana , a region of southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan and southern Iran which was then named Sakastan or Sistan . The mixed Scythian hordes who migrated to Drangiana and
3237-486: The Pushpabhadra-savmin temple during the 14th regnal year of Ehuvala. The shrine of Nodagishvara-svamin was also built during Ehuvala's reign, and received a permanent endowment for its maintenance. Buddhism also flourished in Ikshvaku kingdom, and several princes and queens contributed to the construction of the Buddhist shrines. Chamtashri, the sister of Vasishthiputra Chamtamula, generously donated towards
3320-675: The Sai country (Central Asia) to Chipin. The Scythian groups who invaded India and established kingdoms included, in addition to the Saka, allied tribes such as the Medii , Xanthii , and Massagetae . These peoples were absorbed into mainstream Indian society. The Shakas were from the trans-Hemodos region—the Shakadvipa of the Puranas or the Scythia of classical writings. At the beginning of
3403-725: The Sai-Wang as the Śaka Murunda of Indian literature; murunda is synonymous with wang (king, master or lord). Bagchi interprets Wang as the king of the Scythians, but distinguishes the Sai Sakas from the Murunda Sakas. The Sai Scythians may have been Kamboja Scythians; the Sai-Wang were part of the Parama Kamboja kingdom of Transoxiana , and returned after being evicted from their ancestral land. Maues might have belonged to this group of Scythians who migrated from
Andhra Ikshvaku - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-407: The ancient Ikshvakus with the Dravidians . Later texts, such as the Ramayana and the Puranas , connect the dynasty of Ikshvaku's descendants to Ayodhya , the capital of the Kosala Kingdom in northern India. A record of the Vijayapuri king Ehuvala Chamtamula traces his ancestry to the legendary Ikshvakus. The Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri seem to be same as the "Shriparvatiya Andhras" mentioned in
3569-408: The ancient Sakas ("Sakai") were nomadic people . The first rulers of the Indo-Scythian kingdom were Maues (c. 85–60 BCE) and Vonones (c. 75–65 BCE). The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to have been Saka ( Scythian ) tribes. One group of Indo-European speakers that makes an early appearance on the Xinjiang stage is the Saka (Ch. Sai). Saka is more a generic term than a name for
3652-521: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Indo-Scythian The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas ) were
3735-567: The city of Palacenti and the city of Sigal ; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria ( Alexandria Arachosia ), and six villages. From petroglyphs left by Saka soldiers at river crossings in Chilas and on the Sacred Rock of Hunza in Pakistan, Ahmad Hassan Dani and Karl Jettmar [ de ] have established the route across the Karakoram mountains used by Maues (the first Indo-Scythian king) to capture Taxila from Indo-Greek King Apollodotus II . The first-century CE Periplus of
3818-409: The construction of a mahachaitya ("great chaitya "), which was built during the 6th regnal year of her son-in-law Virapurushadatta, under the supervision of Ananda. A reliquary containing the tooth of Gautama Buddha (according to a local inscription) has been discovered among the ruins of the mahachaitya . According to the Buddhist tradition, the relics were brought by Mahadeva, a missionary sent by
3901-427: The construction of a Buddhist mahachaitya . The records of the later Ikshvaku kings describe Chamtamula as a great performer of the Vedic sacrifices such as Agnishtoma, Vajapeya and Ashvamedha . These descriptions are corroborated by archaeological discoveries, including those of Chamtamula's Ashvamedha-type coins, a tank used for the Avabhritha ceremony, the kurma-chiti (a tortoise-shaped sacrificial altar), and
3984-422: The construction of the Buddhist monuments at present-day Nagarjunakonda . Ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Rigveda , Atharvaveda , and Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana , mention a legendary king named Ikshvaku (literally, "gourd"). The Atharvaveda and Brahmanas associate the Ikshvakus with non-Aryan people, distinct from the Aryans who composed the hymns of the four Vedas . F. E. Pargiter has equated
4067-460: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
4150-536: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
4233-453: The early Saka layer (layer number four, corresponding to the period of Azes I , in which a number of his coins were found). Several of them are toilet trays roughly imitative of finer Hellenistic examples found in earlier layers. Azes is connected to the Bimaran casket , one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The reliquary was used for the dedication of a stupa in Bamiran, near Jalalabad in Afghanistan , and placed inside
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#17327725212524316-471: The earth un-righteously in Kali Yuga ..." A portion of Central Asian Scythians under Sai-Wang reportedly moved south, crossed the Pamir Mountains and entered Chipin (or Kipin) after crossing the Xuandu (懸度, Hanging Pass) above the valley of Kanda in Swat . Chipin has been identified by Pelliot, Bagchi, Raychaudhury and others as Kashmir , but other scholars identify it as Kafiristan . Sai-Wang established his kingdom in Kipin. Konow interprets
4399-484: The east, the Indian king Vikrama retook Ujjain from the Indo-Scythians and celebrated his victory by establishing the Vikrama era in 58 BCE. Indo-Greek kings again ruled and prospered after Maues, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings Apollodotus II and Hippostratos . In 55 BCE, under Azes I , the Indo-Scythians took control of northwestern India with their victory over Hippostratos. Excavations organized by John Marshall found several stone sculptures in
4482-423: The ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, which included Ionians (Greeks) and Ethiopians . These groups were probably included in the Achaemenid army which invaded India. Some scholars (including Michael Witzel ) and Christopher I. Beckwith suggested that the Shakya – the clan of Gautama Buddha – were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and the Indian ethnonym Śākya has
4565-407: The first century CE, Isidore of Charax notes their presence in Sistan. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 70–80 CE) documents a Scythian district in the lower Indus Valley, with Minnagra its capital. Ptolemy (c. 140 CE) also documents an Indo-Scythia in south-western India which consisted of the Patalene and Surastrene (Saurashtra) territories. The second-century BCE Scythian invasion of India
4648-423: The first century CE, describes in Kharoshthi script the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha by Nadasi Kasa (Rajuvula's queen). The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian Mathura satraps. Rajuvula apparently eliminated Strato II (the last Indo-Greek king) c. 10 CE and took Sagala , his capital city. Coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to be crude. It
4731-405: The first millennium; Kathiawar and Gujarat were under Western Satrap rule until the fifth century. Rudradaman I 's exploits are inscribed in the Junagadh rock inscription . During his campaigns, Rudradaman conqured the Yaudheyas and defeated the Satavahana Empire . The Western Satraps were conquered by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II (also known as Vikramaditya). Indo-Scythian coinage
4814-442: The help of Greek coin-makers. Indo-Scythian coins continue Indo-Greek tradition by using the Greek alphabet on the obverse and Kharoshthi script on the reverse. A portrait of the king is absent, with depictions of the king on a horse (sometimes on a camel) or sitting cross-legged on a cushion instead. The reverse of their coins typically show Greek gods. Buddhist symbolism is present in Indo-Scythian coinage. The Indo-Scythians adopted
4897-615: The last date of the Satavahana king Puloma IV, and assuming that the Ikshvaku rule began immediately after that, scholar K. Krishna Murthy assigns the following dates to the kings, based on their inscriptions: Historian Upinder Singh estimates the reigns of the Ikshvaku rulers as follows: The Ikshvakus ruled parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . Their inscriptions have been discovered at Nagarjunakonda , Jaggayyapeta , Kottampalugu, Gurazala , Rentala, and Uppugunduru. The Ikshvaku kings are known to have performed various Vedic sacrifices. Vasishthiputra Chamtamula performed
4980-521: The mid-4th century, the Pallavas had gained controlled of the former Ikshvaku territory, and the Ikshvaku rulers may have been reduced to vassal status. Four Ikshvaku rulers are known from the inscriptions and coins discovered at Nagarjunakonda ( IAST names in bracket). The inscriptions of these kings are dated in their regnal years instead of a calendar era , so the exact dates of their reigns are uncertain. Historian K. R. Subramanian assigns Ikshvaku rule to approximately 225-340 CE. Assuming 227 CE as
5063-437: The one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum . Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara ; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out ... The Indo-Scythians established a kingdom in the northwest near Taxila , with two satraps : one at Mathura in the east, and the other at Surastrene ( Gujarat ) in
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#17327725212525146-438: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
5229-439: The pillar of a Buddhist stupa , names him as the founder of the Ikshvaku dynasty. No information is available about Chamtamula's parents, except that his father had multiple wives and daughters. Chamtamula had two uterine brothers , named Chamtasri ( IAST : Cāṃtaśrī) and Hammasri (IAST: Hammaśrī). Chamtasri, who married Mahatalavara Skandashri of Pukiya family (he is Commander-in-chief and a feudatory), played an important role in
5312-413: The population moved west to the Ili River region. They displaced the Saka, who migrated south into Ferghana and Sogdiana . According to the Chinese historical chronicles (who call the Saka "Sai" 塞): "[The Yuezhi] attacked the king of the Sai, who moved a considerable distance to the south and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands." Sometime after 155 BCE, the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of
5395-409: The preceding Mauryan layers or the succeeding Kushan layers. The palettes often depict people in Greek dress in mythological scenes; a few have Parthian dress (headbands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers), and fewer have Indo-Scythian dress (Phrygian hat, tunic and straight trousers). A palette found in Sirkap , now in the New Delhi Museum , shows
5478-491: The reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than
5561-443: The reliefs of Scythian soldiers wearing caps and coats. According to an inscription in Nagarjunakonda, a garrison of Scythians guards employed by the Ikshvaku kings may also have been stationed there. His daughter Kodabalishri (IAST: Kodabaliśrī) married the ruler of the Vanavasa country (possibly the Chutu ruler of modern Banavasi ). He had two sons, Eli Ehavuladasa (whose mother was Yakhilinika) and Evuvala Chamtamula (whose mother
5644-408: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
5727-438: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
5810-442: The same origin as "Scythian". This would explain the strong Saka support of Buddhism in India. The Persians, the Saka and the Greeks may have participated in the later campaigns of Chandragupta Maurya to gain the throne of Magadha c. 320 BCE. The Mudrarakshasa says that after Alexander the Great 's death, Chandragupta Maurya used a Shaka - Yavana - Kamboja - Parasika - Bahlika alliance in his campaign to take
5893-409: The same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the populations. Reliefs at the same location show Indo-Scythians , with characteristic tunics and pointed hoods, with reliefs of standing Buddhas. The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, a variation of the name "Saka" used by the Persians for Scythians. Shakas are mentioned in the Purāṇas , the Manusmṛti , the Rāmāyaṇa , the Mahābhārata ,
5976-540: The same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing; in Gandharan art, Indo-Scythians are typically depicted as reveling devotees. A number of stone palettes in Gandhara are considered representative of Indo-Scythian art. The palettes, which combine Greek and Iranian influences, often have a simple, archaic style. Stone palettes have only been found in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are unknown in
6059-466: The skeleton of a horse. An inscription of the later Ikshvaku king Ehuvala Chamtamula states that Vasishthiputra Chamtamula won many battles with his valour. Chamtamula had many wives. His daughter Adavi Chamtisri (IAST: Cāṃtiśrī) married Mahasenapati Mahatalavara Dandanayaka Khamdavishakha (IAST: Khamḍaviśāakha) of the Dhanaka family. He was succeeded by his son Virapurushadatta. An inscription dated to
6142-567: The son of Ehuvala and queen Kapanashri (Kapanaśrī), bore the titles of an heir apparent : Maharaja Kumara and Mahasenapati . However, he did not ascend the throne, probably because he died before his father. Ehuvala was succeeded by Rudrapurushadatta, who was his son from Vammabhatta, the daughter of a Mahakshatrapa (the Western Kshatrapa ruler). The Shakas (the Western Kshatrapas) appear to have greatly influenced
6225-474: The southwest. The presence of the Scythians in modern Pakistan and north-western India during the first century BCE was contemporaneous with the Indo-Greek kingdoms there, and they apparently initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers. Maues first conquered Gandhara and Taxila in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan c. 80 BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In
6308-481: The stupa with several coins of Azes. This may have happened during the reign of Azes (60–20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians were connected with Buddhism. In northern India, the Indo-Scythians conquered the Mathura region c. 60 BCE. Some of their satraps were Hagamasha and Hagana, who were followed by Rajuvula . The Mathura lion capital , an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital which dates to
6391-488: The surrounding regions later spread into north and south-west India via the lower Indus valley. They spread into Sovira , Gujarat, Rajasthan and north India, including kingdoms on the Indian mainland. The Arsacid emperor Mithridates II (c. 123–88/87 BCE) pursued an aggressive military policy in Central Asia and added a number of provinces to the Parthian Empire . This included western Bactria, which he seized from
6474-692: The third year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE), when they pledged allegiance to the Kushans. The Yuga Purana describes an invasion of Pataliputra by the Scythians during the first century BCE, after seven kings ruled in succession in Saketa following the retreat of the Yavanas. According to the Yuga Purana , the Saka king killed one-fourth of the population before he was slain by the Kalinga king Shata and
6557-814: The throne in Magadha and found the Maurya Empire . The Saka were the Scythians; the Yavanas were the Greeks , and the Parasikas were the Persians . During the second century BCE, a nomadic movement began among the Central Asian tribes. Recorded in the annals of the Han dynasty and other Chinese records, the movement began after the Yuezhi tribe was defeated by the Xiongnu and fled west; this created
6640-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
6723-411: Was Khamduvula, and who succeeded him on the throne). Vasishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula ( IAST : Vasiṣṭhīputra Ehuvala Cāṃtamūla) also ruled for at least 24 years, and is attested by inscriptions dated to the regnal years 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16 and 24. The Ikshvaku kingdom reached its zenith during his reign. Several Hindu and Buddhist shrines were constructed during his reign. His Patagandigudem inscription
6806-629: Was gradually replaced with that of the Kushans , one of the five Yuezhi tribes who lived in Bactria for over a century and expanded into India during the late first century CE. The Kushans regained northwestern India c. 75 CE and the Mathura region c. 100 , where they prospered for several centuries. Indo-Scythians continued to hold the Sistan region until the reign of Bahram II (276–293 CE), and held several areas of India well into
6889-667: Was the brother of King Maues . The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the Northern Satraps to distinguish them from the Western Satraps ruling in Gujarat and Malwa . After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals of the Kushans . They include the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the satrap Vanaspara , who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath and dated to
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