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42-824: Anenecuilco is first mentioned in Codex Mendoza as belonging to the prehispanic jurisdiction of Huaxtepec ( Oaxtepec ), and subject to tribute by the Aztec Empire . Its glyph is blue, indicating a stream with multiple branches. In the same jurisdiction was Tepoztlan and Yauhtepec. The main tribute items that the Huaxtepec province rendered to the Aztec Empire were woven cotton cloth of various types (loincloths, women's skirts and blouses, lengths of cotton cloth some of which were decorated) along with red and yellow varnish bowls and reams of native paper ( amatl ). Of

84-500: A British archaeologist and Mayan expert, has suggested that the manuscript's previous owner was Bishop Jerónimo Osório of Faro, Portugal before it was looted by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and given to his friend Thomas Bodley in the sixteenth century, where it later became part of the Bodleian Library. The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices : Codex Laud , Codex Mendoza , Codex Selden and

126-507: A Mexican Ethnohistorian, as possibly the individual referred to by the Aztecs as Lord Malinalli (The Nahuatl word for grass) who was defeated by them in a war in 1503-1504, after which the Aztec extracted tribute from the region. Interstingly, the codex references two major sites as the supposed point of creation of the royal houses, first at Achiutla on the obverse (with a figure emerging from

168-477: A place known as the Palace of Flints. This lineage is said to end with the burning of the bodies of Lady One Grass and her son, Lord One Eagle, after which a surviving descendant known as Lord Seven Reed marries into the line of Teozacoalco. Importantly, he does not seem to be included in the lineage as expected, implying primogeniture perhaps wasn't the primary method of succession. After this, it shifts to focusing on

210-433: Is at bottom center, above the 9-Deer glyph (photo). The obverse narrative begins on page 1, Band V, ending on page 20, Band III. The reverse, however, follows numerous other stories, and as such is far more complex. Here, the upper two bands contain notes for the text while the rest relay the story. The main narrative on the reverse begins with page 40, Band V, and proceeeds through Band V, VI, and III to page 34. Band I then

252-660: Is crafted in the native style, but it now is bound at a spine in the manner of European books. The codex is also known as the Codex Mendocino and La colección Mendoza , and has been held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University since 1659. It was on display as part of the Bodleian's Gifts and Books exhibition from 16 June to 29 October 2023. The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices : Codex Bodley , Codex Laud , Codex Selden , and

294-538: Is not an exact fit for the Codex, and the identification is not certain. According to a later account by Samuel Purchas , a later owner of the Codex, writing in 1625, the Spanish fleet was attacked by French privateers and all of the booty, including the codex, was taken to France. It was certainly in the possession of André Thévet , cosmographer to King Henry II of France . Thévet wrote his name in five places on

336-473: Is not known. Due to its description of the dynasty of Ñuu Tnoo (Now Tilantongo) on the obverse before relating the origin of another dynasty that ruled Tlaxiaco , as well as having many similarities to the Codex Selden , which is known to have come from the area, it's presumed to have come from the area, but this is impossible to tell definitively. Its possible that it was brought up in legal battles with

378-489: Is read from right to left on two sides; the obverse and the reverse. The obverse consists of pages 1 through 20 while the reverse starts on page 40 and finishes on page 21. The obverse ends with a genealogy and names Lord Eight Deer as the last/latest lord of the Tilantongo dynasty at the time of the codex's creation. On the reverse, Page 21 names Lord Eight Grass as being the last king of Tlaxiaco . Eight Grass's name-glyph

420-510: Is taken to a temple, has a vision of a large snake, and gives birth nine months later. Eight Deer would continue to rule until, on a hunting expedition, he was ambushed by Four Wind, who killed him and took power. He was buried with kingly honors and, although the Toltecs invaded to get revenge, eventually decided to make a practical peace with the new king of the region, Four Wind, who would wed one of Eight Deer's daughters and establish himself as

462-418: Is the only one to supply notes. The story then is continued on page 23, continuing across Bands V-I until page 28 with no notes. The narrative splits on page 28, with Bands I and II providing notes for the story while Bands III-V continue the genealogy until page 22. The Codex Bodley offers a relatively complete review of family relationships among the dynasties of the main cacicazgos (community kingdoms) in

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504-498: Is written using traditional Aztec pictograms with a translation and explanation of the text provided in Spanish . It is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza (1495-1552), the viceroy of New Spain , who supervised its creation and who was a leading patron of native artists. Mendoza knew that the ravages of the conquest had destroyed multiple native artifacts, and that the craft traditions that generated them had been effaced. When

546-523: The Selden Roll . The codex is made of deerskin that is 6.7 meters or 22 feet long. The animal skin was folded accordion style to form the distinct pages. Each page was then covered with a white base paint coat and then divided with horizontal red bands. The obverse has five bands while the reverse is only divided into four. It has traditionally been numbered based off Lord Kingsborough's facsimile of it in his Antiquities of Mexico . The condition of

588-481: The Selden Roll . The manuscript must date from after 6 July 1529, since Hernán Cortéz is referred to on folio 15r as 'marques del Valle'. It must have been produced before 1553, when it was in the possession of the French cosmographer André Thevet , who wrote his name on folios 1r, 2r, 70v, 71v. The final page of the manuscript explains some of the circumstances in which it was produced. The reader must excuse

630-468: The 17th Century. It is also referred to as the "Codex Ñuu Tnoo" with Ñuu Tnoo being the Mixtec name for a city now known as Tilantongo (directly from its Nahuatl name), which translates to "Black Town-Temple of Heaven." While the exact date of its creation is difficult to establish, judging from its content and style, it was completed before the 1521 Spanish conquest of Mexico however likely after

672-471: The 25 communities subordinate to Huaxtepec, Anenecuilco's share of tribute is unclear. After the Spanish conquest in 1521, Hernán Cortés took Huaxtepec for himself in encomienda , along with the Amilpas communities subject to it, including Anenecuilco. During the epidemics of the late sixteenth century that devastated indigenous populations, Anenecuilco survived. The crown resettled indigenous population in

714-472: The Mixteca Alta region. This information is indispensable for anyone studying Mixtec kinship , policies around marital alliances, and peer polity interaction. Academic interest in the codex has focused on the Tilantongo and Tiaxiaco dynasties depicted on both sides of the manuscript, who once lived in the modern day Mexican State of Oaxaca . In 1949, the archaeologist Alfonso Caso determined that

756-643: The Red and White Bundle family (the kings of Tilantongo) and Eight Deer being ordered to go to the Pacific Coast, out of the Mixtec Highlands, and establish a kingdom until a great kingdom from Central Mexico. After he does so, he's invited by Cē Ācatl Topiltzin , King of the Toltec Empire , to receive a turquoise nose plug, a mark of kingship, and make an alliance. Meanwhile, back at Tilantongo,

798-402: The Red and White Bundle family, taking all prisoner except one man named Four Wind, the son of Six Monkey, who hides away in a cave for safety. Executing the captives but a woman named Thirteen Serpent, who he takes as a bride in order to inherit her estate, Thirteen Serpent cannot concieve of a child until, years later and after the second wife of four Eight Deer wed got pregnant, Thirteen Serpent

840-492: The Spaniards and the battles and clashes that they had and the taking of this great city and all the provinces that it ruled and had made subject and the assignment of these towns and provinces that was made by Montezuma to the principal lords of this city and of the fee that each one of the knights gave him from the tributes of the towns that he had and the plan that he employed in the aforesaid assignment and how he sketched [?]

882-772: The Spanish crown ordered Mendoza to provide evidence of the Aztec political and tribute system, he invited skilled artists and scribes who were being schooled at the Franciscan college in Tlatelolco to gather in a workshop under the supervision of Spanish priests where they could recreate the document for him and the King of Spain . The pictorial document that they produced became known as the Codex Mendoza: it consists of seventy-one folios made of Spanish paper measuring 20.6 × 30.6 centimeters (8.25 × 12.25 inches). The document

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924-614: The West," referring to the River of Ashes (The Nexapa River ) which was both the marker for the end of Mixtec influence as well as the realm of the fertility goddess, Old Lady One Grass. This likely had immense symbolic importance which, unfortunately, has largely been lost. After this, Eight Deer shots a coyote on the Mountain of the Temple of Heaven to, what has been interpreted as meaning, gain

966-522: The codex, twice with the date 1553. It was later owned by the Englishman Richard Hakluyt . According again to Samuel Purchas, Hakluyt bought the Codex for 20 French francs . Some time after 1616 it was passed to Samuel Purchas, then to his son, and then to John Selden . The codex was deposited into the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in 1659, five years after Selden's death, where it remained in obscurity until 1831, when it

1008-570: The comparative value of Roman, Greek, English, and French money. The two manuscripts were bound together in England in the early seventeenth century. Codex Bodley The Codex Bodley is an important pictographic manuscript and example of Mixtec historiography dating to circa 1500 in a variant form of the Mixteca-Puebla style of Codex writing. Its colloquial name comes from the Bodleian Library , where it's been stored since

1050-630: The descendants of thee Tilantongo dynasty to prove their claim to nobility before being sent off to Seville , and possibly becoming part of the General Archive of the Indies , explaining its presence in Europe . This is made even more plausible due to it being known that a Mixtec individual who changed their name to Don Felipe, after Felipe of Spain , filed numerous lawsuits in an attempt to protect their territorial privilages. J. Eric Thompson ,

1092-519: The genealogies of numerous families that, at times, were in direct conflict with one-another. The figure of Eight Deer is likely a metaphor for the greatness the polity of Tilantongo could reach, as evident from his many misadventures. After setting out on a daring quest, he challenges and beats the Sun God and Venus God to a ball game, "conquering" both and earning their favor, as well as a stone that carried what's referred to as the, "precious power of

1134-409: The home of an Indian who was called Francisco Gualpuyogualcal, master of the painters, I saw in his possession a book with covers of parchment and asking him what it was, in secret he showed it to me and told me that he had made it by the command of Your Lordship, in which he has to set down all the land since the founding of the city of Mexico and the lords that had governed and ruled until the coming of

1176-421: The indigenous population crashed due to the unfavorable conditions. Mestizos moved in establishing themselves and intermarrying with the locals. Codex Mendoza The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex , believed to have been created around the year 1541. It contains a history of both the Aztec rulers and their conquests as well as a description of the daily life of pre-conquest Aztec society . The codex

1218-545: The king of the region. The reverse side of the codex follows the house of Red and White Bundle, the rivals of Eight Deer, and depicts things from their point of view. In the aftermath of the War of Heaven, before relating the last Red and White Bundle lord, Lord Eleven Wind married Lady Six Monkey, enraging Eight Deer who goes on to seize power of Tilantongo, killing off the Red and White Bundle family except for Four Wind. The genealogy then follows Four Wind and his descendants at

1260-418: The lords of Tlaxiaco, how Lord Seven Reed lost his kingdom to someone known as Lord Eight Jaguar, and his descendants' later rule over several different localities in the region. The rest of the codex proceeds to follow the familial lines of the houses before ending with Lord Eight Grass on Page 21 (due to Kingsborough's confusing numbering). This Lord Eight Grass has been identified by Igberto Jiménez Moreno ,

1302-473: The original codex has faded over time with many of the pages missing parts of the pictography, however Kinsborough's facsimiles were possibly made before such degradation, with the artist, Agostino Aglio using now faded colors of green and yellow which have, on the original, now faded to ocher or brown. This, however, could also be attributed to Agostino's being well-antiquated to such works due to his, by then, extensive work transcribing codices. The manuscript

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1344-447: The power needed to visit someone known as Lady Nine Grass in the Temple of Death, an ancient burial tomb which one usually must surrender their souls to enter. Entering with what's presumed to be his lover, Lady Six Monkey, they gain entrance by being granted an old bone, which allows them to enter unharmed where they request to be married, though were refused by Lady Nine Grass, with Lady Six Monkey being ordered to marry Lord Eleven Wind of

1386-447: The purpose of the genealogy was to calculate the line of descent for Tilantogo, and its relations to Teozacoalco (a still-occupied local) following a creation story after an event known as the "War of Heaven," as well as the saga of an individual known as Eight Deer, who is likely used to show the supposedly great future awaiting Tilantongo. Despite this, however, it's difficult to link the codex with any particular polity due to it listing

1428-472: The region (as elsewhere in central Mexico) in congregación , but Anenecuilco continued as an independent community as of 1603. Areas in the region left vacant by depopulation due to epidemics and resettlement elsewhere in congregación were "swallowed up by sugar haciendas." Haciendas were established in Anenecuilco, Cuahuixtla, Hospital, and Mapaztlan, indicating the growth of the Spanish presence in

1470-421: The region. A family with the surname Zapata leased land from Hacienda Hospital in the eighteenth century. In the 1850s many of the town's communal lands were usurped by haciendas, as the growing of sugar cane extended through Morelos. Particularly the neighboring hacienda "El Hospital", cut off the towns' access to pastures and water sources, and finally expropriated part of the towns communal landholdings. Around

1512-477: The rough style in the interpretation of the drawings in this history, because the interpreter did not take time or work at all slowly...The interpreter was given this history ten days prior to the departure of the fleet, and he interpreted it carelessly because the Indians came to agreement late; and so it was done in haste and he did not improve the style suitable for an interpretation, nor did he take time to polish

1554-468: The towns and provinces for it. (tr. H. B. Nicholson) Silvio Zavala argued that the book referred to was the Codex Mendoza, and his arguments were restated by Federico Gómez de Orozco. If this is the case, then the Codex was written c.  1541 ('six years ago more or less' from López's recollection) and was commissioned by Mendoza. As H. B. Nicolson has pointed out, however, the description

1596-399: The turn of the century Governor of Morelos, Manuel Alarcón, tried to mediate between the townspeople and the hacendado , but was unsuccessful. The dissatisfaction with the situation led the peasants of Anenecuilco to rise up against the hacienda owners supported by Díaz. Originally an indigenous Nahua community, the town gradually became mestizo during the second half of the 19th century as

1638-421: The words and grammar or make a clean copy. The manuscript was therefore finished in haste and designed to be sent to Spain. More precise information regarding the exact date of the manuscript and the reasons it was produced is controversial. The testimony of the conquistador Jerónimo López, probably dating from 1547, may be relevant. it must have been about six years ago more or less that entering one day into

1680-533: The year 1500 due to the Mixtec lord Eight Deer being noted in the manuscript as being the dynasty's latest descendant, who is mentioned as the lord of Tilantogo during the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. As such, it's unlikely that his rule could have come any earlier than 1500. The history of the Codex Bodley before becoming part of the Bodleian Library's collection at the beginning of the 17th century

1722-410: The young adult Lord 2 Rain 'Twenty Jaguars,' as the text writes, went on a spiritual journey but failed to return, dying (at least physically) and leaving the kingdom without a leader and letting Eight Deer to come in, murder his half brother, and claim the throne for himself. Now king, he blames the murder on two sons of his half sister, and, exactly 365 days after the death of his half brother, attacks

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1764-440: Was rediscovered by Viscount Kingsborough and brought to the attention of scholars. Written on European paper, it contains 71 pages, divided into three sections: Folios 73 to 85 of MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, as currently foliated, do not form part of the Codex Mendoza. These folios comprise an originally separate manuscript, apparently written in England in the first half of the seventeenth century. This manuscript contains tables of

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