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69-619: The town's names in different languages are derived from local names for European eels , which used to live in the area in great numbers. The German name Angerburg ( listen ) is derived from the Old Prussian word for eel, Anger , which the German Teutonic Knights appropriated after conquering the Old Prussians . The Polish name Węgorzewo (and the older Węgobork ) is derived from Węgorz , while

138-636: A fief . The land around the castle began to be settled by the end of the 15th century. As it was primarily farmland, the Lake Mamry was blocked up to allow the construction of a watermill . Ca. 1510 a locality known as Neudorf ("new village") or Gerothwol had developed near the Angerburg. After the foundation of the Duchy of Prussia as a fief of the Kingdom of Poland in 1525, Angerburg/Węgobork became

207-582: A puppet state or a client state of Napoleon's France. The newly recreated state was formally an independent duchy, allied to France , and in a personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony . King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony was compelled by Napoleon to make his new realm a constitutional monarchy , with a parliament (the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw ). The Varsovian duchy was never allowed to develop as

276-468: A beaker of ice. The beakers keep condensation on the outside and ice on inside to keep the environment moist enough for the 1–3kg of eels to survive and also keep the temperature low enough. Diseases can be spread rapidly in the highly populated environments of fisheries if quarantine measures are not taken immediately upon arrival of new eels. Some common bacterial infections observed in eel fisheries are red fin and red eel pest. When an eel has

345-533: A factor in the decline. The TRAFFIC program is introducing traceability and legality systems throughout trade change to control and reverse the decline of the species. The species is listed in Appendix II of the CITES Convention. Hydroelectric dams have been shown to have a significant negative impact on eel populations. Over an 80 year period, waters with large dams have experienced almost twice

414-579: A popular tourist site in the Masurian Lake District . The town is famous for the music festivals which take place in summertime, including a rock festival, a sailors' song festival, and a poetic song festival. Węgorzewo is a member of Cittaslow . Węgorzewo is twinned with: European eel Muraena anguilla Linnaeus, 1758 Anguilla vulgaris Shaw, 1803 Anguilla malgumora Kaup, 1856 Leptocephalus brevirostris The European eel ( Anguilla anguilla )

483-421: A red fin infection, its tail and fins start rotting, and a salt solution should be utilized to treat it. Antibiotics can be used to treat red eel pest which is characterized by ulcerated lesions , swelling, and spots of red on the skin of the eel. In addition, Aeromonas sobria and Streptococcus spp . are other more rare bacteria to infect European eels but have been observed in necropsies and are likely

552-527: A significant expansion of the duchy's territory southwards with the regaining of once-Polish and Lithuanian lands. As a result of Napoleon's campaign in 1812 against Russia, the Poles expected that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, they would be joined by the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Poland's historic partner in

621-458: A sovereign state after the 18th-century partitions and covered the central and southeastern parts of present-day Poland. The duchy was held in personal union by Napoleon's ally, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony , who became the duke of Warsaw and remained a legitimate candidate for the Polish throne . Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia , Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it

690-500: A trade center. The town became especially known for its Behindertenanstalt Bethesda , an institute for those with mental retardation. Angerburg became a garrison town again after the outbreak of World War I (1914–18), when it had a population of 5,800 inhabitants. The German-Russian military cemetery Jägerhöhe was located nearby. The war did not impact the town greatly, and Angerburg grew through new housing developments afterwards. Angerburg also began to develop through tourism after

759-476: A truly independent state; Frederick Augustus' rule was subordinated to the requirements of the French raison d'état , who largely treated the state as a source of resources. The most important person in the duchy was, in fact, the French ambassador, based in the duchy's capital, Warsaw. Significantly, the duchy lacked its own diplomatic representation abroad. In 1809, a short war with Austria started. Although

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828-456: A very large indemnity it owed to France), causing the Polish economy to suffer heavily. Indeed, to this day the phrase "sum of Bayonne" is a synonym in Polish for a huge amount of money. All these problems resulted in both inflation and over-taxation. To counter the threat of bankruptcy, the authorities intensified the development and modernization of agriculture. Also, a protectionist policy

897-533: Is a critically endangered species. Since the 1970s, the numbers of eels reaching Europe is thought to have declined by around 90% (possibly even 98%). Contributing factors include overfishing , parasites such as Anguillicola crassus , barriers to migration such as hydroelectric dams, and natural changes in the North Atlantic oscillation , Gulf Stream , and North Atlantic drift . Recent work suggests polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution may be

966-498: Is a species of eel . Their life history was a mystery for thousands of years, and mating in the wild has not yet been observed. The five stages of their development were originally thought to be different species. They are critically endangered due to hydroelectric dams, overfishing by fisheries on coasts for human consumption, and parasites . European eels live through 5 stages of development: larva ( leptocephalus ), glass eel, elver, yellow eel, and silver eel. Adults in

1035-633: Is most prominent in Japan , yet China , Scandinavia , Europe , Australia , Morocco , and Taiwan also participate in this practice. Eel breeding programs initiated by humans have been unsuccessful thus far and therefore the entire industry is dependent on the number of eels spawning in the wild, leaving it unsustainable and vulnerable to the factors causing European Eels to be critically endangered. Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw ( Polish : Księstwo Warszawskie ; French: Duché de Varsovie ; German: Herzogtum Warschau ), also known as

1104-601: The German Empire upon the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871. A teaching seminary and a deaf-mute school were opened in 1820, and the town's population increased to over 3,500. In year 1825, the county of Angerburg/Węgobork (including the town) had 24,351 inhabitants, including (by mother tongue ): 12,535 (~52%) Polish, 11,756 (~42%) German and 60 Lithuanian. Between 1848 and 1858, Polish pastor and opponent of Germanisation of Masuria Jan Fryderyk Anders

1173-489: The Grand Duchy of Posen . The Grand Duchy and its populace had some nominal autonomy (although it was de facto subordinate to Prussia) but following the 1848 Greater Poland Uprising was fully integrated into Prussia as the Province of Posen . The city of Kraków and some surrounding territory, previously part of the Duchy of Warsaw, were established as the semi-independent Free City of Cracow [ sic ], under

1242-597: The Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland , was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars . It initially comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit , and was augmented in 1809 with territory ceded by Austria in the Treaty of Schönbrunn . It was the first attempt to re-establish Poland as

1311-551: The Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and was named a garrison town of the Prussian Army in 1718. A harbor was built on the Angerapp, allowing an aqueduct to be built in 1740, as well as an expansion of the garrison to include ten barracks. A water supply system was built in 1740 by Jan Władysław Suchodolec . Angerburg had approximately 1,800 inhabitants at this time. Its inhabitants suffered from warfare, however, as Angerburg

1380-602: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . On 28 June, the Sejm formed the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland , establishing a system of government similar to the former commonwealth with the hope of reclaiming the partitioned territories. However, Napoleon did not want to make a permanent decision that would tie his hands before his anticipated peace settlement with Russia, and did not recognize

1449-572: The Sargasso Sea with a swimming machine for the fish. The first to achieve some success was DTU Aqua, a part of the Technical University of Denmark . Through a combination of fresh and salt water, as well as hormones, they were able to breed it in captivity in 2006 and make the larvae survive for 4.5 days after hatching. By 2007, DTU Aqua scientists were able to set a new record where the larvae survived for 12 days by feeding

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1518-566: The Swedish-Polish Wars , attacks by the Tatars , and plague epidemics, the last outbreak of which occurred in 1710 and claimed 1,111 victims. To help repopulate the town, 48 people from Salzburg , Austria were resettled here in 1732. The Lithuanian minority diminished after the 16th and 17th centuries, while Poles still formed the majority of the district's population in the early 19th century (52% in 1825). Angerburg became part of

1587-547: The Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia . Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the Partitions of Poland of the late 18th century. However, it was created as a satellite state (and was only a duchy , rather than a kingdom). The Duchy has also been described as

1656-604: The Vistula Lagoon or to Pillau . The Red Army reached Angerburg on January 25, 1945 and destroyed much of the town; only a few buildings remained of the old town center. Under the terms of the post-war Potsdam Conference , the town became again part of Poland and was renamed Węgorzewo . Węgorzewo initially suffered economically after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Revolutions of 1989 , but has become

1725-503: The confederation of 28 June. Nevertheless, he proclaimed the attack on Russia as a second Polish war and allowed the Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission to fall under Polish influence. Any peace settlement or restoration of Poland-Lithuania were not to be, however. Napoleon's Grande Armée , including a substantial contingent of Polish troops, set out with the purpose of bringing

1794-582: The eastern front grew near during the winter of 1944-45. Unlike the neighboring town of Gołdap to the east, Angerburg was not involved in fighting, but was given up by the Wehrmacht as the Soviet Red Army advanced. After the Red Army reached Elbing ( Elbląg ) and cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany, the citizens of Angerburg were forced to evacuate the province by traveling across

1863-500: The leptocephalus stage (the stage just before glass eel ), but the full life cycle has still not been completed in captivity. Much of the European eel's life history was a mystery for centuries, as fishermen never caught anything they could identify as a young eel. Unlike many other migrating fish, eels begin their life cycle in the ocean and spend most of their lives in fresh inland water, or brackish coastal water, returning to

1932-599: The " Congress Kingdom " of Poland, in a personal union with the Russian Empire . This broadly corresponded to the Prussian and Austrian portions of the Third Partition (apart from the area around Białystok) plus around half of Prussia's Second Partition conquests and a small part of Austria's First Partition gains. De facto a Russian puppet state , it maintained its separate status only until 1831 when it

2001-420: The "protection" of its three powerful neighbors. The city's territory measured some 1,164 km (449 sq mi), and had a population of about 88,000 people. The city was eventually annexed by Austria in 1846, becoming the Grand Duchy of Kraków . Finally, the bulk of the former Duchy of Warsaw, measuring some 128,000 km (49,000 sq mi), was re-established as what is commonly referred to as

2070-457: The Austrians and the Treaty of Schönbrunn ) increased to 10 (as the duchy territory increased). Each department was named after its capital city. In January 1807: The above 6 departments were divided into 60 powiats . Added in 1809: The duchy's armed forces were completely under French control via its war minister, Prince Józef Poniatowski , who was also a Marshal of France . In fact,

2139-453: The Duchy annexed West Galicia , the area of the 1795 Austrian partition , and the district of Zamość ( Zamoscer Kreis  [ de ] ): The duchy's area increased significantly, to around 155,000 km (60,000 sq mi), and the population also substantially increased, to roughly 4,300,000. According to the 1810 census, the duchy had a population of 4,334,000, of whom a clear majority were ethnic Poles. Jews constituted 7% of

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2208-604: The Duchy of Warsaw won the Battle of Raszyn , Austrian troops entered Warsaw, but Varsovian and French forces then outflanked their enemy and captured Kraków , Lwów and some of the areas annexed by Austria in the Partitions of Poland . During the war, the German colonists settled by Prussia during Partitions openly rose up against the Varsovian government. After the Battle of Wagram , the ensuing Treaty of Schönbrunn allowed for

2277-628: The European eel to its "seafood red list", and the Sustainable Eel Group launched the Sustainable Eel Standard. As the European eel population has been falling for some time, several projects have been started. In 1997, Innovatie Netwerk in the Netherlands initiated a project where they attempted to get European eels to breed in captivity by simulating the 6,500 km (4,000 mi) journey from Europe to

2346-436: The Netherlands ( Leiden University and others), Belgium ( Ghent University ), France ( French National Center for Scientific Research and others), Spain (ICTA at Polytechnic University of Valencia ) and Tunisia (National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies), was started in 2010. By 2014, the eel larvae at their facilities typically survived 20–22 days, and by 2022 they were surviving up to around 140 days, well into

2415-720: The Russian Empire to its knees, but his military ambitions were frustrated by his failure to supply the army in Russia and Russia's refusal to surrender after the capture of Moscow; few returned from the march back. The failed campaign against Russia proved to be a major turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. After Napoleon's defeat in the east, most of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was occupied by Russia in January 1813 during their advance on France and its allies. The rest of

2484-503: The Sargasso Sea to spawn. Silvering is important in an eel's development because it allows for increased levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which is needed for their migration from fresh water back to the sea. Cortisol plays a role in the long migration because it allows for the mobilization of energy during migration. Also playing a key role in silvering is the production of the steroid 11-Ketotestosterone (11-KT), which prepares

2553-494: The castle in 1365, although it was rebuilt in 1398. The completion of the stone castle Angerburg allowed the Teutonic Knights to increase development of the surrounding countryside. In 1454, the region was incorporated by King Casimir IV Jagiellon to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation . After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War , since 1466, it formed part of Poland as

2622-465: The decision-making was largely in the hands of the major powers. It was perhaps inevitable, therefore, that both Prussia and Russia would effectively partition Poland between them; Austria was to more-or-less retain its gains of the First Partition of 1772. Russia sought all territories of the Duchy of Warsaw. It kept all its gains from the three previous partitions, together with Białystok and

2691-497: The duchy was heavily militarized, bordered as it was by Prussia , the Austrian Empire , and Russia , and it was to be a significant source for troops in various campaigns of Napoleon. The duchy's army was of considerable size when compared to the duchy's number of inhabitants. Initially consisting of 30,000 of regular soldiers (made up of both cavalry and infantry), its numbers were to rise to over 60,000 in 1810, and by

2760-461: The duchy was restored to Prussia. Although several isolated fortresses held out for more than a year, the existence of the Varsovian state in anything but the name came to an end. Alexander I of Russia created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals. Although many European states and ex-rulers were represented at the Congress of Vienna in 1815,

2829-478: The duchy's economy. To make matters worse, in 1808 the French Empire imposed on the duchy an agreement at Bayonne to buy from France the debts owed to it by Prussia. The debt , amounting to more than 43 million francs in gold, was bought at a discounted rate of 21 million francs. Although the duchy made its payments in installments to France over a four-year period, Prussia was unable to pay it (due to

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2898-536: The eel for structural changes to the skin to endure the migration from fresh water to saltwater. Sometimes the eel will never enter freshwater, and remain in their marine environment their entire life. Others grow up in brackish water, or migrate between saltwater, brackish water and freshwater several times in their lifetime. Magnetoreception has also been reported in the European eel by at least one study, and may be used for navigation. The eel farming industry uses recirculating pools to raise glass eels taken from

2967-422: The eels after an initial few days of cod roe for the small glass ones. European eels typically have a feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the range of 1.8-2.5, although European fisheries are typically in the 1.6-1.7 range. Filters are essential for eliminating waste and ensuring the eels have clean water to live in. Eels are typically transported via road in tanks with water or via air in styrofoam boxes with

3036-509: The former Prussian provinces of New East Prussia , Southern Prussia , New Silesia , and West Prussia . In addition, the new state was given the area along the Noteć river and the Land of Chełmno . Altogether, the duchy had an initial area of around 104,000 square kilometres (40,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 2,600,000. The bulk of its inhabitants were Poles . In 1809

3105-447: The glass eels metamorphose into elvers , miniature versions of the adult eels. As the eel grows, it becomes known as a "yellow eel" due to the brownish-yellow color of their sides and belly. After 5–20 years in fresh or brackish water, the eels become sexually mature, their eyes grow larger, their flanks become silver, and their bellies white in color. In this stage, the eels are known as "silver eels", and they begin their migration back to

3174-499: The head to the rest of the eel and can be treated with vaccinations at a young age, salt solutions, or decreased temperature of water within the enclosure. Salt solutions also can treat fungal infections that cause swelling of gills and brown or white skin patches. The exportation of European Eels has been restricted since 2010, yet on average 44% of eel sales in the United States consists of these eels. Eel aquaculture

3243-464: The inhabitants (perhaps an underestimation), Germans – 6%, Lithuanians and Ruthenians – 4%. Superficially, the Duchy of Warsaw was just one of the various states set up during Napoleon's dominance over Eastern and Central Europe, lasting only a few years and passing with his fall. However, its establishment a little over a decade after the Second and Third Partitions, that had appeared to wipe Poland off

3312-632: The law, although the nobility was still greatly favoured as members of the Sejm. While Roman Catholicism was the state religion, and religious tolerance was also guaranteed by the constitution. The administrative divisions of Duchy of Warsaw were based on departments , each headed by a prefect . This organization was based on the French model , as the entire duchy was in fact created by Napoleon and based on French ideas, although departments were divided into Polish powiats (counties). There were 6 initial departments, after 1809 (after Napoleon's defeat of

3381-619: The likely feeding preference at the early stage. Their results indicated that they feed on various planktonic organisms, but especially microscopic jellyfish . A follow-up expedition was performed by DTU's own research ship to the Sargasso Sea region in 2014. To further the research, the PRO-EEL project, led by DTU Aqua and involving several research institutes elsewhere in Denmark ( University of Copenhagen and others), Norway ( Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Food Research and others),

3450-624: The local Lithuanian names Ungura and Unguris comes from Ungurys . A Lithuanian variation is Angerburgas . The town was first mentioned in a 1335 chronicle as Angirburg , or "eel castle", a settlement of the Teutonic Knights with a block house, a palisade, and a watchtower. A 1341 document reported that the Teutonic Order had bestowed land on the river Angerapp ( Angrapa ) upon twelve Old Prussians for their loyal service. The Grand Duke of Lithuania , Kęstutis , destroyed

3519-423: The map, meant that Poles had their hopes rekindled of a resurrected Polish state. Even with Napoleon's defeat, a Polish state continued in some form until the increasingly autocratic Russian state eliminated Poland once again as a separate entity. Altogether, this meant that an identifiable Polish state was in existence for at least a quarter of a century. At the 200th anniversary of the creation of this iteration of

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3588-459: The mother eel with a special arginine -enriched diet. At this age the content of the larval yolk sac has been used, the mouth and digestive channel have developed, and it requires feeding. Attempts with various substances failed. Deep water sampling of the presumed habitat of larval European eel in the Sargasso Sea was performed by the Galathea 3 expedition in 2006–07, in the hope of revealing

3657-462: The ocean to spawn and then die. In the early 1900s, Danish researcher Johannes Schmidt identified the Sargasso Sea as the most likely spawning grounds for European eels. The larvae ( leptocephali ) drift towards Europe in a 300-day migration. When approaching the European coast, the larvae metamorphose into a transparent larval stage called "glass eel", enter estuaries, and many start migrating upstream. After entering their continental habitat,

3726-524: The opening of the Angerapp to regular navigation. At the beginning of the Third Reich , the town had a population of 7,700 which profited from a local cavalry regiment. Through incorporation of neighboring communities, Angerburg expanded to include 10,922 inhabitants in 1939. Like the rest of East Prussia , Angerburg was initially only indirectly affected by World War II (1939–45), such as casualties of war and supply shortages. This situation changed as

3795-536: The reduction of eel numbers as dam-free waters. Eels have been important sources of food both as adults (including jellied eels of East London ) and as glass eels . Glass-eel fishing using basket traps has been of significant economic value in many river estuaries on the western seaboard of Europe . In addition, the United States imports 11 million pounds of eel every year to support its sushi industry, including European eels. In order to make eel consumption sustainable, in 2010, Greenpeace International added

3864-594: The result of other stresses increasing the eel's susceptibility to disease, but can be treated with antimicrobials . Parasites such as from the genus Dactylogyrus have also been observed in necropsies, and some symptoms of parasitic infections in European eels are white spots, mucus increase, fin fraying, rubbing infected spots against the enclosure, respiratory distress, and lethargy . These parasites are best treated with salt solutions or formaldehyde solutions. Viral infections such as red head have also been observed; symptoms include red hemorrhaging spreading from

3933-550: The seat of a district head. It was granted town rights in 1571. The Polish inhabitants called the city by its Polish name Węgobork . A large part of the town was destroyed by a fire in 1608, including a wooden church and the 20-year-old town hall . Being situated in Masuria , in the transition area with the ethnographic region of Lithuania Minor , Węgobork/Angerburg had a Polish majority with sizable minorities of Germans and Lithuanians ( Lietuvninks ). The town suffered from

4002-597: The surrounding territory that it had obtained in 1807. Its demands for the whole Duchy of Warsaw were denied by other European powers. Prussia regained some of the territory it had lost to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807: a portion of what it had conquered in the Second Partition. The Kulmerland and Gdańsk (Danzig) became part of the Province of West Prussia ; the remaining territories (i.e., Greater Poland /Poznań), which covered an area of approximately 29,000 km (11,000 sq mi), were reconstituted into

4071-412: The time of Napoleon's campaign in Russia in 1812, its army totaled almost 120,000 troops out of a total population of just 4.3 million people – a similar number of troops in total available to Napoleon at Austerlitz, from a country of more than 25 million people. The heavy drain on its resources by forced military recruitment, combined with a drop in exports of grain, caused significant problems for

4140-473: The town in 1858. The district court and the office of the public prosecutor moved from Angerburg to Lyck (Ełk) after the Kreistag , or district parliament, hindered the connection of the town to developing road network and railways. Four annual fairs and two weekly markets were held in the town in the late 19th century. Angerburg was first connected to the railroad network in 1898, allowing it to develop into

4209-934: The well of a family home in Brantevik , a fishing village in southern Sweden . Eels tend to range from 0 to 700 meters underwater and after spawning in the Sargasso Sea , disperse North throughout the Atlantic Ocean , its coasts, and the rivers that empty into it. Feeding occurs mainly at night, via scent and prey consists of worms, fish (including ones too big to eat without biting off chunks), mollusks such as slugs , crustaceans such as crayfish , and plankton on occasion when available in large quantities. European eels are preyed upon by bigger eels , herons , cormorants , and pike . Seagulls also prey on elvers. Eels usually find and compete for shelter by hiding in plants or tube-shaped crevices in rocks. They also hide in muddy fields when inland. The European eel

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4278-456: The wild for 8 months to 2 years until they mature enough for sale. Valliculture on coasts through the use of weirs is also utilized instead of recirculating pools for eel farming. New eels are quarantined to prevent disease spread and eels are sorted by size every couple weeks to prevent cannibalism and remove dead animals. A range of 23°C to 28°C is optimal for growth and protein based pellets and pastes are utilized as food sources for

4347-532: The yellow phase are normally around 45–65 centimetres (18–26 in) and rarely reach more than 1.0 metre (3 ft 3 in), but can reach a length of up to 1.33 metres (4 ft 4 in) in exceptional cases. In addition, they range from having 110 to 120 vertebrae . While European eels tend to live approximately 15–20 years in the wild, some captive specimens have lived for over 80 years. A specimen known as "the Brantevik Eel " lived for 155 years in

4416-535: Was granted "free city" status until its incorporation into Austria in 1846. The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in East Prussia . The Duchy of Warsaw was created by French Emperor Napoleon I , as part of

4485-658: Was a pastor of the Węgobork Lutheran Parish. Polish secret resistance was active and smuggled weapons through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising . In November 1864, local resistance leader Albert Mahler was arrested by the Prussians. The canalization of the Angerapp and the expansion of the harbor in 1856 allowed business to expand, and the garrison left

4554-574: Was effectively annexed to the Russian Empire. Its constituent territories became the Vistula Land in 1867. The Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw could be considered liberal for its time. It provided for a bicameral Sejm consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. A Council of Ministers functioned as the executive body of the duchy. Serfdom was partially abolished, as the serfs were granted personal freedom without gaining any economic liberties or privileges. All classes were to be equal before

4623-469: Was introduced to protect industry . According to the Treaties of Tilsit , the area of the duchy covered roughly the areas of the 2nd and 3rd Prussian partitions , with the exception of Danzig (Gdańsk) , which became the Free City of Danzig under joint French and Saxon "protection", and of the district around Białystok , which became part of Russia. The Prussian territory was made up of territory from

4692-399: Was left to be occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally divided between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna . The east-central territory of the duchy acquired by the Russian Empire was subsequently transformed into a polity called Congress Poland , and Prussia formed the Grand Duchy of Posen in the west. The city of Kraków, Poland's cultural centre,

4761-552: Was occupied by Russian troops during the Seven Years' War . During the Napoleonic Wars , typhus was brought by Russian troops and the town was plundered by French and Polish troops. King Stanisław Leszczyński of Poland stopped in the castle in March and May 1736. Angerburg was included in the Prussian province of East Prussia in 1773 and became the district seat of Landkreis Angerburg in 1818. The town became part of

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