Timeline
46-691: Andreas Hofer (22 November 1767 – 20 February 1810) was a Tyrolean innkeeper and drover , who in 1809 became the leader of the Tyrolean Rebellion against the Napoleonic and Bavarian invasion, and against compulsory smallpox vaccination, during the War of the Fifth Coalition . He was subsequently captured and executed. Hofer is still today venerated as a folk hero , freedom fighter and Austrian patriot . His great-grandson Andreas Hofer
92-677: A crown land of the Austrian Empire . From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary . Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol . The two parts are today associated again in the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion . At least since King Otto I of Germany had conquered
138-508: A 12-hour battle after a downhill charge. The Tyroleans retook Innsbruck. Hofer declared himself Imperial Commandant of the Tyrol in the absence of the ruler and for two months ruled the land from Hofburg in the name of the Emperor of Austria. He announced new laws and taxes and minted his own coins. He also sent two men to Britain to ask for assistance. On 29 September he received a medal from
184-468: A corporal in charge, telling him to "shoot straight". He gave the order to fire himself. Hofer became a martyr in Germany and Austria and a rallying symbol against the power of Napoleon. In 1809 William Wordsworth wrote some sonnets to Andreas Hofer which contributed to the romanticisation of his image and the legend surrounding the insurrection. In 1818, his family was given a patent of nobility by
230-713: A force of Tyroleans approximately 20,000 strong, together with a couple of hundred Austrian soldiers who had joined them after the retreat of the Austrian army. In the second Battle of Bergisel, from 25 to 29 May 1809, Hofer's troops again defeated the Bavarians, driving them out of the country and retaking Innsbruck on 30 May. On 29 May Hofer received a letter from Emperor Francis in which he promised not to sign any peace treaty that would include giving up Tyrol. An Austrian intendant came to rule Tyrol and Hofer returned to his home. However, Napoleon again defeated Austrian troops in
276-585: A lie . [REDACTED] Media related to Andreas Hofer at Wikimedia Commons County of Tyrol The ( Princely ) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg . In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen , became
322-629: A part of Bavaria became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. The Tyroleans rose up against the Bavarian authority and succeeded three times in defeating Bavarian and French troops trying to retake the country. Austria lost the War of the Fifth Coalition against France , and got harsh terms in the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809. Glorified as Tyrol's national hero, Andreas Hofer ,
368-455: A provisional government led by Joseph Hormayr , Hofer advanced south, taking Bozen and Trent . Hopes of a successful rebellion waned when Napoleon defeated the Austrian forces of Archduke Charles of Austria in a series of battles of Teugen-Hausen , Abensberg , Eckmühl , and Ratisbon , whereafter the Austrian troops withdrew from Tyrol and Hofer had to pull back to the mountains. The French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre took charge of
414-515: A successful charge on the village of Sussenbrunn, Wrede was grazed by a bullet. Fearing the wound was fatal, he told MacDonald, "Tell the Emperor I die for him. I recommend to him my wife and children." Seeing that Wrede's injury was minor, the French general smiled and replied, "I think that you will be able to make this recommendation to him yourself." The embarrassed general got up and continued to lead his troops. The Bavarians were for several years
460-599: Is also a monumental statue of him opposite the train station at the beginning of the Via Andreas Hofer, which was erected by Tyrolean nationalists in 1915. In New Glarus, Wisconsin there is a large mural of Hofer inside Puempel's Olde Tavern. The song Zu Mantua in Banden (today the anthem of the State of Tyrol ) tells the story of his tragic fate and execution. His most famous quote: I will not trade my life for
506-589: The Battle of Abensberg on 20 April 1809. In the morning, he probed Joseph Radetzky 's Austrian defense at Siegenburg . Unable to make headway, he marched his division north to Biburg and crossed the Abens River . From Biburg, he moved on Kirchdorf and attacked Frederick Bianchi's reinforced brigade. When the Austrians retreated, Wrede aggressively pursued them to Pfeffenhausen late that evening. He led
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#1732791886032552-546: The Battle of Hohenlinden Wrede commanded one of the Palatinate infantry brigades with credit, and after the peace of Lunéville he was made lieutenant-general in the Bavarian Army , which was entering upon a period of reforms. Wrede soon made himself very popular, and distinguished himself in opposing the Austrian invasions of 1805. Wrede was engaged in the campaign against Prussia, winning especial distinction in
598-459: The Battle of Pułtusk . But the attitude of the French towards the Bavarian troops, and accusations of looting against himself, aroused the general's fiery temper, and both in 1807 and in 1809 outward harmony was only maintained by the tact of Maximilian , the king of Bavaria. In the War of the Fifth Coalition , he led the 2nd Bavarian Division in the VII Corps. He played an important part in
644-419: The Battle of Wagram on 6 July. The Armistice of Znaim ceded Tyrol to Bavaria again. Napoleon sent 40,000 French and Bavarian troops to take over Tyrol and they re-occupied Innsbruck. After little hesitation, Hofer joined battle again. The French offered a reward for his head. On 13–14 August, in the third Battle of Bergisel, Hofer's Tyroleans defeated the French troops of Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre in
690-518: The Brandenburg eagle at the time when she and her husband ruled Tyrol and Brandenburg in personal union , though the Tyrolean eagle had already appeared in the 13th century. Louis V died in 1361, followed by Margaret's son Meinhard III two years later. Lacking any descendants to succeed her, she bequeathed the county to Rudolph IV of Habsburg , Duke of Austria in 1363. He was recognized by
736-680: The emperor of Austria (he and Anna had 7 children, at least two of whom emigrated to America). In 1823, Hofer's remains were moved from Mantua to Innsbruck, and in 1834, his tomb was decorated with a marble statue. In 1893, a bronze statue of Hofer was erected in Bergisel ( Innsbruck ). A large painting depicting his arrest hangs in the Palace of Maria Theresa in Innsbruck, and there is an annual open-air play in Meran based on his life. In Meran there
782-524: The 1805 Treaty of Pressburg . During the stern measures of Minister Maximilian von Montgelas and the forced recruitment into the Bavarian Army , Hofer became a leader of the anti-Bavarian movement. In January 1809, he was part of a delegation to Vienna to ask Emperor Francis I of Austria for support for a possible uprising. The Emperor gave his assurances and the delegation returned home. Hofer begun to secretly organize insurrection, visiting villagers and holding councils of war in local inns. Reputedly he
828-1235: The Austrian State of Tyrol with its East Tyrol exclave. In 1945 following World War II , Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful. Italy kept control. From 1972 onwards, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino - Alto Adige/Südtirol province. Male line extinct. County bequeathed to Albert's son-in-law: Male line extinct, Countess Margaret , daughter of Henry II, married to: divorced, secondly to: Line extinct. County bequeathed to Line extinct, Habsburg lands re-unified under Habsburg regents of Tyrol and Further Austria: Line extinct, Habsburg lands re-unified under [REDACTED] Media related to County of Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons 46°54′58″N 11°12′22″E / 46.91611°N 11.20611°E / 46.91611; 11.20611 Karl Philipp von Wrede Karl (or Carl ) Philipp Josef, Prince von Wrede ( German: [ˈvʁeːdə] ; 29 April 1767 – 12 December 1838)
874-520: The Bavarian armies' opening dispositions at the battle, Napoleon is said to have said of Wrede, "I made him a count, but I couldn't make him a general." Wrede positioned his troops poorly and Napoleon smashed one of his wings, inflicting 9,000 casualties. In 1814 he was created prince and field marshal . Wrede represented Bavaria at the Congress of Vienna . He died in Ellingen . Von Wrede was no doubt
920-654: The Empty Pockets ruled them. In 1420 he made Innsbruck the Tyrolean capital. In 1490 his son and heir Sigismund renounced Tyrol and Further Austria in favour of his cousin German King Maximilian I of Habsburg . By then Maximilian I had re-united all Habsburg lands under his rule. In 1500 he also acquired the remaining Gorizia ( Görz ) territories around Lienz and the Puster Valley . When Emperor Ferdinand I died in 1564, he bequeathed
966-633: The House of Wittelsbach in 1369. From that time onward, Tyrol was ruled by various lines of the Austrian House of Habsburg , who held the title of count . After the Habsburg hereditary lands had been divided by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg , Tyrol was ruled by the descendants of Duke Leopold III of Austria . After a second division within the Leopoldinian line in 1406, Duke Frederick IV of
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#17327918860321012-752: The Italian language. He married Anna Ladurner. In 1791 he was elected to the Tyrolean Landtag assembly. In German he was known as a Wirt (innkeeper) and thus ever after Sandwirt . In the War of the Third Coalition against the French he became a sharpshooter and later a militia captain in the Austrian Imperial and Royal Army . After the Austrian defeat, Tyrol was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria (France's ally) according to
1058-573: The River Inn as a sign to start the rebellion; floating through the town and down the Inn Valley, it alerted the rebels. Church bells summoned men to fight with muskets and farmyard implements. They soon overran smaller Bavarian garrisons and surprised a column of French infantry that was passing through the area. On 11 April Tyrolean militia defeated a Bavarian force in Sterzing which led to
1104-462: The Tyrolean theatre, and Bavarian and Saxon forces under the command of Karl Philipp von Wrede on 13 May defeated the Austrians in a bloody skirmish at Wörgl . The Bavarians re-occupied Innsbruck on 19 May. However, when their French allies left, the rebellion flared up again. Hofer became the effective commander-in-chief of the Tyrolean rebels, with the support of other leaders such as Josef Speckbacher and Father Joachim Haspinger . He commanded
1150-516: The active allies of Napoleon , and Wrede led the Bavarian corps that fought in Russia in 1812. Just before the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he negotiated the Treaty of Ried between Austria and Bavaria, by which Bavaria switched sides. Wrede then fought with the allies against Napoleon. After Leipzig, he tried to block the French escape at the Battle of Hanau on 30 and 31 October. Upon seeing
1196-472: The advance from Pfeffenhausen and was involved in the Battle of Landshut on 21 April, capturing 11 cannon. On 24 April, his division was defeated at the Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit when Johann von Hiller counterattacked in superior force. After occupying Salzburg on 29 April, Wrede moved southwest against the Tyrolean Rebellion . He pushed back Tyrolean irregulars at Lofer on 11 May and defeated Franz Fenner's mixed regulars and Tyroleans at Waidring
1242-427: The court-martial disagreed on the exact sentence until they received a message from Milan. It was supposedly from Eugène de Beauharnais , transmitting Napoleon's order to "give him a fair trial and then shoot him". Napoleon later claimed to Klemens von Metternich that Hofer was executed against his wishes. Hofer was executed by a firing squad on 20 February 1810. He refused a blindfold or to kneel, and gave money to
1288-621: The emperor and another promise that Austria would not abandon Tyrol. Hofer's hopes were dashed on 14 October, when the Treaty of Schönbrunn again ceded Tyrol to Bavaria. French and Bavarian troops advanced and Hofer retreated to the mountains. Promised amnesty , Hofer and his followers laid down their weapons on 8 November. Hofer retired to his home valley. On 12 November Hofer received false reports of Austrian victories and tried to summon his troops on 15 November. This time he had little following and French troops defeated his forces. His subordinate commanders surrendered and urged him to escape over
1334-706: The estates of Trent from the North Italian March of Verona and vested the bishops of Trent with comital rights. In 1027 Henry's Salian successor, Emperor Conrad II , granted the Trent bishops further estates around Bozen and in the Vinschgau region; at the same time, he vested the bishop of Brixen with the suzerainty in the Etschtal and Inntal , part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria under
1380-571: The former Lombard Kingdom of Italy in 961 and had himself crowned Holy Roman emperor in Rome , the principal passes of the Eastern Alps had become an important transit area. The German monarchs regularly traveled across the Brenner or Reschen Pass on their Italian expeditions aiming at papal coronation or the consolidation of Imperial rule. In 1004 King Henry II of Germany separated
1426-586: The leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua . His forces had lost a fourth and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. Tyrol remained under Bavaria and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy for another four years. In 1814, by decisions of the Congress of Vienna , Tyrol was reunified and returned to Austria. It was integrated into the Austrian Empire. From 1867 onwards, it
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1472-534: The mountains. Hofer hid in a hut in the mountains in the Passeiertal and the French announced a reward of 1500 guilders for his head. His neighbor Franz Raffl betrayed him and revealed his hiding place to the authorities. Hofer was captured by Italian troops on 28 January 1810 and was sent to Mantua in chains to face a court-martial . Raffl died impoverished in Bavaria twenty years later. Officers holding
1518-478: The next day. On 13 May, he played a major part in crushing the division of Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles in the Battle of Wörgl . After the French defeat at the Battle of Aspern-Essling , Napoleon I of France called Wrede's division to Vienna as a reinforcement. At first, Wrede's division stood in reserve in the Battle of Wagram . In the afternoon of 6 July, the Bavarians were sent into battle in support of Jacques MacDonald 's celebrated attack. In
1564-596: The occupation of Innsbruck before noon. Though French forces came across the Brenner Pass as a relief and a united French-Bavarian contingent counterattacked the next night, the Tyroleans fought them in the First Battle of Bergisel until Hofer and his allies won on the morning of the 13th. While Austrian forces under General Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles moved into the Tyrolean capital and installed
1610-630: The region and came to surpass the power of the bishops, who were nominally their feudal lords. After the deposition of the Welf Duke Henry X of Bavaria in 1138, the counts of Tyrol strengthened their independence. When Henry the Lion was again enfeoffed with the Bavarian duchy by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at the 1154 Imperial Diet in Goslar , his possessions no longer comprised the Tyrolean lands. The counts maintained that independence under
1656-547: The rising Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty . In 1210, Count Albert IV of Tyrol also took over the Vogt office in the Bishopric of Brixen, prevailing against the rivalling counts of Andechs . In 1253 Count Meinhard of Gorizia (Görz) inherited the Tyrolean lands by his marriage to Adelheid, daughter of the last Count Albert IV of Tyrol. When their sons divided their estate in 1271, the elder Meinhard II took Tyrol, for which he
1702-676: The rule of Conrad's son Henry III . Especially the Brixen bishops remained loyal supporters of the Salian rulers in the Investiture Controversy and in 1091 also received the Puster Valley from the hands of Emperor Henry IV . Documented from about 1140 onwards, the comital dynasty residing in Tyrol Castle near Meran held the office of Vogts (bailiffs) in the Trent diocese. They extended their territory over much of
1748-576: The rule over Tyrol and Further Austria to his second son Archduke Ferdinand II . Both territories thereafter fell to the younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors: Archduke Matthias in 1608 and Maximilian III in 1612. After the death of Archduke Sigismund Francis in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I . From the time of Maria Theresa (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol
1794-503: The south of the medieval Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol . Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. Since 1949 both parts form the autonomous Italian Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The northern part of Tyrol retained by the First Austrian Republic today forms
1840-756: Was a Bavarian field marshal . He was an ally of Napoleonic France until he negotiated the Treaty of Ried with Austria in 1813. Thereafter Bavaria joined the coalition. Von Wrede was born at Heidelberg , the youngest of three children of Ferdinand Josef Wrede (1722–1793), created in 1791 1st Baron von Wrede , and wife, married on 21 March 1746, Anna Katharina Jünger (1729–1804), by whom he had two more children: Baroness Luise von Wrede (23 September 1748 – 9 February 1794), married to Philipp, Baron von Horn (died 1834); and Baron Georg von Wrede (8 December 1765 – 3 April 1843), married on 17 January 1808 to Julie Zarka de Lukafalva (1781 – Osen , 1 August 1847), by whom he had issue. He
1886-463: Was a Kronland (Crown Land) of Cisleithania . After World War I , the victors settled border changes. The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 ruled according to the 1915 London Pact , that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , including the territory of the former Trent bishopric, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino , as well as
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1932-561: Was a member of the very important resistance group against Nazi Germany around the priest Heinrich Maier . Andreas Hofer was born 1767 in St. Leonhard in Passeier , in the Habsburg crown land of Tyrol. His father was an innkeeper of the Sandhof inn and Andreas followed in his footsteps when he inherited the establishment. He also traded wine and horses in adjacent Northern Italy and learned
1978-474: Was educated for the career of a civil official under the Electorate of the Palatinate government, but on the outbreak of the campaign of 1799 he raised a volunteer corps in the Palatinate and was made its colonel. This corps excited the mirth of the well-drilled Austrians with whom it served, but its colonel soon brought it into a good condition, and it distinguished itself during Kray's retreat on Ulm . At
2024-528: Was governed by the central government of the Habsburg monarchy at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into the county. Following defeat by Napoleon in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol, which was split between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy in the Peace of Pressburg . Tyrol as
2070-639: Was recognized as an immediate lordship. He supported the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia . In reward, he received the Duchy of Carinthia with the Carniolan march in 1286. In 1307 Meinhard's son Henry was elected King of Bohemia , After his death, he had one surviving daughter, Margaret Maultasch , who could gain the rule only over Tyrol. In 1342 she married Louis V of Wittelsbach , then Margrave of Brandenburg . The red eagle in Tyrol's coat of arms may derive from
2116-590: Was so much on the move that he signed his messages "Andreas Hofer, from where I am" and letters to him were addressed to "wherever he may be". At the same time other leaders organized their own forces elsewhere in the Alps. Hofer became a leader of a militia contingent in the Passeier Valley . The Tyrolean Rebellion began on 9 April 1809 in Innsbruck . The previous night, organizers dumped sacks of sawdust into
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