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39-682: Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park , in the municipality of Benasque , Huesca province, autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It is part of the Maladeta massif and is located in the Benasque valley. It consists of Paleozoic terrain of a granitic nature and Mesozoic materials. Its northern side holds the largest glacier in the Pyrenees, covering 79.6 hectares ( 196 + 3 ⁄ 4 acres) in 2005; it

78-494: A book reflecting on this experience, simply titled Le Néthou, describing the trip, the schedule and recommended equipment. The first winter ascent of the mountain was achieved on 1 March 1878 by Roger de Monts, B. Courrèges, and B. and V. Paget. Starting from the Atlantic ocean, unresupplied and unsupported, Louis-Philippe Loncke reached the summit on day 25 of his crossing of the Pyrenees (August 19, 2020). The uniqueness of

117-586: Is a Natural park located in northern Province of Huesca , Aragón , northeastern Spain . It is set within the Pyrenees . The Natural Park of Posets–Maladeta is at elevations from 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the valley, to over 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) on the highest mountains. Mount Aneto , at 3,404 metres (11,168 ft) in elevation, is the highest peak of the Pyrenees Mountain Range System . Other important peaks in

156-475: Is an autonomous administrative entity (formerly considered a comarca ) in northwest Catalonia , Spain , consisting of 620.47 square kilometres (239.56 sq mi) in area, located in the Pyrenees mountains, in the Alt Pirineu i Aran region and in the province of Lleida . The capital is Vielha e Mijaran . This valley constitutes the only contiguous part of Catalonia located on the northern side of

195-505: Is expected that the Aneto permafrost and the glaciers of the Pyrenees could disappear around the middle of the 21st century. The Aneto-Maladeta massif sustains a total of 286 acres' surface, representing more than half of all the glaciers in Spain - all of which being located in the Pyrenees. There are three glaciers on the slopes of the mountain: the oldest, Aneto glacier on the north side;

234-562: Is experiencing a renaissance. The name Aran comes from Basque haran , meaning valley. Maps and road signs in Spain use the name "era Val d'Aran" to refer to the valley, where era is the Aranese singular feminine article. The same practice goes for all towns and other locations in Aran, for example, the Aranese spelling Vielha is used instead of Catalan and Spanish Viella to refer to the capital of Aran. Basque toponyms reveal that Basque

273-427: Is shrinking rapidly due to warming summer temperatures and decreasing winter precipitations over the 20th century – it covered 106.7 ha in 1981, and over 200 ha in the 19th century. It is estimated that it has lost more than half of its surface in the last 100 years, and that it may disappear around 2050. Initially, the mountain did not even have a name. There are indications that the shepherds and hunters from

312-497: Is the birthplace of what were once the largest glaciers in the Pyrenees, which stretched up to the mouth of the Congosto Ventamillo with depths of ice several hundred metres thick. Today, global warming has reduced the portentous mass to eleven glaciers that total only three hundred acres. No one knows for sure when the melting process began but despite a slight advance in the '50s it has now accelerated rapidly, and it

351-531: Is the mother tongue of 62.87% of people born in the region, it is less frequent among residents born outside the valley. In 1313, James II of Aragon granted administrative and political autonomy to the Aran Valley, the legal details of which are described in a Latin manuscript called the Querimonia . The devolution of power was a reward for the Aranese pledging allegiance to James II in a dispute with

390-555: Is usually made from the Renclusa Refuge (2,140 m). From there, the itinerary traverses the longest part of the glacier that extends to the north of the peak. The summit is defended by a short rocky passage called the Bridge of Mohammed. It is a narrow ridge of large, stable blocks, with an exposed drop on either side. At the summit is an impressive cross and a contrasting view, with the snow-covered Maladeta massif north-west and

429-758: The Forau d'Aigualluts . It then reappears in the Val dera Artiga de Lin before reaching the Aran valley, then through France and eventually to the Atlantic Ocean . The Noguera Pallaresa river, whose source is only a hundred meters from that of the Garonne, flows the opposite way towards the Mediterranean . Aran borders France on the north, the Autonomous Community of Aragon to the west and

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468-528: The Alto Aragon region to the south. The usual ascent is a very easy although long (12-hour) alpine route. It is taken by many people each year, including many with little or no experience of alpine climbing or high level walking. The high number of people who come to climb Aneto each year makes a significant contribution to the local economy. The vast majority of the people staying at the Renclusa Refuge are there solely to climb Aneto. By comparison many of

507-473: The Catalan comarques of Alta Ribagorça to the south and Pallars Sobirà to the east. Its capital, Vielha e Mijaran, has 5,474 inhabitants (2014). The entire population of the valley is about 9,991 (2014). As of 2001, a plurality of people in Aran spoke Spanish (38.78%) as their native language, followed by Aranese (34.19%), then Catalan (19.45%) with 7.56% having a different native language. While Aranese

546-493: The Monte Perdido had been considered the highest. However, the uncovering of the highest point of the Pyrenees had hardly been accomplished when the mountain began to earn a reputation, as several glacial disasters, some fatal, dissipated the interest in crowning it - notably with the death of Luchon Barrau, considered the dean and leading expert in the area. He fell in a crack in the ice on Maladeta. This caused shock among

585-604: The Aragonese pronunciation of "Aneto", retained the last two clearly accentuated phonetic syllables, " ne " and " tu ", ignoring the first syllable " a ". Based on such oral transcription, the French name "Netou" came to exist along with several historical variants: Nelto, Nettou, Anetthou, Annetton, Anelthou, Nethom or Aréthon, all used by various cartographers. Even though the summit and slopes are entirely within Spanish territory,

624-836: The Barrancos, alongside the Las Tempestades on the north-east side; and the Maladetas glacier on the north side (under the Maladeta peak). The rest cannot truly be defined as glaciers without contention, as they have lost all mobility and do not behave as such. Among these are the Cregüella, Alba and Salenques glaciers, which are in a major state of decline. However, even considering them as snowfields, their past glacier state has kept them to date and they are expected to maintain their icy heart for decades. The mountain's ascent

663-762: The Catalan Parliament passed a new law which increased the powers of the Conselh Generau and recognized Aran as an "Occitan national reality". The population of Val d'Aran has generally been opposed to the Catalan independence movement due to lack of a strong Catalan identity. Aranese is the standardized form of the local Gascon variety of the Occitan language . Aranese has been regularly taught at school since 1984. Like several other minority languages in Europe that recently faced decline, Aranese

702-670: The Coronas and Llosas lakes respectively before draining separately into the river Ballibierna, which flows into the Esera , then the Cinca before joining the Ebro and flowing to the Mediterranean. Thus although Aneto does not lie on the main ridge of the Pyrenees, it does lie on the watershed between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. This agglomeration of summits, all markedly Alpine ,

741-570: The Pyrenees. Hence, this valley holds the only Catalan rivers to flow into the Atlantic Ocean (for the same reason, the region is characterized by an Atlantic climate, instead of a Mediterranean one). The Garonne river flows through Aran from its source on the Pla de Beret (Beret Flat) near the Port de la Bonaigua . It is joined by the Joèu river (from the slopes of Aneto mountain ) which passes underground at

780-500: The adjacent peaks, which are arguably finer climbs, see relatively few ascents and are comparatively quiet. On 18 July 1842, Platon de Tchihatcheff (Чихачёв, Chikhachev), a former Russian officer vacationing in Luchon, left from Bagnères-de-Luchon accompanied by guides Pierre Sanio de Luz, Luchonnais Bernard Arrazau and Pierre Redonnet. Also in the party were Albert de Franqueville, a Norman botanist, and his guide, Jean Sors. They took

819-587: The construction of the Vielha tunnel , opened in 1948, the Aran valley had no direct communication with the south side of the mountains during winter. In 1987 it became an administrative comarca. In 1990 the special status of Aran within Catalonia was restored by the Parliament of Catalonia , reestablishing the Conselh Generau, granting it a degree of home rule and declaring Occitan as official language. In 2015

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858-435: The cracks that furrowed the glacier, a mutiny almost started, but finally, after everyone tied themselves to a big rope, they crossed the chasms and the passage of Muhammad was defeated a second time. Thereafter Aneto entered into the dynamics of dissemination and popularization of the Pyrenees peaks. In France, its ascension became a great classic and every spring tourist to Bagneres de Luchon had to try it. Henry Spont wrote

897-709: The divisions dates from the 15th century. Since 1991, Aran has an autonomous government called the Conselh Generau d'Aran ( Occitan : General Council of Aran ), headed by the Síndic d'Aran . The major political parties are the Unity of Aran - Aranese Nationalist Party (the local chapter of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia ), the Aranese Democratic Convergence (the local chapter of

936-403: The first extensive studies of the Pyrenees - and the only ones for the following 100 years - were French ones from the 19th century - starting with the very detailed study by Jean Daniel François Schrader (1844–1924) in 1874. So these names were the toponyms that were then used. It took Émile Belloc's renown work on the Pyrenees (notably on its hydrology , glaciology and etymology) to establish

975-669: The flora present are the Androsace Vandelli , which is found at 2,800 metres, and the Silene acaulis . 20% of these species are endemic to the Pyrenees. An aviation intersection called ANETO exists very close to the mountain itself, exactly on the border of France and Spain. For pilots crossing the Pyrenees this intersection marks the boundary between the Bordeaux and Barcelona airspaces . Posets%E2%80%93Maladeta Natural Park The Natural Park of Posets–Maladeta

1014-635: The kingdoms of France and Mallorca over control of the valley. This status was suppressed in 1834, when the Valley was integrated into the new Province of Lleida, in the context of the establishment of the Spanish provinces at the beginning of the liberal state. On 19 October 1944, Spanish Communist Party guerrillas invaded the valley in an attempt to bring about the fall of the Spanish dictatorship . They took control of several villages until October 27, 1944, but were forced to retreat back into France after Franco sent reinforcements to defend Vielha. Before

1053-430: The massif and its appeal has led to the virtual abandonment of farming activities, replaced by tourism. The flora of the environment, therefore, has been impeccably conserved, especially on hillsides and massifs, where the forests remain in their primary state. This layer, which reaches 3,404 metres above sea level, is the one that presents greatest difficulties for the development of life. The harsh weather conditions that

1092-415: The name of Aneto as the official toponym; by 1898, he referred to it only by this name. Some 2 km away on its north-west fringe lies the Maladeta peak that, though not being among the five highest peaks in the environment, gave its name to the entire massif. It subsequently earned the greatest interest of climbers, especially in the early 18th century. Mainly, it was a matter of perspective, since from

1131-416: The natives, who already fearful of venturing the glacier, became genuinely scared of the mountain which they considered cursed. Aneto rises to 3,404 m (11,168 ft) above sea level in the centre of the Pyrenees mountain range. It lies entirely in Spain, just south of the main ridge of the Pyrenees and the border between France and Spain. The peak lies in the north-east of the province of Huesca above

1170-602: The natural entrance to the valley or arriving from France, its top is in the foreground, while the crest hides the true extent of its eastern neighbor, taller and with larger glaciers. Only when Friedrich von Parrot reached the top of the Maladeta in 1817, came the realisation that both Aneto as well as its neighbours the Pico del Medio, the Punta de Astorg , the Pico Maldito and la Aguja Schmidt Endell towered higher. Until then,

1209-815: The park include: Posets Peak at 3,371 metres (11,060 ft); and Mount Maladeta at 3,312 metres (10,866 ft). . 42°39′09″N 0°30′23″E  /  42.6525°N 0.506389°E  / 42.6525; 0.506389 Val d%27Aran Aran ( Occitan: [aˈɾan] ; Catalan: [əˈɾan] ; Spanish: [aˈɾan] ) (often known as the Aran Valley , or Val d'Aran in Aranese Occitan ; in other forms of Occitan: Vath d'Aran or Vau d'Aran , in Catalan: Vall d'Aran , in Spanish: Valle de Arán )

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1248-432: The plants have to endure at the top of the peaks, ridges and crests, require the development of an extraordinary resilience. There are a number of factors to endure such as strong insolation , low temperatures and short growing seasons in the presence of snow most of the year. Totally devoid of woody vegetation, it is colonized by more than 100 plant species, including lichens, mosses, succulents and microscopic algae. Among

1287-433: The southern valleys referred to it as Malheta or Malahita or Punta. It was also previously known as La Malahite. The first traveller who is recorded as having seen it from the port (or pass) of Benasque, Louis Ramond de Carbonnières , simply described its appearance as "needles of ice" in 1787. The highest point of the Pyrenees eventually inherited the name of a village on its south-eastern side: Aneto. The French, on hearing

1326-470: The summit on 20 July 1842, where they constructed a cairn and left a bottle containing each climber's name. Tchihatcheff wanted to open a more direct route back across the glacier, but his companions flatly refused, forcing him to yield. Four days later he performed a second ascent with another group, pursuing the same objective that his first companions had denied him. On crossing the Portillon, in view of

1365-481: The sun rose the next morning, the group left for the Coroné pass. Despite a fear of crevasses, they decided to approach the summit by the glacier. After climbing a ridge only a few metres wide (named the "Bridge of Muhammad" by Albert de Franqueville as it is believed, according to a Muslim legend that says that the entrance to Paradise is as narrow as the blade of a scimitar on which only the righteous pass), they reached

1404-502: The town of Benasque . Aneto occupies the eastern end of the Malditos Massif which primarily consists of a 6 km long ridge, running from north-west to south east at over 3000m. The ridge connects Aneto towards the east with the more visible Maladeta peak, further to the west, and includes the Coronas peaks and Pico Maldito, which, together with the crest of the portillons, gives the massif its characteristic image. Although

1443-662: The trail from the Hospice de France , crossed the Benasque Pass , then spent the night at the La Renclusa shelter, a simple construction of dry rocks that is now a large mountain refuge. The next day, they crossed a pass towards Alba pass and lost their way on the south slope around Lake Gregueña. Late in the day, at the end of their strength, they took refuge for the night in a cabin near the Vallibierna valley. As

1482-538: The valley to the north is the source of the Ésera river, which flows west and then south, the northern slopes of Aneto and its glacier drain into a sinkhole called Forau de Aigualluts in the Plan de Aigualluts and flow underground to the east where they resurface to empty into the Aran Valley and the Garonne river, flowing north into France and the Atlantic Ocean . The waters of the western and southern sides, flow into

1521-588: Was spoken further east along the Pyrenees than today. The growing influence of Latin began to drive Basque out after the turn of the first millennium. Administratively, Aran is a "unique territorial entity" roughly equivalent to a comarca with additional powers, and informally referred to as a comarca. This status was most recently formalised in February 2015. The area is divided into six administrative divisions called terçons (meaning "thirds", as there were formerly three divisions). The current arrangement of

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