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58-522: Ancient sources generally agree that he was originally a fuller from Adramyttium in Aeolis in western Anatolia . Around 153 BC, his ancestry was supposedly revealed to him, upon which he travelled to the court of his claimed uncle, the Seleucid monarch Demetrius I Soter , to request assistance in claiming his throne. Demetrius refused and had him sent to Rome, where he was judged harmless and exiled to

116-401: A Hippodamian orthogonal plan are clearly exposed. On the northern side is a large terrace surrounded by a portico attached to an exedra . The city walls of about 3 km circumference are well preserved and constructed of polygonal masonry of uncertain date; the blocks are carefully jointed, and the faces smoothed. The arrangement of the gates is clearly traceable; as a rule they come at

174-464: A waterwheel or on a tappet wheel, which lifted the hammer. Driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot (the head of the hammer) struck the cloth almost horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth. This was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled evenly. However, the cloth was taken out about every two hours to undo plaits and wrinkles. The 'foot'

232-459: A city in Italy; he managed to escape, and after gathering support, primarily from Thrace , he launched an invasion of Macedon, defeating Rome's clients and establishing his rule as king. The Romans naturally reacted militarily, triggering war; after some initial successes, Andriscus was defeated and captured by the praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus , who subdued Macedon once again. He

290-416: A defensive position with his main army at Pydna , where Metellus engaged him in battle. In the ensuing Battle of Pydna , Andrisus was decisively defeated. His harsh persecutions during his reign now showed their consequences; this single battle was enough to make him lose control of Macedon, as the people submitted to Metellus. He was forced to flee to Thrace, his original base of support, and began organizing

348-525: A king restored from the old lineage." However, it has also been suggested that the extent of his support may not have been as widespread as often believed, and that a significant amount of the Macedonian populace remained pro-republican and pro-Roman. The relative lack of reprisals towards Macedon after his defeat, as compared to the destructions of Corinth and Carthage in the same period, has been suggested as evidence for this theory. Andriscus' reign

406-478: A new army; however, Metellus pursued him swiftly and routed his forces before he could prepare them. Andriscus then fled to the Thracian princeling Byzes; however, Metellus managed to persuade the latter into becoming a Roman ally and handing Andriscus over as a prisoner, ending his reign. He remained a prisoner over the next two years, while Metellus subdued any remaining Macedonian resistance, organized Macedon as

464-583: A province and settled the Achaean War of 146 BC. When Metellus returned to Rome in 146 BC, he received the agnomen Macedonicus for his victory and was granted a triumph . Andriscus was brought in chains and paraded in the triumph, and later executed — the last king to reign over Macedon. Ancient sources are extremely hostile, not only to the origins and claims, but also of the character of Andriscus — Diodorus calls him "shot through with cruelty, greed and every base quality"; Dio and Livy call him "a man of

522-628: A smooth, tightly finished fabric that is insulating and water-repellent. Well-known examples are duffel cloth , first produced in Flanders in the 14th century, and loden , produced in Austria from the 16th century on. Waulking could be done with the hands and feet. In medieval Europe, it was done in water-powered fulling mills. After the Industrial Revolution , coal and electric power were used. Felting refers more generally to

580-538: A smoother finish. The names for workers who performed these tasks ( fuller , tucker , and walker ) have become common surnames . The Welsh word for a fulling mill is pandy , which appears in many place-names, for example Tonypandy ("fulling mill lea"). Alba Fucens Alba Fucens was an ancient Italic town located at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) elevation at the base of Monte Velino , approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) north of Avezzano , Abruzzo , central Italy. Its ruins can be found in

638-707: A tuck mill, and in Wales , a pandy. They appear to have originated in the 9th or 10th century in Europe. The earliest known reference to a fulling mill in France, which dates from about 1086, was discovered in Normandy . There was a fulling mill established at Temple Guiting , Gloucestershire which was documented in the Domesday Book (also 1086). E. A. Lewis (possibly Welsh historian Edward Arthur Lewis ) observed: By

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696-517: A very small amount of silver drachmae , on which he pictured himself as a Hellenistic king, and added Herakles on the reverse. Only three coins of Andriscus are known, two of which are overstruck, one on a drachm of the Thessalian League , the other on a Roman denarius . It is therefore possible that he also used the denarii he seized as booty after his victory against Thalna to mint his own coins. The coins are also of poor quality, due to

754-579: Is the only monastic church in Abruzzo in which the central nave is separated from the lateral ones by ancient columns. The collegiate church of S. Nicola contains a remarkable staurotheca of the 11th century, and a wooden triptych in imitation of the Byzantine style with enamels, of the 13th century. Discovered in 1949 after excavations carried out by the Belgian University of Louvain,

812-529: Is unknown, though according to his own story, he was "of maturity" when he made his claims of royalty in 154 BC, and had been raised by a Cretan in Adramyttium. By his own claims, he was educated at Adramyttium until adolescence, until the Cretan died, after which he was raised with his foster mother. Upon reaching maturity, his mother (or foster mother, according to his claim) gave him a sealed parchment that

870-577: The comune of Massa d'Albe . The city is largely visible after excavation and is probably the most important ancient site in Abruzzo. It was originally a town of the Aequi , though on the frontier of the Marsi , but was occupied by a Latin colony (303-4 BC) owing to its strategic importance. Initially it was populated by 6,000 settlers who built a wall in the years immediately following their settlement. The following year they had to defend themselves from

928-475: The Seleucid monarch, Demetrius I Soter . Diodorus Siculus offers a different account. According to him, Andriscus was already a mercenary in Demetrius' army. Due to his resemblance to the former Macedonian king, his comrades started jokingly calling him "son of Perseus"; these jokes soon began becoming serious suspicions, and at one point, Andriscus himself decided to seize the opportunity and claimed that he

986-486: The "sealed writing" that had been handed to his caretakers by Perseus, and had later been given to him. Even if there were apprehensions about the veracity of his claim, Niese notes that "one liked to believe what one wished; the re-establishment of Macedonia enabled liberation from the burden of Roman rule. The longer these burdens had been borne, the happier they [the Macedonians] were at the prospect of Macedonia under

1044-706: The East, and made the Senate realize the full significance of the revolt. They organized a full consular army of two legions under praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus , to defeat Andriscus and check, if not quell, his uprising. Arriving in Greece in 148 BC, Metellus marched along the Thessalian coast in a combined land and sea advance, while the allied Pergamene fleet threatened the coastal district of northern Macedonia. To protect himself against both offensives, Andriscus took up

1102-817: The Macedonians; this made the Romans complacent about the pretender. However, he soon managed to encounter a force of Rome's Macedonian client republics, defeating them in Odomantice ; he then invaded Macedon proper, defeating Rome's clients on the banks of the Strymon river . Amidst popular acclaim, he crowned himself king at the old Macedonian capital of Pella in 150/149 BC. Although the Macedonians' initial attitude had been lukewarm, his successes won him popularity and widespread support in Macedon. Anti-Roman sentiment

1160-637: The Pergamene king Attalus II Philadelphus . Being a Macedonian by birth, and due to her former connections to the Antigonids, she accepted his claim and agreed to help him, giving him money and slaves, and probably recommending that he travel to Thrace , where he would find a following. He was also received favourably in Byzantium. He finally arrived in Thrace , where he met Teres III , who had married

1218-471: The Pergamenes were terrified of the prospect of a revived and strong Macedonia on their doorstep. Domestically, Andriscus implemented a strongly anti-Roman and anti-Republican policy. Ancient historians interpreted this as his cruelty and tyranny; it has been suggested that these were simply manifestations of his anti-Roman policy and his persecutions of his opponents, including pro-Roman republicans. At

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1276-705: The Prefect of the Praetorium Nevius Sutorius Macro, born in Alba. There are numerous houses belonging to the local patricians including a domus . On the side of the Pettorino hill are the remains of the Roman theatre's cavea. Remains of the 10 km long Roman aqueduct, built as early as the 1st century BC, are visible especially of the siphon-bridge in the locality of Arci, 1.5 km NE of

1334-478: The Roman conquest of Macedon in the Third Macedonian War ; they were eager to help the claimant. They proceeded to such an extent that there were even calls for deposing the king if he did not help the pretender. Unmoved, or perhaps frightened, Demetrius had Andriscus arrested and sent to Rome. In Rome, he was brought before the Senate, where Dio writes that he stood "in general contempt" due to what

1392-422: The Romans understood the strength of anti-Roman feeling that had arisen in Macedon, and realized that the old administration could not be sustained — a thorough reorganization was necessary. Another reason why reorganization was necessary was that Andriscus' persecutions had killed many pro-Roman republicans and thoroughly disrupted the old administrative structure; it would be difficult to re-establish it. Therefore,

1450-517: The Senate made Macedon a Roman province , with Metellus as its first governor. Fulling Fulling , also known as tucking or walking ( Scots : waukin , hence often spelt waulking in Scottish English ), is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of woven cloth (particularly wool ) to eliminate ( lanolin ) oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. The work delivers

1508-617: The attacks of the Aequi who, unable to tolerate the presence of a fortified Latin citadel on their territory, tried to conquer it without success. It lay on a hill just to the north of the Via Valeria , which was prolonged beyond Tibur probably at this very period. In the Second Punic War Alba at first remained faithful and in 211 BC sent a contingent of 2,000 men to help Rome, but afterwards refused to send contingents and

1566-450: The borders of Macedon"); details of the engagement are scarce, but Thalna was killed and his forces almost annihilated. It was the worst defeat Rome would suffer at the hands of the Macedonians; Florus remarks on the irony of how "they that were invincible against real kings, were defeated by this imaginary and pretended king". The victory greatly increased the king's prestige; he obtained an alliance with Carthage , and his domestic popularity

1624-431: The end of a long, straight stretch of wall, and are placed so as to leave the right side of any attacking force exposed. On the north is, for a length of about 150 m, a triple line of defences of later date (possibly added by the Roman colonists), as both the city wall proper, and the double wall thrown out in front of it are partly constructed of concrete, and faced with finer polygonal masonry. The forum (142 x 44 m)

1682-632: The fate of the nearby Fucino river which dried up following the building of the Tunnels of Claudius to drain the lake in the 1st century by the emperor Claudius . In 537 it was occupied by the Byzantines during the Gothic war, its last mention in history by Procopius of Caesarea . The town was completely destroyed by the Saracens in the 10th century. The city streets and many buildings built on

1740-476: The granddaughter of Perseus and was the son of Cotys IV , who had once been an ally of Perseus. Teres and the other Thracian chieftains, especially a certain Barsabas, received him enthusiastically; he held a coronation ceremony at Teres' court, was given a few hundred Thracian troops, and set off on his campaign. His first attempt to invade was unsuccessful, and he initially did not inspire much enthusiasm among

1798-520: The incident: Now this legion [the Martia] is quartered in Alba Fucens. What other city could one choose, well fortified and nearby, or more suitable for its natural position for military operations, or more faithful, or inhabited by braver or more attached citizens to our Republic? Its prosperity, in the imperial period, is testified by the inscriptions found. One of particular importance relates to

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1856-496: The interlocking of loose wool fibers; they need not be spun and woven first. Fulling involves two processes: scouring (cleaning) and milling (thickening). Removing the oils encourages felting, and the cloth is pounded to clean it and to encourage the fibers to felt, so in practice the processes overlap. Urine was so important to the fulling business that it was taxed in Ancient Rome . Stale urine, known as wash or lant ,

1914-405: The latter and at the end of the conflict Sulla, to punish it and at the same time satisfy the requests of one of his lieutenants, Metellus Pius, distributed part of the territory of Alba Fucens to the latter's veterans. In the conflict between Caesar and Pompey, it hosted a garrison of six cohorts of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 54 BC) then surrendered to the legions of Caesar. In 44 BC,

1972-472: The leaders of Miletus learned about this, they arrested him and sought advice from visiting Roman envoys on what to do with him; the envoys were contemptuous of the pretender and told the Miletans he was safe to release. He continued his travels through Ionia , meeting former acquaintances of Perseus and gaining an audience with Kallipa, a former concubine of Perseus who was now married to Athenaios, brother of

2030-568: The legion Martia (enrolled from the Marsi) mutinied against the consul Mark Antony and went over to the side of Octavian . The Martia, leaving the coast road at Aternum, took the Via Valeria and went to Alba Fucens, which due to its strategic position made it possible to maintain contact with Octavian and, if necessary, prevent Antony from passing through towards the Adriatic. Cicero said of

2088-417: The lowest kind". They also describe him as cruel and tyrannical; accusations of tyranny probably reflect his harsh persecutions of pro-Roman and pro-republican elements in Macedon. At the same time, it is possible that he was indeed tyrannical, especially after his victory over Thalna, and perpetrated acts of terrorism and repression against his subjects. His main legacy was that in the aftermath of his revolt,

2146-512: The microscopic scales on the surface of wool fibres hook together, somewhat like hook and loop fixings. Originally, fulling was carried out by the pounding of the woollen cloth with a club, or the fuller's feet or hands. In Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the cloth while ankle deep in tubs of human urine . There are several Biblical references to fulling ( 2 Kings 18:17 ; Isaiah 7:3 and 36:2 ; Malachi 3:2 ; Mark 9:3 ). In addition to this, at least one reference appears in

2204-539: The pipes to reduce the depth of the siphon and hence the water pressure and associated leakage. In the urban centre were the temple of Isis and the sanctuary of Hercules. The hill at the western end of the town was occupied by the Temple of Apollo of the Tuscan order from the 2nd c. BC, the remarkable remains of which are incorporated in a beautiful Romanesque church of San Pietro which contains some Cosmatesque mosaics. It

2262-558: The remnants of Rome's client republics in Macedon, some elements of which seem to have survived for some time into his reign. Soon, however, the Romans sent a legion under the praetor Publius Juventius Thalna to defeat the pretender. Thalna, however, appears to have underestimated Andriscus' strength, not taking into account the fact that the king's army had grown dramatically since his enthronement. Andriscus attacked and fought him at an unspecified location in Thessaly (Dio gives it as "near

2320-418: The same time, it is also possible that he was indeed tyrannical. His persecutions increased significantly after his victory over Thalna, costing him significant popularity; this would have dire consequences for him later. The extent and nature of Andriscus' coinage is a matter of debate. It has been suggested that many of his coins were overstrikes of previous Antigonid, republican and Roman coinage. He issued

2378-433: The short duration of his reign, the need to reuse old dies and the need to quickly produce wartime coinage. Some non-royal coinage has also been discovered and dated to the period of his reign, possibly struck by the remnants of the pro-Roman republics. It has also been suggested that the king was more liberal than implied by the sources, and allowed some degree of independent coinage. Thalna's defeat shook Roman prestige in

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2436-467: The speeches of Lysias , written in Athens during the 5th century BC. Scotland, then a rather remote and un-industrialized region, retained manual methods into the 1700s. In Scottish Gaelic tradition, this process was accompanied by waulking songs , which women sang to set the pace. From the medieval period, the fulling of cloth was often done in a water mill , known as a fulling mill, a walk mill, or

2494-465: The time of the Crusades in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world. The mills beat the cloth with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks (operating vertically) that were used only for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by cams on the shaft of

2552-462: The town. Its source was the Sant'Eugenia spring beyond the pass of Fonte Capo la Maina near the hamlet of Santa Jona. The last 3 km was unusually built using a pressured pipeline as an inverted siphon across a valley. At Arci is the venter of the inverted siphon, an embankment 12 m wide and over 130 m long increasing in height with the valley depth and at the deepest point was a bridge with arches carrying

2610-461: Was a source of ammonium salts and assisted in cleansing and whitening the cloth and having its fibers intertwined. By the medieval period, fuller's earth had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure hydrous aluminium silicate . Worked through the cloth, it absorbs oils and dirt. It was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used. The second function of fulling

2668-460: Was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the cloth. After fulling, cloth was stretched on great frames known as tenters, to which it is attached by tenterhooks (whence the phrase being on tenterhooks ). The area where the tenters were erected was known as a tenterground . Cloth would also have the nap raised by napping or gigging . The surface would then be sheared smooth. The process might be repeated for

2726-421: Was common in Macedon; the populace was obliging in overthrowing the old regime. Support for Andriscus was not uniform — there was significantly more hesitation among the gentry and upper classes, and somewhat more enthusiasm among the lower classes — but the popular mood was largely in his favour. His claims were bolstered by his correct prediction of the locations of two treasures, which he claimed were specified in

2784-468: Was defined to a significant degree by his military campaigns, due to his being in a constant state of war with Rome. After his conquest of the Kingdom, he enlarged the army and began campaigns to conquer Thessaly , a key part of the realm of the old Antigonids . Initial resistance to him were from ad hoc forces of Roman allies in Greece, a few Roman units and legates in the region and some resistance from

2842-524: Was his close resemblance to Perseus. Around 154/153 BC, he left Pergamon for Syria, where he declared his claim to be the illegitimate son of Perseus by a concubine. According to his own account, it was due to his mother (or foster mother) urging him to leave Pergamon to avoid the wrath of the pro-Roman Eumenes II . He first staked his claim in Syria. Livy and Cassius Dio write that he simply went from Pergamon to Syria and directly staked his claim before

2900-586: Was imprisoned for two years before being paraded in Metellus' triumph in 146 BC, after which he was executed. In the aftermath of his revolt, the Romans established the Roman province of Macedonia , ending Macedonian independence and establishing a permanent presence in the region. Details of his origins are vague and sometimes conflicting, though it is generally believed that he was a fuller from Adramyttium in Aeolis in western Anatolia . His exact date of birth

2958-582: Was increased dramatically, allowing him to stamp out republican resistance and conquer Thessaly. At first, Andriscus attempted to negotiate his position with Rome, but when it became clear that they would not recognize his throne, he embarked on a strongly anti-Roman policy, He continued to cultivate his relations with his Thracian allies, to whom he owed his throne; they would continue to provide significant forces for him during his reign. Foreign interest in relations with him increased dramatically after his victory over Thalna; as mentioned before, Carthage , which

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3016-546: Was indeed the son of Perseus. Niese attempts to reconcile both accounts, suggesting that he might have travelled to Syria and then enlisted as a mercenary before staking his claim. He appealed to the king to help him win back his "ancestral" throne, and found great popular support among the Seleucid populace, to the extent that there were riots in the capital, Antioch . Large segments of the Seleucid population were of Macedonian descent, nurturing strong anti-Roman sentiment since

3074-402: Was overlooked by the basilica built (end of the 2nd century BC to first decades of the following century), the macellum (market) from the same era and the baths of the late Republican age, but enlarged in the imperial era. The baths were decorated with precious mosaics depicting marine scenes and subjects. The well-preserved amphitheatre (96 x 79 m) from the reign of Tiberius was built by

3132-522: Was perceived to be his ordinary nature and transparently false claim. The Romans believed his claim to be fake, because the real Philip had died at Alba Fucens two years after his father Perseus. Considering him harmless, they simply exiled him to an Italian city, but he managed to escape; fleeing Italy, he went to the Greek world, to the city of Miletus . In Miletus , he tried to advance his claims further, attracting significant attention and sympathy. When

3190-526: Was punished. After this it became a regular place of detention for important state prisoners such as Syphax of Numidia , Perseus of Macedonia , Bituitus , king of the Arverni . It was attacked by the allies in the Social War , but remained faithful to Rome; and its strong position rendered it a place of some importance in the civil wars. In the struggle between Sulla and Marius, the city sided with

3248-431: Was supposedly written by Perseus himself, along with the knowledge of the location of two hidden treasures, at Amphipolis and Thessalonica ; he would later use these to advance his claims. Ancient sources are unanimous in calling him an impostor and dismiss the story as false; Niese suggests that there is a possibility of his claims being true, but generally agrees that he was a pretender; his main advantage in his claims

3306-407: Was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing ( felting ). This was vital in the case of woollens , made from carded wool , but not for worsted materials made from combed wool. After this stage, water was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because

3364-587: Was under attack from Rome in the Third Punic War , allied itself to him and promised him money and ships, though these could not be sent before his ultimate defeat. Significant sympathy, possibly cultivated to a degree by him, arose in Greece ; however, the Achaean League remained pro-Roman and continued to resist and fight him. King Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon remained staunchly pro-Roman;

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