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54-463: Andrew Lau was born 4 April 1960, and is one of six siblings. As a child, he was raised in the New Territories of Hong Kong. His father worked as a construction worker on Hong Kong Island . Since his parents did not have time to concentrate on all of their children, Lau had developed an interest in photography. Lau was also a Catholic, and would go to church every week, learning how to play

108-640: A concern to the Hong Kong Government . There was a need to expand the colony to accommodate its growing population. The Qing Dynasty 's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War had shown that it was incapable of defending itself. Victoria City and Victoria Harbour were vulnerable to any hostile forces launching attacks from the hills of Kowloon. Alarmed by the encroachment of other European powers in China, Britain also feared for

162-401: A group and ordered banquets by appointment, and the banquets provided by establishments of this category often included most, if not all tables, at the site. The bulk foodservice business was catering at customers' homes or other locations, often for birthdays, marriages, funerals, promotions and other important celebrations and festivals. When catering, these establishments not only provided what

216-650: A guitar. As a child and high school student, Lau admits to not liking Hong Kong, since it was a British colony. He currently has four children, three sons and a daughter. Lau joined Shaw Brothers Studios after graduating from secondary school. He made his film debut as a semi-skilled cinematographer for Lau Kar-leung 's 1982 film Legendary Weapons of China . He later served as a cinematographer for Sammo Hung 's 1986 martial arts film Millionaire's Express and Ringo Lam 's 1987 crime thriller City on Fire , where he became known for his use of lighting and hand-held cinematography. His work on As Tears Go By (1988),

270-731: A number of international film festivals, and had also received a day-and-date theatrical and VOD release in the United States. In December 2014, Lau said that the film was able to make profit. In 2007, Lau directed a five-minute short film for Vision Beijing, a project of the Beijing Foreign Cultural Exchanges Association and the Information Office of the Beijing Municipal Government. Lau's short film

324-423: A population density of 4,140 per square kilometre (10,720/sq mi). Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in 1842 and Kowloon south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island in 1860. The colony of Hong Kong attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners to seek their fortune in the city. Its population increased rapidly and the city became overcrowded. The outbreak of bubonic plague in 1894 became

378-562: A small portion of the overall income. Tan ( 摊 ; 攤 ; tān ; 'stand'), or tan zihao ( 摊字号 ; 攤字號 ; tān zìhào ; 'stand brand'). The lowest ranking foodservice establishments without any tables, and selling to-goes was the only form of business. In addition to name the food stand after the owners' last name or the food sold, these food stands were also often named after the owners' nicknames. Numerous traditional restaurants in Beijing are credited with great contributions in

432-491: A variety of Chinese Halal foods, particularly lamb and beef dishes, as well as from Huaiyang cuisine. Huaiyang cuisine has been praised since ancient times in China and it was a general practice for an official travelling to Beijing to take up a new post to bring along with him a chef specialising in Huaiyang cuisine. When these officials had completed their terms in the capital and returned to their native provinces, most of

486-432: A walk-in basis, and hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Occasionally, when catering at the customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for, just like the lou . However, unlike those establishments, which always cooked their specialty dishes on location, establishment of this category would either cook on location or simply bring

540-410: A walk-in basis. Establishments of this category or lower would not be called upon to perform catering at the customers' homes for special events. Guan ( 馆 ; 館 ; guǎn ; 'restaurant'), or guan zihao ( 馆字号 ; 館字號 ; guǎn zìhào ; 'restaurant brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category mainly served different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, and in addition, a portion of

594-473: Is emphasis on dark soy paste, sesame paste, sesame oil and scallions, and fermented tofu is often served as a condiment. In terms of cooking techniques, methods relating to different ways of frying are often used. There is less emphasis on rice as an accompaniment as compared to many other regions in China, as local rice production in Beijing is limited by the relatively dry climate. Many dishes in Beijing cuisine that are served as main courses are derived from

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648-584: Is one of the three areas of Hong Kong , alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula . It makes up 86.2% of Hong Kong's territory, and contains around half of the population of Hong Kong. Historically, it is the region described in the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory . According to that treaty, the territories comprise the mainland area north of Boundary Street on

702-415: Is the local cuisine of Beijing , the national capital of China. As Beijing has been the capital of China for centuries, its cuisine is influenced by culinary traditions from all over China, but the style that has the greatest influence on Beijing cuisine is that of the eastern coastal province of Shandong . Beijing cuisine has itself, in turn, also greatly influenced other Chinese cuisines, particularly

756-497: The Boxer Rebellion , the foodservice establishments in Beijing were strictly stratified by the foodservice guild. Each category of the establishment was specifically based on its ability to provide for a particular segment of the market. The top ranking establishments served nobles, aristocrats, and wealthy merchants and landlords, while lower ranking establishments served the populace of lower financial and social status. It

810-465: The Qing dynasty . Unlike the earlier two cuisines, which were brought by the ruling class such as nobles, aristocrats and bureaucrats and then spread to the general populace, the introduction of Shandong cuisine begun with serving the general populace, with much wider market segment, from wealthy merchants to the working class. The Qing dynasty was a major period in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Before

864-567: The Six-Day War of 1899 , a number of clans attempted to resist the British, mobilising clan militias that had been organised and armed to protect against longshore raids by pirates. The militia men attempted a frontal attack against the temporary police station in Tai Po that was the main British base but were beaten back by superior force of arms. An attempt by the clansmen at guerilla warfare

918-714: The United Kingdom in 1898 for 99 years in the Second Convention of Peking (The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory). Upon the expiry of the lease, sovereignty was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997, together with the Qing-ceded territories of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. In 2021, the population of the New Territories was recorded at 3,984,077, with

972-489: The indigenous inhabitants with regards to land use, land inheritance and marriage laws; the majority of which remained in place into the 1960s when polygamy was outlawed. Some of the concessions with regard to land use and inheritance remain in place in Hong Kong to this day and is a source of friction between indigenous inhabitants and other Hong Kong residents. Lord Lugard was Governor from 1907 to 1912, and he proposed

1026-558: The 1980s, talks between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China led to the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984), in which the whole of Hong Kong would be returned, instead of only the New Territories. The New Territories comprises nine districts each with their own District Council : According to the 2021 census , the population of the New Territories was 3,984,077, representing 53.7% of Hong Kong's total population. 90.4% of

1080-513: The 1993 Category III film Raped by an Angel and the 1994 film To Live and Die in Tsimshatsui . In 1996, Lau directed and photographed the 1996 film Young and Dangerous , a film centered on Hong Kong's Triad society . The film was a huge success in Hong Kong, but also gained controversy for its glorification of Triads. The film spawned a several sequels and spin-offs , in which Lau directed seven sequels and one prequel. While filming

1134-679: The Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River (which is the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China ), as well as over 200 outlying islands , including Lantau Island , Lamma Island , Cheung Chau , and Peng Chau in the territory of Hong Kong. Later, after New Kowloon was defined from the area between the Boundary Street and the Kowloon Ranges spanned from Lai Chi Kok to Lei Yue Mun , and

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1188-475: The already-cooked food to the location. Zhai ( 斋 ; 齋 ; zhāi ; 'study'), or zhai zihao ( 斋字号 ; 齋字號 ; zhāi zìhào ; 'study brand') were mainly in the business of serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis, but a small portion of their income did come from hosting banquets by appointment for customers who came as one group. Similar to the ju , when catering at customers’ homes, establishments of this category would also only provide

1242-529: The bulk of their business hosting banquets onsite by appointment. In addition, a smaller portion of the business was in serving different customers onsite on a walk-in basis. Occasionally, when catering at customers' homes, establishments of this category would only provide the few specialty dishes they were famous for. Ju ( 居 ; jū ; 'residence'), or ju zihao ( 居字号 ; 居字號 ; jū zìhào ; 'residence brand') generally divided their business evenly into two areas: serving different customers onsite on

1296-692: The chefs they brought along often remained in Beijing. They opened their own restaurants or were hired by wealthy locals. The imperial clan of the Ming dynasty , the House of Zhu , who had ancestry from Jiangsu Province , also contributed greatly in introducing Huaiyang cuisine to Beijing when the capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing in the 15th century, because the imperial kitchen was mainly Huaiyang style. The element of traditional Beijing culinary and gastronomical cultures of enjoying artistic performances such as Beijing opera while dining directly developed from

1350-639: The cuisine of Liaoning , the Chinese imperial cuisine and the Chinese aristocrat cuisine . Another tradition that influenced Beijing cuisine (as well as influenced by the latter itself) is the Chinese imperial cuisine that originated from the "Emperor's Kitchen" ( 御膳房 ; yùshànfáng ), which referred to the cooking facilities inside the Forbidden City , where thousands of cooks from different parts of China showed their best culinary skills to please

1404-828: The customers' sites, establishments of this category often only provided dishes strictly according to their menu. Ting ( 厅 ; 廳 ; tīng ; 'foyer'), or ting zihao ( 厅字号 ; 廳字號 ; tīng zìhào ; 'foyer brand') are foodservice establishments which had more business in onsite banquet hosting than catering at customers' homes. For onsite banquet hosting, entertainment was still provided, but establishments of this category did not have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes, so that performers varied from time to time, and top performers usually did not perform here or at any lower-ranking establishments. For catering, different establishments of this category were incapable of handling significant catering on their own, but generally had to combine resources with other establishments of

1458-503: The directorial debut of Wong Kar-wai , earned him his first Hong Kong Film Award nomination for Best Cinematography. He also shot the beginning portion of Wong Kar-wai 's Chungking Express in 1994 ( Christopher Doyle was cinematographer for the film's second half). Lau become a film director and producer on top of still being a cinematographer. He made his directorial debut with the 1990 action film Against All . Lau went on to make films for prolific filmmaker Wong Jing , including

1512-467: The end of the Qing dynasty, which resulted in the second peak in the formation of Beijing cuisine. Meals previously offered to nobles and aristocrats were made available to anyone who could afford them instead of being restricted only to the upper class. As chefs freely switched between jobs offered by different establishments, they brought their skills that further enriched and developed Beijing cuisine. Though

1566-839: The entirety of the Wong Tai Sin and Kwun Tong districts, as well as the mainland portion of the Sham Shui Po District (i.e. excluding the Stonecutters Island ) and the northern portion of the Kowloon City District (portion to the north of Boundary Street/Prince Edward Road West , as well as reclaimed land including the Kai Tak Airport ). Beijing cuisine Beijing cuisine , also known as Jing cuisine , Mandarin cuisine and Peking cuisine and formerly as Beiping cuisine ,

1620-409: The establishment to perform and split the earnings according to a certain percentage. Occasionally, establishments of this category would be called upon to help cater at customers' homes, but had to work with others, never taking the lead as establishments like the ting . Lou ( 楼 ; 樓 ; lóu ; 'story', 'floor'), or lou zihao ( 楼字号 ; 樓字號 ; lóu zìhào ; 'story brand') did

1674-614: The extension of the urban areas of Kowloon, New Kowloon was gradually urbanised and absorbed into Kowloon. The New Territories now comprises only the mainland north of the Kowloon Ranges and south of the Sham Chun River, as well as the Outlying Islands. It comprises an area of 952 square kilometres (368 sq mi). Nevertheless, New Kowloon has remained statutorily part of the New Territories instead of Kowloon. The New Territories were leased from Qing China by

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1728-510: The few specialty dishes they are famous for, but they would mostly bring the already-cooked dishes to the location, and would only cook on location occasionally. Fang ( 坊 ; fǎng ; 'workshop'), or fang zihao ( 坊字号 ; 坊字號 ; fǎng zìhào ; 'workshop brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category generally did not offer the service of hosting banquets made by appointment for customers who came as one group, but instead, often only offered to serve different customers onsite on

1782-405: The films in which he served as a producer and director. That year saw the success of Infernal Affairs a crime thriller that the largest ensemble cast of any Hong Kong film that year. Infernal Affairs became a huge box-office success in Hong Kong, even being deemed as a "box-office miracle" at a time when Hong Kong cinema was said to have been lacking in creativity. Infernal Affairs also marked

1836-616: The first of several collaborations with co-director Alan Mak , and screenwriter Felix Chong . Other films made by the directors and screenwriter include the sequels to Infernal Affairs ( Infernal Affairs II and Infernal Affairs III ), Initial D and Confession of Pain . In 2014, Lau directed an American action crime drama film Revenge of the Green Dragons , which was co-directed by Andrew Loo and executive produced by Martin Scorsese . The film has been screened at

1890-399: The franchise, Lau teamed up with screenwriter Manfred Wong and film producer Wong Jing to establish BoB and Partners Co. Ltd. , a company responsible for films made by the trio of filmmakers. The trio's collaborations proved to be successful with films such as The Storm Riders , The Legend of Speed , and The Duel . In 2002, Lau established Basic Pictures , a company responsible for

1944-436: The imperial family and officials. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to determine the actual origin of a dish as the term "Mandarin" is generalised and refers not only to Beijing, but other provinces as well. However, some generalisation of Beijing cuisine can be characterised as follows: Foods that originated in Beijing are often snacks rather than main courses, and they are typically sold by small shops or street vendors. There

1998-581: The income would be earned from selling to-goes. Dian ( 店 ; diàn ; 'shop'), or dian zihao ( 店字号 ; 店字號 ; diàn zìhào ; 'shop brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category had their own place, like all previous categories, but serving different customers to dine onsite on a walk-in basis only provided half of the overall income, while the other half came from selling to-goes. Pu ( 铺 ; 鋪 ; pù ; 'store'), or pu zihao ( 铺字号 ; 鋪字號 ; pù zìhào ; 'store brand'). Foodservice establishments of this category ranked next to

2052-400: The last, and they were often named after the owners' last names. Establishments of this category had fixed spots of business for having their own places, but smaller than dian , and thus did not have tables, but only seats for customers. As a result, the bulk of the income of establishments of this category was from selling to-goes, while income earned from customers dining onsite only provided

2106-406: The late 1970s, when many new towns were built to accommodate the population growth from urbanised areas of Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. Despite rapid development of the new towns, which now accommodate a population of over 3 million, the Hong Kong Government confines built-up areas to a few areas and reserves large parts of the region as parkland . As the expiry date of the lease neared in

2160-430: The residents of New Territories use Cantonese as their main language. 3.5% of its residents use English , 2.0% use Mandarin Chinese , and 2.3% of New Territories' residents use other Chinese dialects. 93.1% of the district's population is of Chinese descent. The largest ethnic minority groups are Filipinos (2.1%), Indonesians (1.8%), South Asians (1.1%), Mixed (0.8%) and Whites (0.7%). New Kowloon covers

2214-417: The return of Weihaiwei to the Chinese government, in return for the ceding of the leased New Territories in perpetuity. The proposal was not received favourably, although if it had been acted on, Hong Kong might have remained forever in British hands. Much of the New Territories was, and to a limited extent still is, made up of rural areas. Attempts at modernising the area did not become fully committed until

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2268-502: The same ranking (or lower) to do the job. Yuan ( 园 ; 園 ; yuán ; 'garden'), or yuan zihao ( 园字号 ; 園字號 ; yuán zìhào ; 'garden brand') did nearly all their business in hosting banquets onsite. Entertainment was not provided on a regular basis, but there were stages built onsite for Beijing opera performers. Instead of being hired by the establishments like in the previous three categories, performers at establishments of this category were usually contractors who paid

2322-805: The security of Hong Kong. Using the most favoured nation clause that it had negotiated with Peking, the United Kingdom demanded the extension of Kowloon to counter the influence of France in southern China in June 1898. In July, it secured Weihaiwei in Shandong in the north as a base for operations against the Germans in Qingdao (Tsingtao) and the Russians in Port Arthur. Chinese officials stayed in

2376-476: The similar practice in the culture of Jiangsu and Huaiyang cuisines. Chinese Islamic cuisine is another important component of Beijing cuisine and was first prominently introduced when Beijing became the capital of the Yuan dynasty . However, the most significant contribution to the formation of Beijing cuisine came from Shandong cuisine , as most chefs from Shandong Province came to Beijing en masse during

2430-411: The stratification of food services in Beijing was no longer effected by imperial laws, the structure more or less remained despite continuous weakening due to the financial background of the local clientele. The different classes are listed in the following subsections. Zhuang ( 庄 ; 莊 ; zhuāng ; 'village'), or zhuang zihao ( 庄字号 ; 莊字號 ; zhuāng zìhào ; 'village brand') were

2484-537: The takeover of the New Territories was fixed as 17 April 1899, and Tai Po was chosen as the administrative centre. The transfer was not smooth and peaceful. In early April 1899, Captain Superintendent of Police, Francis Henry May and some policemen erected a flagstaff and temporary headquarters at Tai Po and posted the Governor's proclamation of the takeover date. Fearing for their traditional land rights, in

2538-463: The top-ranking foodservice establishments, not only in providing foods, but entertainment as well. The form of entertainment provided was usually Beijing opera , and establishments of this class always had long-term contracts with an opera troupe to perform onsite or contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite, though not on a daily basis. Establishments of this category only accepted customers who came as

2592-562: The town. There was no mountain range as a natural border. Lockhart suggested moving the frontier to the line of hills north of Shenzhen. This suggestion was not received favourably and the Chinese official suggested the frontier be moved to the hill much further south of the Sham Chun River. It was settled in March 1899 that the boundary remain at the Sham Chun River. The new Hong Kong Governor, Henry Blake arrived in November 1898. The date for

2646-430: The walled cities of Kowloon City and Weihaiwei. The extension of Kowloon was called the New Territories. The additional land was estimated to be 365 square miles (950 km ) or 12 times the size of the existing Colonial Hong Kong at the time. Although the convention was signed on the 9 June 1898 and became effective on 1 July, the British did not take over the New Territories immediately. During this period, there

2700-724: Was centered on Beijing cuisine , and consisted of actors from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan serving as "ambassadors". The cast included Tony Leung Chiu-Wai , Shu Qi , and Jay Chou , actors who had appeared in several of Lau's films. In 2009, Lau directed an eight-minute commercial promoting the Acura TL luxury car. The commercial is divided into three stories and features Andy Lau as a wine manor and Gwei Lun-mei as an artist. Filming took place in San Francisco , California with an American production team. New Territories The New Territories (abbr. N.T. , Chinese : 新界)

2754-423: Was during this period when Beijing cuisine gained fame and became recognised by the Chinese culinary society, and the stratification of the foodservice was one of its most obvious characteristics as part of its culinary and gastronomic cultures during this first peak of its formation. The official stratification was an integral part of the local culture of Beijing and it was not finally abolished officially after

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2808-491: Was no Hong Kong Governor and Wilsone Black acted as administrator. James Stewart Lockhart , the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong , was sent back from England to make a survey of New Territories before formal transfer. The survey found that the new frontier at Sham Chun River (Shenzhen river) suggested by Wilsone Black was far from ideal. It excluded the town of Shenzhen (Sham Chun), and the boundary would divide

2862-901: Was on the menu, but fulfilled customers' requests. Leng zhuangzi ( 冷庄子 ; 冷莊子 ; lěng zhuāngzǐ ; 'cold village') lacked any rooms to host banquets, and thus their business was purely catering. Tang ( 堂 ; táng ; 'auditorium'), or tang zihao ( 堂字号 ; 堂字號 ; táng zìhào ; 'auditorium brand'), are similar to zhuang establishments, but the business of these second-class establishments were generally evenly divided among onsite banquet hosting and catering (at customers' homes). Establishments of this class would also have long-term contracts with Beijing opera troupes to perform onsite, but they did not have long-term contracts with famous performers, such as national-treasure-class performers, to perform onsite on regular basis; however these top performers would still perform at establishments of this category occasionally. In terms of catering at

2916-467: Was put down by the British near Lam Tsuen with over 500 Chinese men killed, and collapsed when British artillery was brought to bear on the walled villages of the clansmen. Most prominent of the villages in the resistance Kat Hing Wai , of the Tang clan , was symbolically disarmed, by having its main gates dismounted and removed. However, in order to prevent future resistance the British made concessions to

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