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154-631: The river may be named after Prince Tubagus Angke, from the Banten Sultanate , who was the ruler of Jayakarta in the 16th century. Another theory is that the name refers to the 1740 Batavia massacre in which 10,000 ethnic Chinese residents of the city were massacred by the Dutch East India Company with many bodies dumped in the river. Ang means "red" in Hokkien , which could refer to the bloody event. The main river has

308-660: A Hindu majority. By the late 15th century, the Majapahit Empire in Java had begun to decline. This last Hindu kingdom in Java fell under the rising power of the Islamized Sultanate of Demak in the 1520s; in 1527, the Muslim ruler renamed newly-conquered Sunda Kelapa as Jayakarta meaning "precious victory", which was eventually contracted to Jakarta . Islam in Java then began to spread formally, building on

462-478: A Muslim dynasty is the gravestone, dated AH 696 (1297 CE), of Sultan Malik al Saleh , the first Muslim ruler of Samudera Pasai Sultanate . By the end of the 13th century, Islam had been established in Northern Sumatra. In general, local traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion. The spread of Islam among the ruling class was precipitated as Muslim traders married

616-637: A blockade of the Banten harbour, which went uninterrupted for some 15 years. In retaliation, the Banten government placed an embargo on all pepper exports to Batavia. However, as the Dutch blockade was in place, they patrolled the Bay of Banten, harassing and marauding trading ships, preventing traditional Asian traders, especially Chinese from coming to Banten. As the result, bulks of unwanted pepper sacks stockpiled and accumulated in Banten warehouses. This blockade struck

770-459: A civil code instead of an Islamic one. However, the struggle for the constitutional amendment continued. The hostility against the Sukarno regime was manifested on various other occasions. Most notably the anti-communist genocide perpetuated actively by Ansor Youth Movement , the youth wing of NU (which was initially supportive of the Sukarno regime) and other Islamic groups. Muslims adhering to

924-403: A decade, Banten had lost two of its important settlements previously acquired from the former Kingdom of Sunda; Jayakarta to the Dutch, and Pajajaran to Mataram. Fearing the common enemy has led for both Banten and Batavia to repair their relations. Batavia feared that possible Muslim alliance would put Banten into Mataram camp, while Banten feared that their kingdom would become the next target for

1078-479: A former Muhammadiyah chairman's presidential campaign. This marked the organization's first formal foray into partisan politics and generated controversy among members. Some smaller Islamic organizations cover a broad range of Islamic doctrinal orientations. At one end of the ideological spectrum lies the controversial Islam Liberal Network (JIL) , which aims to promote a pluralist and more liberal interpretation of Islamic thinking. Equally controversial are groups at

1232-402: A length of 91.25 kilometres (56.70 mi), with a watershed area (Indonesian: Daerah Pengaliran Sungai ) of 480 km². The average daily rainfall is 132 mm, with the peak debit at 290 m³. The river never dries throughout the year, because it connects directly to a constant source at the districts of Menteng and Cilendek Timur in the city of Bogor, East Java . From there it flows through

1386-557: A letter to his grandfather, proclaiming independence of Cirebon from Sunda. According to the Suma Oriental , written in 1512–1515 by Tomé Pires , a Portuguese explorer, it was reported that the port of Banten still belonged to the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, while Cirebon had been established as an Islamic state. "First the king of Çumda (Sunda) with his great city of Dayo , the town and lands and port of Bantam (Banten),

1540-614: A major project; 1.80 metres thick brick ramparts were built encircling the entire city which spanned 8 kilometres. Maulana Yusuf also led the construction of the Great Mosque of Banten , perhaps built upon an older and simpler structure. Also during this period, Hasanuddin decided to launch the final blow to what remained of the Kingdom of Sunda . Maulana Yusuf led the attack on Dayeuh Pakuan , its capital city located in modern Bogor . After losing its most important port Sunda Kelapa ,

1694-402: A majority of the country's Islamic boarding schools. Claiming 40 to 60 million followers, NU is Indonesia's largest organization and perhaps the world's largest Islamic group. Founded in 1926, NU has a nationwide presence but remains strongest in rural Java. It follows the ideology of Ahle Sunnah wal Jamaah with Sufism of Imam Ghazali and Junaid Bagdadi. Many NU followers give great deference to

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1848-664: A modest profit. In 1600 the Dutch set up the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) with the aim to bypass the spice trade. Unlike the Portuguese in Malacca which at that time quite harmoniously integrated into the Asian trade system involving various states in the region including Banten; the Dutch as a newcomer had a different approach, they planned on seizing control of

2002-549: A new palace right in the heart of the newly improved lands in Tirtayasa village. The term Tirtayasa itself means "water management" or " hydraulics ", which properly describes the sultan's pride project. This new idyllic farmland abode has led to the nickname of the sultan, who was thenceforth famously known as Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa . Islam in Indonesia This is an accepted version of this page Islam

2156-461: A peace treaty with Demak and Cirebon in 1531. Gunungjati crowned Hasanudin as the temenggong of Banten with authority bestowed by the Sultan of Demak Trenggana who, in turn, offered Hasanudin his sister's hand in marriage. This resulted in the establishment of a new dynasty and a new kingdom. Old Banten (currently part of Serang town) was the capital of this kingdom, and was held as a province under

2310-467: A potential threat and treated the returning pilgrims and students from the Middle East with particular suspicion. A similar Islamic-nationalist organization Union of Indonesian Muslims (PERMI) faced severe crackdown by the Dutch colonial government, leading to the arrest of its members including Rasuna Said . However, Islam as a vehicle of Indonesian nationalism had gradually waned in the face of

2464-778: A result, there is inclusivity in that the kebatinan believer could identify themselves with one of six officially recognized religions, at least in their identity card, and still maintain their kebatinan belief and way of life. Kebatinan is generally characterized as mystical, and some varieties were concerned with spiritual self-control. Although many varieties were circulating in 1992, kebatinan often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artifacts, and grave sites of important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits. If sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities,

2618-523: A royal hostage. The proposal was declined by the Sultan of Banten. By 1651 the Anglo-Dutch Wars erupted in Europe, which subsequently affected Batavian relations with English trading interests in Banten. The war reflected with the fierce trading competition and clashes between Dutch East India Company and British East India Company . Dutch Batavia once again imposed a blockade upon Banten, since

2772-456: A serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline. During the middle of 17th century several conflicts between Banten and the Dutch in Batavia, just 60 miles separated along the northern coast of Java, occurred. In 1619, the mercurial VOC Governor General J.P. Coen stormed and burnt Jayakarta to the ground and ousted Banten authority from the city. From its ashes they established

2926-467: A severe blow to commerce, thus pushing some Chinese merchants to move out from Banten and resettling in Batavia. Facing this profound crisis, Prince Ranamenggala called up a great council meeting. The conclusion of this meeting is; the European were to be blame for the troubles, and to get rid of them, Banten should forfeit the commodity they coveted the most; pepper. Ranamenggala decided to pull off all

3080-476: A variety known as Wayang sadat which has deployed Wayang for Islam's religious teachings. There is also Wayang Menak which is derived from Javanese-Islamic literature Serat Menak which is a Javanese rendering of Malay Hikayat Amir Hamzah , which ultimately derived from Persian Hamzanama , tells the adventure of Amir Hamzah , the uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Lombok , vernacular Wayang Kulit

3234-588: A vehicle for the political struggle against the Dutch colonialism. The earliest example is Padri movement from Minangkabau. Padri movement was inspired by Wahhabism during its inception, and aimed at the purification of Islam in Indonesia reciprocally. The movement eventually turned into a struggle against Dutch colonialism during the Padri War (1803–1837), although at the same time the Padri movement also fought

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3388-674: Is a majority Sunni country with minority of other sects such as Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya . In terms of Islamic schools of jurisprudence , the Shafi'i school is dominant in Indonesia at large. Proliferation of the Shafi’i school is considered to be due to Arab merchants from the southern Arabian Peninsula who followed this school of jurisprudence. Classical documentations divide Indonesian Muslims between "nominal" Muslims, or abangan , whose lifestyles are more oriented toward non-Islamic cultures, and "orthodox" Muslims, or santri , who adhere to

3542-431: Is also a historically important presence of a syncretic form of Islam known as kebatinan . Islam in Indonesia is considered to have gradually spread through merchant activities by Arab Muslim traders, adoption by local rulers, and the influence of Sufism since the 13th century. During the late colonial era , it was adopted as a rallying banner against colonialism. A 2023 Pew Research Center report gave 93% of

3696-500: Is analyzed in various ways, with certain analysis consider it as becoming more conservative. At the same time, others deem it as "too big to fail" for the radicalization. Conservative development has seen the emergence of vigilante group Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), persecution against Ahmadiyya exemplified by MUI's fatwa, and the nationwide protest in 2016 against the incumbent governor of Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) accused of blasphemy. Liberal development has seen

3850-768: Is commonly used for prayer call or the signal during Ramadan throughout the Javanese mosques up until today. Prominent examples of mosques with vernacular Javanese designs are Demak Mosque in Demak, built in 1474, and the Menara Kudus Mosque in Kudus , built in 1549, whose minaret is thought to be the watchtower of an earlier Hindu temple. Vernacular style mosques in Minangkabau area is distinguished by its multi-layer roof made of fiber resembling Rumah Gadang ,

4004-599: Is considered a descendant of the minority segment of Hadhrami immigrants , and it was spread from Aceh , originally a center of Shia Islam in Indonesia. In the contemporary era, interests toward Shia Islam grew after the Iranian Islamic Revolution , since which a number of Shia publications were translated into Indonesian. Another minority Islamic sect is Ahmadiyya. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimates that there are around 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in Indonesia, spread over 542 branches across

4158-433: Is distinguished by its tall timber multi-level roofs known as tajug , similar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples and derived from Indian and Chinese architectural styles. Another characteristic of Javanese style mosque is the usage of gamelan drum instrument bedug as a substitute of prayer call ( adhan ). Bedug is often installed in the roofed front porch attached to the building known as serambi . Bedug

4312-653: Is interpreted and condemned by some members of the MUI as a form of secularism . At the same time, former PKS chairman Sohibul Iman criticized Jokowi's position as having the potential of increasing tension in Indonesian society. In 2017, a "Government Regulation in Lieu of Law" ( Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang or Perppu ) regulating mass organizations was passed by the People's Representative Council and ratified by

4466-562: Is known as Wayang Sasak , which incorporates puppets similar to the Javanese Wayang Menak and based on the adventures of Amir Hamzah as well. When Islam began spreading in Indonesia, the display of God or gods in human form was prohibited. Thus this style of painting and shadow play was suppressed. King Raden Patah of Demak, Java, wanted to see the wayang in its traditional form but failed to obtain permission from Muslim religious leaders. Religious leaders attempted to skirt

4620-435: Is known as Pagarage war or Pacirebonan war that took place in 1650. Banten was victorious, while Cirebon-Mataram forces were vanquished. Also in 1650, the heir apparent and also the co-reign Abu al-Ma'ali, died without ascending the throne of his father Abu al-Mafakhir. Ma'ali's son, Prince Surya, the future Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa , was chosen to be his successor. A year later in 1651, old Sultan Abu al-Mufakhir died, thus at

4774-573: Is marked with an intense and vigorous relations with both Batavia and Mataram. In 1628, the English returned to Banten, which helped the commerce in Banten against their common rival, the Dutch in Batavia. Towards the end of 1620s Mataram Sultanate grew to become a dominant power in Java and was involved in power contest with Dutch East India Company (VOC), and launched sieges on Batavia twice in 1628 and 1629. During this Javanese campaign, Banten lost Pajajaran and Priangan to Mataram. Thus in just

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4928-630: Is the largest religion in Indonesia , with 87.06% of the Indonesian population identifying themselves as Muslims, based on civil registry data in 2023. In terms of denomination, the overwhelming majority are Sunni Muslims; the Pew Research Center estimates them as comprising ~99% of the country's Muslim population in 2011, with the remaining 1% being Shia who are concentrated around Jakarta and about 400,000 Ahmadi as well. In terms of schools of jurisprudence , based on demographic statistics, 99% of Indonesian Muslims mainly follow

5082-703: The Indonesian , which attempted to construe Islamic principles within the Malay-Minangkabau culture. Harun Nasution was a pioneering scholar adhered to the humanist and rationalist perspectives in Indonesian intellectual landscape, advocating for a position described as neo-Mutazilite. Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur) was a highly influential scholar who is credited for cultivating the modernist and reformist discourse, primarily influenced by Pakistani Islamic philosopher Fazlur Rahman . Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur), later president of Indonesia , went through

5236-498: The Indonesian Islamic Propagation Institute (LDII) , continues to grow. There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century. However, it was not until the end of the 13th century that the spread of Islam began. At first, Islam was introduced through Arab Muslim traders, and then the missionary activity by scholars. It was further aided by the adoption by

5390-699: The Malay people and Gayonese Saman dance in Aceh, which adopted dance styles and music typical of Arab and Persia, and combined them with indigenous styles to form a newer generation of dance in the era of Islam. Saman dance was initially performed during the Islamic missionary activity ( dawah ) or during the certain customary events such as the commemoration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's birthday . Today more commonly performed during any official events. The adoption of Persian and Arab musical instruments, such as rebana , tambur , and gendang drums that has become

5544-545: The Maluku Islands . While government-sponsored transmigration from the heavily-populated Java and Madura to less-populated areas contributed to the increase in the Muslim population in the resettlement areas, no evidence suggests that the government intended to create a Muslim majority in Christian areas, and most Muslim migration seemed spontaneous. Regardless of its intent, the economic and political consequences of

5698-558: The Portuguese fleet was arriving of the coast at Sunda Kelapa to capture these towns. Subsequently, the Portuguese fleet that intended to establish a coastal fortress was defeated by the combined Cirebon and Demak forces. Gunungjati and his son settled in Banten Girang, and took control of both the port of Banten and Kelapa, while Surawisesa , the king of Sunda at that time was powerless to prevent this takeover and signed

5852-492: The Shafi'i school, although when asked, 56% do not adhere to any specific school. Trends of thought within Islam in Indonesia can be broadly categorized into two orientations: " modernism ", which closely adheres to orthodox theology while embracing modern learning, and " traditionalism ", which tends to follow the interpretations of local religious leaders and religious teachers at Islamic boarding schools ( pesantren ). There

6006-416: The nayaka nobles, Prince Ranamanggala ascended to power as a new regent. Ranamanggala restored the state's authority on commercial affairs; levying taxes, imposing prices and the volume of trade. He also exiled the ponggawa elites to the port of Jayakarta in the east, stripping the merchants' power altogether. This strong new policy showed disregard for the principles of free trade did not sit well with

6160-670: The santri ". The terms and precise nature of this differentiation were in dispute throughout the history, and today it is considered obsolete. In the contemporary era, distinction is often made between "traditionalism" and "modernism". Traditionalism, exemplified by the civil society organization Nahdlatul Ulama , is known as an ardent advocate of Islam Nusantara , a distinctive brand of Islam that has undergone interaction, contextualization, indigenization, interpretation, and vernacularization in line with socio-cultural conditions in Indonesia. Islam Nusantara promotes moderation , compassion, anti-radicalism, inclusiveness, and tolerance. On

6314-473: The ulema . This division, however, also has been considered an oversimplification in recent analysis. Various other forms and adaptations of Islam are influenced by local cultures that hold different norms and perceptions throughout the archipelago. The principal example is a syncretic form of Islam known as kebatinan , which is an amalgam of animism, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic—especially Sufi —beliefs. This loosely organized current of thought and practice

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6468-523: The 16th century and centred in Banten , a port city on the northwest coast of Java ; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam . It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati , who had previously founded Cirebon . Once a great trading centre in Southeast Asia , especially of pepper , the kingdom reached its apogee in the late 16th and mid-17th centuries. By the late 17th century, it

6622-503: The 1960s, only a minority of Muslims were practicing daily prayers and almsgiving . This status had drastically changed through the course of endeavor by the organizations such as the Indonesian Islamic Dawah Council (DDII) led by Mohammad Natsir , not to mention aforementioned Muhammadiyah, NU, and PERSIS. Among Islamic clergy, Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) has been operating as an authority regarding

6776-451: The 19th century, the mosques began incorporating more orthodox styles imported during the Dutch colonial era. Architectural style during this era is characterized by Indo-Islamic or Moorish Revival architectural elements, with onion-shaped dome and arched vault. Minaret was not introduced to full extent until the 19th century, and its introduction was accompanied by the importation of architectural styles of Persian and Ottoman origin with

6930-547: The Adat tribes who were a semi secular Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs. One of the leaders, Tuanku Imam Bonjol , was declared a National Hero of Indonesia . Sarekat Islam championed Islam as a common identity among vast and diverse ethnic and cultural compositions throughout the archipelago, especially against the perceived enemy of the Christian masters. Educational institutions such as Jamiat Kheir also supported

7084-551: The Arabian Peninsula, whose scholars brought more orthodox teachings and perceptions of Islam. The gradual adoption of Islam by Indonesians was perceived as a threat by some ruling powers. As port towns adopted Islam, it undermined the waning power of the east Javanese Hindu/Buddhist Majapahit kingdom in the 16th century. Javanese rulers eventually fled to Bali , where over 2.5 million Indonesians practiced their version of Hinduism . Unlike coastal Sumatra, where Islam

7238-455: The Danish to trade in Banten; both opened trading office in Banten, established their trading ports in coastal India, and revived the once thriving trade of Indian colourful clothes. The lucrative trade with China, that once was very strong however, was not recovered since it was taken over by Batavia. Nevertheless, the state of Banten has regained its prestige as an important trading emporium in

7392-556: The Dutch and the English. A few years later the Dutch and English followed suit, they went to Jayakarta to establish a new trade post. After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the Dutch East India Company Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen took the port of Jayakarta from Banten. He founded Batavia (now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and

7546-661: The Hindu Javanese Majapahit Empire , as Muslim traders from Arabia, India, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and also China began to dominate the regional trade that was once controlled by Javanese Majapahit traders. Chinese Ming dynasty provided systematic support to Malacca. Ming Chinese Zheng He 's voyages (1405 to 1433) is credited for creating Chinese Muslim settlement in Palembang and north coast of Java. Malacca actively encouraged

7700-613: The Hindu-Buddhist era styles but incorporated stories with Islamic implications and more modest clothing that conformed to the Islamic teaching. This change is markedly seen in Tari Persembahan from Jambi, in which the dancers are still adorned with the intricate gold of the Hindu/Buddhist era but the clothing is more modest. Newer styles of dance were introduced in the Islamic period, including Zapin dances of

7854-583: The Islamic education at the University of Baghdad , and later became the central figure of Indonesia's liberal Islamic trend. Quraish Shihab compiled Tafsir Al-Mishbah , which is considered a standard of Indonesian Islamic interpretation among mainstream Indonesian Islamic intellectuals. Post-independence had also seen an expansion in the activity of Islamic organizations, especially regarding missionary activities ( dawah ) and Islamization of lifestyles. The Ministry of Religion reported that as late as

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8008-569: The Islamic parties forcibly unite under one government-supervised Islamic party, the United Development Party (PPP). Certain Islamic organizations were incorporated by the Suharto regime, most notably MUI, DDII, and Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) to absorb the political Islam for the regime's gain. With Suharto's resignation in 1998, "the structure that repressed religion and society collapsed." During

8162-590: The Majapahit were steadily pushed back. Dominant Muslim kingdoms during this time included Samudera Pasai in northern Sumatra, Malacca Sultanate in eastern Sumatra, Demak Sultanate in central Java, Gowa Sultanate in southern Sulawesi, and the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku Islands to the east. Indonesia's historical inhabitants were animists, Hindus, and Buddhists. Through assimilation related to trade, royal conversion, and conquest, however, Islam had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as

8316-479: The Minangkabau residential building. Prominent examples of mosques with vernacular Minangkabau designs are Bingkudu Mosque , founded in 1823 by the Padris, and Jami Mosque of Taluak , built in 1860. In West Sumatra, there is also a tradition of multi-purpose religious architecture known as surau which is often built in vernacular Minangkabau style as well, with three- or five-tiered roofs and woodcarvings engraved in

8470-401: The Muslim prohibition by converting the wayang golek into wayang purwa made from leather and displayed only the shadow instead of the puppets themselves. The history of dance in Indonesia can be roughly divided into the Hindu-Buddhist period and Islamic period. During the Islamic period, the vernacular and dharmic dances continued to be popular and tolerated. Artists and performers were using

8624-579: The NU withdrawal from active political competition, but as a popular religious force, NU showed signs of good health and a capacity to frame national debates. The leading national modernist social organization, Muhammadiyah , has branches throughout the country and approximately 29 million followers. Founded in 1912, Muhammadiyah runs mosques , prayer houses, clinics, orphanages, poorhouses, schools, public libraries, and universities. On February 9, Muhammadiyah's central board and provincial chiefs agreed to endorse

8778-558: The Orthodox Islamic norms. Abangan was considered an indigenous blend of native and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs with Islamic practices sometimes also called Javanism, kejawen , agama Jawa , or kebatinan . On Java , santri was not only referred to a person who was consciously and exclusively Muslim, but it also described persons who had removed themselves from the secular world to concentrate on devotional activities in Islamic schools called pesantren —literally "the place of

8932-535: The Sultanate of Cirebon. Sultan Hasanuddin planned on reviving the fortunes of the ancient kingdom of Sunda — the rice and spice trade , especially pepper. One of his earliest decisions was to travel to southern Sumatra (today Lampung province), which had traditionally belonged to the kingdom of Sunda, and from which the bulk of the pepper sold in the Sundanese region came. He was keen to assure himself of

9086-852: The adult Indonesian population identifying themselves as Muslim. Today, although Indonesia has an overwhelming Muslim majority, it is not an Islamic state , but constitutionally a secular state whose government officially recognizes six formal religions. Islam in Indonesia Islam in Indonesia by ethnic groups (2010) Muslims constitute a majority in most regions of Java , Sumatra , West Nusa Tenggara , Sulawesi , coastal areas of Kalimantan , and North Maluku . Muslims form distinct minorities in Papua , Bali , East Nusa Tenggara , parts of North Sumatra , most inland areas of Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi . Together, these non-Muslim areas originally constituted more than one-third of Indonesia prior to

9240-412: The advice of a dukun or healer is sought. Kebatinan , while it connotes a denial of the militant universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalized universalism. In this way, kebatinan moves toward eliminating the distinction between the universal and the local, the communal and the individual. More recent currents of Islamic thoughts that have taken roots include Islamism . Today,

9394-434: The age of 25, Sultan Ageng replacing his grandfather and rose to become the sole sovereign of Banten. The youthful Prince Surya, who ruled as Sultan Ageng , inherited the kingdom from his grandfather in a rather favourable condition; united, prosperous and well respected. He chose his close friend Kyai Mangunjaya to be his prime minister. During his reign the Banten and Mataram Sultanates were involved in rivalry to dominate

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9548-487: The agreements three years later with the kingdom of Jambi acting as intermediary. Banten demanded the right to re-establish trade with Moluccas and the Malay Peninsula, while Batavia demanded the extradition of fugitives that found refuge in Banten. The peace treaty was signed in 1659. Beginning in 1653 Sultan Ageng launched agricultural reform, including developing new settlements along the Cisadane River , right on

9702-586: The ambassador of Mataram arrived and proposed an alliance, which was declined by Banten that now set their eyes on Cirebon . At that time Cirebon was a vassal state as well as the westernmost province of Mataram. Historically Banten and Cirebon are linked through their common ancestral founding father Sunan Gunung Jati, and Banten saw the currently weakened Cirebon as rightfully belongs within Banten's sphere of influence. In 1650, two diplomatic missions from Mataram arrived at Banten, they demanded Banten sovereign to submit to Mataram king's suzerainty . The Great Council

9856-411: The ambitious Sultan Agung to unite Java. Ultimately Mataram failed to capture Batavia. Later Mataram was gradually weakened through struggle of successions of Javanese princes and Dutch involvements in internal Mataram court affair. Between 1629 and 1631, a major agricultural project were underway; digging canals, building dams etc. to produce rice as well as a new export commodity; sugar . The English

10010-499: The animal and floral motifs. Bengkulu batik tradition is known for batik besurek , which literary means "batik with letters" as they draw inspiration from Arabic calligraphy . Islamic batik tradition occasionally depicts Buraq as well, an Islamic mythical creature from the heavens which transported the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem and back during the Isra and Mi'raj . The Indonesian performing art of Wayang has

10164-433: The antagonist following its attempt to reform educational and marital legislation to more secular-oriented code. This met strong opposition, with marriage law left as Islamic code as a result. Suharto had also attempted at consolidating Pancasila as the only state ideology, which was also turned down by the fierce resistance of Islamic groups. Under the Suharto regime, containment of Islam as a political ideology had led to all

10318-405: The archipelago. As its wealth restored, Banten has established diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms; from Palembang, Aceh , Johor , Indragiri, Mataram, Bali , and Makassar as far as sending envoy to Coromandel coast. The trade with English and Danish had enabled Banten to buy arms and developed troops of trained musketeers , improving city fortifications and buying cannons. In 1644

10472-662: The beginning of the Reformasi era, the ascendance of Islamic political parties had led to the election of Abdurrahman Wahid, the leader of NU, as the fourth president of Indonesia , and the appointment of Amien Rais , the leader of Muhammadiyah, as the chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly . This era was briefly marked by the collapse of social order, erosion of central administrative control, and law enforcement breakdown. They resulted in violent conflicts in which Islamic groups were involved, including separatism of Aceh where

10626-441: The center of Islamic intellectual activity. A number of scholars and writers have contributed to the development of Islamic interpretations within the Indonesian context, often through the intellectual exchange between the foreign contemporaries. Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (Hamka) was a modernist writer and religious leader who is credited for Tafsir al-Azhar . It was the first comprehensive Qur'anic exegesis ( tafsir ) written in

10780-479: The coast at the mouth of the Cibanten River. A settlement had already existed at this place as evidenced by its harbour activities, however the settlement's seat of political power was in Banten Girang. The royal city was founded on the delta , formed by the two arms of the river. Two main streets running north–south and east–west divided the city into quarters. The royal palace was surrounded by residences of

10934-475: The coast on the Cibanten River, in what is today a suburb of Serang town. It was known as Banten Girang , meaning "Upper Banten" owing to its location. This town previously was a native Hindu Sundanese principality that was held under the Kingdom of Sunda . A grandson of the King of Sunda, Sri Baduga Maharaja (also known as Prabu Siliwangi ) was an ulama named Sunan Gunungjati (Sharif Hidayatullah). He

11088-530: The conversion to Islam in the region, while Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in northern coastal Java, thus creating a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as Semarang , Demak , Tuban , and Ampel ; thus, Islam began to gain a foothold in the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while

11242-519: The country. Ahmadiyya history in Indonesia began since the missionary activity during the 1920s established the movement in Tapaktuan , Aceh. Both Shia and Ahmadi Muslims have been facing increasing intolerance and persecutions by reactionary and radical Islamic groups. In Indonesia, civil society organizations have historically held distinct and significant weight within the Muslim society. These various institutions have contributed greatly to both

11396-535: The depictions of human images. Islamic influence of batik is especially pronounced in the batik tradition situated around the Javanese region of Cirebon , which forms the part of coastal Javanese batik heritage, the Central Sumatran region of Jambi which had thriving trade relations with Javanese coastal cities, and the South Sumatran region of Bengkulu where the strong sense of Islamic identity

11550-464: The development. In the process, Islam gave the sense of identity which contributed to the cultivation of Indonesian nationalism . Under this circumstance, early Indonesian nationalists were eager to reflect themselves as a part of the ummah (worldwide Islamic community). They also had interests in Islamic issues, such as re-establishment of Caliphate and the movements such as pan-Islamism . For these reasons, Dutch colonial administration saw Islam as

11704-537: The dismay of the powerful King Hanyokrokusumo of Mataram that subsequently also sent envoys to Mecca to acquire this much coveted honorific title of Islamic world. The ratification of peace treaty in 1639 forced Banten to recognize the state of Batavia, forego all trade with the Moluccas, and its ships should obtain pass permit issued by Batavia. In exchange, Batavia lifted the blockade upon Banten, increased trade with Batavia, and neutrality if not Dutch assistance in

11858-418: The dominant religion of Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. During this process, "cultural influences from the Hindu-Buddhist era were mostly tolerated or incorporated into Islamic rituals." Islam did not obliterate the preexisting culture; rather, it incorporated and embedded the local customs and non-Islamic elements among rules and arts, and reframed them as the Islamic traditions. In part,

12012-498: The driest is September, with 87 mm of rainfall. Fort Anké was built by the Dutch East India Company in 1657 at the intersection of the Mookervaart channel and Angke River . Historical names for the fort include Anckee, Anke, and Ankee. Banten Sultanate The Banten Sultanate ( Sundanese : ᮊᮞᮥᮜ᮪ᮒᮔᮔ᮪ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ كسلطانن بنتن , Kasultanan Banten ) was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in

12166-445: The earlier stages of the process, are gravestones and a few travelers' accounts, but these can only show that indigenous Muslims were in a certain place at a certain time. This evidence is insufficient to comprehensively explain more complicated matters, such as how lifestyles were affected by the new religion or how deeply it affected societies. The Dutch entered the region in the 17th century, attracted by its wealth established through

12320-454: The eastern port accommodated domestic trade with smaller vessels, and where the retail market was also located. A ship-wright to repair ships was located on the eastern side of the city. Hasanuddin tried to invade multiple times during the reign of Ratu Dewata , however his efforts failed due to the strong defense employed by the Sundanese army. After 20 years the new dynasty was so firmly established that Hasanuddin had no hesitation in leaving

12474-455: The emergence of groups such as Liberal Islamic Network (JIL), formation of Islam Nusantara as a collective identity of pluralist Islam, and claimed as the declining support for the Islamist political parties . Current President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) advocates a strict separation of religion and politics. His position is supported by major Muslim organizations such as the NU. However, it

12628-477: The emergence of secular nationalism and more radical political thoughts such as communism . The inner struggle among Sarekat Islam between the reformists and the traditionalists had also contributed to its decline. This created a vacuum within the Muslim community for the leadership role, filled by civil society organizations such as Muhammadiyah, NU, more puritanical PERSIS, and Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya. These organizations upheld non-political position and concentrated on

12782-493: The event of possible attack by Mataram in the future. Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir implemented the decentralisation policy that allowed merchants to acquire commodities directly from Sumatran ports colony of Banten; such as Bengkulu, Silebar, Semangka, and Lampung. Having tasted a benefit of trade has encouraged these ports to be independent from Banten; Bengkulu rebelled in 1640 while Lampung rebelled in 1641 and 1644, all of them were crushed by Banten's force. The Dutch grew mightier in

12936-655: The facade. Vernacular style mosques in Kalimantan is influenced by the Javanese counterparts, exemplified by the Banjar architecture which employs three- or five-tiered roof with the steep top roof, compared to the relatively low-angled roof of Javanese mosque. The employment of stilts in some mosques, a separate roof on the mihrab . Prominent examples including Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas and Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung , both in South Kalimantan. Only after

13090-425: The first Dutch foothold in the archipelago, the fortified port town of Batavia (now Jakarta ). This new foreign-controlled town soon will become the nemesis for Banten and bears a great repercussion, not only for Banten, but upon the whole archipelago. Coen soon moved on to his next objective; to control the trade in the area by implementing a monopoly on all trading activities. In order to do this, he put into effect

13244-434: The first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten. With the infant king and the absence of a decisive central figure, the government was taken over by the regency council. The expulsion of the Portuguese had led to both Dutch and English vying for control of the city. The court itself was divided into two competing factions, and civil war erupted in 1602. Peace was not restored until 1609 when one of

13398-537: The former territory of Sunda and proclaimed his kingdom as the successor of Sunda. Sumedang Larang would later become part of the Mataram Sultanate . The sacred stone ( watu gigilang ) that was serving as the sovereign's throne of the Sunda Kingdom was taken away and placed at the street intersection in the royal square of Banten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth, this stone

13552-483: The head of the regency council that insisted on the protection of the inheritance and rights of the child prince Muhammad. The tension increased and almost broke into a war of succession, yet being undone in the last minute due to the reversal of the Prime Minister who withdrew his support for Pangeran Japara. Claude Guillot, a historian on Banten, argues that in the Banten court there was two competing factions;

13706-446: The intellectual discourse and public sphere for the culmination of new thoughts and sources for communal movements. 60% of 200 million Indonesian Muslims identify either as Nahdlatul Ulama or Muhammadiyah, making these organizations a 'steel frame' of Indonesian civil society. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest traditionalist organization, focuses on many of the activities such as social, religious and education and indirectly operates

13860-509: The kingdom in 1546 to take part in a military expedition against Pasuruan in eastern Java , at the request of Sultan Trenggana, the third sultan of Demak . At that time, Banten was still under the suzerainty of Demak, and thus were obliged to fulfill the duty as a vassal state to participate in Demak's endeavour. During this venture, the Demak Sultan lost his life, and it is likely that Hasanuddin took advantage of his suzerain's death and

14014-538: The kingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, was of symbolic importance only. Nilakendra , the Sundanese ruler at that time, decided to move the center of government to Pulasari (present-day Pandeglang Regency ). The already-weakened kingdom put up little resistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the territory of the former Kingdom of Sunda west of the Citarum River. Geusan Ulun, the ruler of Sumedang Larang , refused to acknowledge Banten's authority over

14168-690: The land of Tateguall ( Tegal ), the land of Camaram ( Semarang ), the land of Demaa ( Demak )." Suma Oriental . Although at first well received by the Sunda authorities, once news of the Portuguese-Sunda alliance in 1522 became known, Gunungjati asked the Demak Sultanate to send troops to Banten, starting the Demak-Sundanese war . It was likely that his son Hasanudin commanded this military operation in 1527, just as

14322-476: The leading Islamic political party in Indonesia is Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), which is known for serving as a regional wing of Muslim Brotherhood movement in Indonesia. A small minority subscribe to the Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya . There are around one million Shia Muslims in Indonesia, or 0.5% of the country's population, most of whom are concentrated around Jakarta . The historical Shia community

14476-574: The legislative and juridical issues of Islam, and responsible for guiding the general direction of Islamic life in Indonesia, primarily through the issuance of fatwa . More recently, organizations such as DDII and LIPIA have been acting as instruments of the propagation of Salafism or Wahhabism with funding from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf monarchies, that “has contributed to a more conservative, more intolerant atmosphere ” and eager to strip heritages of traditional Indonesian Islam of local customs influenced by Animism ritual and Sufi teaching. On

14630-418: The liberals represented by Ponggawa civil servants and merchants, and the elitist Nayaka and Santana nobilities who favoured strong government control. The rise of the child prince as the successor was a victory for the liberals which saw more years of economic liberty without too much interference from the royal household. Prince Muhammad ascended to the throne in 1580 when he was 9 years of age. During

14784-472: The local rulers and the conversion of the elites. The missionaries had originated from several countries and regions, initially from South Asia (i.e. Gujarat ) and Southeast Asia (i.e. Champa ), and later from the southern Arabian Peninsula (i.e. Hadhramaut ). In the 13th century, Islamic polities began to emerge on the northern coast of Sumatra. Marco Polo , on his way home from China in 1292, reported at least one Muslim town. The first evidence of

14938-522: The local women, with some of the wealthier traders marrying into the elite ruling families. Indonesian people, as local rulers and the royals did, began to adopt Islam, and subsequently, their subjects mirrored their conversion. Although the spread was slow and gradual, the limited evidence suggests that it accelerated in the 15th century, as the military power of Malacca Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and other Islamic Sultanates that dominated

15092-472: The loyalty of these agriculturally wealthy areas as soon as possible and to guarantee supplies of pepper for his ports, since it was on this spice that all international trade was based and, hence, in which the wealth of his kingdom lay. Having established control over the ports and the pepper trade, Hasanuddin decided to build a new capital, to symbolise the new era which was beginning. On the advice of his father, Sunan Gunungjati , he chose to construct it on

15246-615: The main instrument in Islamic dances, as well as the chant that often quotes Islamic chants. The architecture of Indonesia after the spread of Islam was prominently characterized by the religious structure with the combination of Islamic implications and Indonesian architectural traditions. Initial forms of the mosque , for example, were predominantly built in the vernacular Indonesian architectural style which employs Hindu, Buddhist or Chinese architectural elements, and notably didn't equip orthodox form of Islamic architectural elements such as dome and minaret . Vernacular style mosques in Java

15400-465: The massive transmigration effort sponsored by the Suharto government and recent spontaneous internal migration. Internal migration has altered the demographic makeup of the country over the past three decades. It has increased the percentage of Muslims in formerly predominantly-Christian eastern parts of the country. By the early 1990s, Christians became a minority for the first time in some areas of

15554-452: The mid-1920s, and around two thousand citizens of Saudi Arabia were of Indonesian descent. Those who returned from the Middle East had become the backbone of religious training in pesantrens . Concurrently, a number of newly-founded religious thoughts and movements in the Islamic world had inspired the Islamic current in Indonesia. In particular, Islamic Modernism , which was inspired by Islamic scholar Muhammad 'Abduh , aimed to return to

15708-591: The monthly paper Medan Moeslimin and the periodical Islam Bergerak . In Jogjakarta , Ahmad Dahlan , also a disciple of al-Minangkabawi, established Muhammadiyah in 1911, spearheading the creation of Islamic mass organization. Muhammadiyah rapidly expanded its influence across the archipelago, with Abdul Karim Amrullah establishing the West Sumatra chapter in 1925 for instance. Other modernist organizations include Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya (1914) and PERSIS (1923). Soon after, traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)

15862-536: The more conservative form of Islam is favored, and sectarian clashes between Muslims and Christians in Maluku and Poso . With the collapse of the establishment, MUI began distancing themselves from the government and attempted to exercise wider influence toward Indonesia's Islamic civil society. This led to the issuance of controversial 2005 fatwa condemning the notion of liberalism, secularism and pluralism , and subsequent criticism by progressive intellectuals. However,

16016-464: The next year a peace treaty with Batavia was signed and ratified later in 1639. In 1636, the sovereign sent envoy to Mecca for the first time, and two years later the diplomatic delegation returned with the prestigious title of " sultan " bestowed by the Grand Shareef of Mecca upon the king of Banten. This was the first sultan title officially bestowed by Mecca upon the king of Java, which much to

16170-506: The northwest area of Java with a predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 27 °C. The warmest month is March, when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is May, at 26 °C. The average annual rainfall is 3674 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 456 mm of rainfall, and

16324-406: The original scripture of the religion. The Modernist movement in Indonesia had criticized the syncretic nature of Islam in Indonesia. It advocated for the reform of Islam and the elimination of perceived un-Islamic elements within the traditions. The movement also aspired to incorporate elements of modernity into Islam and, for instance, built schools that combined an Islamic and secular curricula, and

16478-508: The other end of this spectrum such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), which advocate a pan-Islamic caliphate and the full implementation of Shari'a , the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council (MMI), which advocates implementation of Shari'a as a precursor to an Islamic state, and the sometimes violent Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) . Countless other small organizations fall between these poles. Another small organization,

16632-503: The other spectrum is modernism, which is heavily inspired by Islamic Modernism , and the civil society organization Muhammadiyah is a known ardent proponent. Modernist Muslims advocate for Islamic reform in Indonesia, which is perceived as having deviated from the historical Islamic orthodoxy. They emphasize the authority of the Qur'an and the Hadiths , and oppose syncretism and taqlid to

16786-537: The outskirts of Batavia. Thousands of acres of land were cleared and planted with coconut trees, and around twenty thousand people were transmigrated to the new settlement. The development also included lands along the north coast between Banten and Batavia. An irrigation project was conducted in Tanara between 1663 and 1664; a canal was dug as far as the Pasilyan River and connected to Cisadane. The second phase of

16940-467: The pagan kingdom of Sunda, Muhammad was eager to find fame of his own by expanding his realm. By 1596 the siege of Palembang was set in place, and when victory seemed within his grasp, a sudden tragedy happened as a cannonball struck and killed the king on his ship when he was sailing on the Musi River by the city. With the sudden death of the young monarch, Banten's expansionist policy was shattered, as

17094-440: The pepper plants in the region in a desperate effort to restore peace of the kingdom. This suicidal policy proved immensely disastrous for commerce as merchants suffered the biggest losses, so much so that merchants put pressure to the court that led to the resignation of Prince Ranamenggala in 1624 in favour of the heir to the throne, now coming of age, the 28 year old Abulmufakhir. The reign of Abu al-Mufakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir

17248-582: The political arena, the coalition of Muhammadiyah and NU have established the Masyumi Party , which served as a mainstream Islamic political party until its dissolution in 1960. Meanwhile, militant Islamic organizations such as Darul Islam , Laskar Jihad , and Jemaah Islamiyah had also seen its growth, aided mostly by foreign funding as well. Upon independence, there was significant controversy surrounding Islam's role in politics, which had caused enormous tensions. The contentions were mainly surrounding

17402-666: The political transition from authoritarianism to democracy went relatively smoothly due considerably to the commitment of tolerance by mass organizations such as NU and Muhammadiyah. This made Muslim civil society a key part of Indonesia's democratic transition . Currently, Muslims are considered fully represented in the democratically elected parliament. There are numbers of active Islamic political parties, namely Muhammadiyah-oriented National Mandate Party (PAN), NU-oriented National Awakening Party (PKB), and Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). The democratization had resulted in diversification of religious influence as well, with

17556-421: The port of Pomdam (Pontang), the port of Cheguide (Cigede), the port of Tamgaram ( Tangerang ), the port of Calapa ( Kelapa ), and the port of Chemano (Chi Manuk or Cimanuk), this is Sunda, because the river of Chi Manuk is the limit of both kingdoms. Now comes Java and we must speak of the kings within the hinterland. The land of Cheroboam ( Cirebon ), the land of Japura , the land of Locarj (Losari),

17710-530: The port was the center of British trading interest in the archipelago. This time however, Banten was quite powerful enough to resist Batavian coercion, albeit not on equal footing. Banten adopted rather indirect guerilla warfare, attacking Dutch ships on the high seas by sending fireships, also launching raids and harassing farmlands around Batavia. Starting in 1656, the Chinese merchants of both Banten and Batavia brokered peace talks between two cities that led to

17864-496: The position of Islam in the constitution of Indonesia . Islamic groups have aspired for the supreme status of Islam within the constitutional framework by the inclusion of the Jakarta Charter , which obliges Muslim to abide by shari'a. The Sukarno regime denied this with the implementation of the more pluralist constitution heeding to the ideology of Pancasila , which was deemed non-Islamic. Eventually, Indonesia adopted

18018-472: The power of his kingdom, the youthful 25 year-old King Muhammad in 1596 launched a military campaign against the principality of Palembang — both by naval fleet and by land army marching through Southern Sumatra. At that time, Palembang was still a Hindu-Buddhist polity, a remnant of Majapahit overseas vassal, which was regarded by Muslim Banten as a pagan state. Inspired by his illustrious grandfather Hasanuddin and his valiant father Maulana Yusuf, that conquered

18172-412: The pre-Islamic era, have absorbed Islamic influence and evolved in artistic expression and attachment of religious implications. The Indonesian dyeing art known as Batik has incorporated Islamic influence through the inclusion of motifs and designs revering the Islamic artistic traditions, such as Islamic calligraphy and Islamic interlace patterns , and the religious codes prescribing the avoidance of

18326-503: The president, which led to the ban of the Indonesian branch of Hizbut Tahrir for rejecting and undermining the state ideology Pancasila . FPI was dissolved in 2020, with its members being involved in criminal cases and allegedly linked to terrorist groups. Since 2019, MUI chairman and former NU leader Ma'ruf Amin has been the Vice President of Indonesia. Several artistic traditions in Indonesia , many of which existed since

18480-408: The principal minister of state, and was built on the south side of the royal square while the great mosque on the west side. Foreigners, for the most part merchants, had to live outside the royal city, that is on either side of the delta. The international trade was accommodated in the larger western harbour where Pecinan (Chinatown), European trading post and the foreigner quarters were located, while

18634-681: The project in 1670-1672 was the development between Tanara and Pontang, including the construction of two canals and dams to irrigate new paddy fields being worked by ten thousand new settlers. The last phase, between 1675 and 1677, was the clearing and irrigation of lands between Banten and Anyer. The scale of the project was quite enormous, spanning from outskirts of Batavia to Anyer on the west coast of Java; 40 kilometres of canals were dug, at least 3 dams were built, more than 40,000 hectares of lands were transformed into sawah , about 30,000 people were resettled and large numbers of villages created, and two new towns were planned. In 1678 Sultan Ageng created

18788-838: The reformist training. He was single-handedly responsible for educating many of the essential Muslim figures during this time. In 1906, Tahir bin Jalaluddin , a disciple of al-Minangkabawi, published in al-Iman , the Malay newspaper in Singapore . Five years later followed publication of Al-Munir magazine by Abdullah Ahmad in Padang . In the first 20th century, Muslim modernist school arose in West Sumatra, such as Adabiah (1909), Diniyah Putri (1911), and Sumatera Thawalib (1915). The movement had also attained its supporter base in Java. In Surakarta , leftist Muslim Haji Misbach published in

18942-524: The region that in 1641 manage to capture Malacca, which led to the disperse of Portuguese merchants elsewhere. Some of them find refuge in Makassar which employed by its king to generate trade in eastern Indonesia. The 1640s was the time of peace for Banten, much appreciated by the merchants. Streams of Banten small boats sailing to Batavia supplying the Dutch city with agricultural products, from coconut oil, rattan, eggs to sugar. The English were followed by

19096-413: The region were aided by episodes of Muslim coup such as in 1446, wars and superior control of maritime trading and ultimate markets. By the 14th century, Islam had been established in northeast Malaya, Brunei, the southwestern Philippines, and among some courts of coastal East and Central Java, and by the 15th century, in Malacca and other areas of the Malay Peninsula. The 15th century saw the decline of

19250-470: The region's natural resources and trade. The entering of the Dutch resulted in a monopoly of the central trading ports. However, this helped the spread of Islam, as local Muslim traders relocated to the smaller and remoter ports, establishing Islam into the rural provinces. Towards the beginning of the 20th century, "Islam became a rallying banner to resist colonialism". During this time the introduction of steam-powered transportation and printing technology

19404-403: The region, while Cirebon stuck in the middle. Although Cirebon had never been attacked by Mataram, since 1619 Cirebon had been practically held under Mataram influences and behaved as the latter's vassal. The Sultan of Mataram tried once again to impose his suzerainty, albeit this time indirectly: he proposed his son the heir apparent be betrothed to Ageng's daughter, while actually intending her as

19558-534: The reign of the young king, Banten continued to flourish as merchants enjoyed relative freedom in trade. Pepper remained Banten's top export commodity. However, the wealth was generated by large numbers of merchants from the ports of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea that was flocking to Banten. The influx of traders filled the tax income of Banten's treasury. Feeling confident of the wealth and

19712-492: The relative decline in the influence of established institutions such as NU and Muhammadiyah, and the rise of smaller-scale organizations and individual preachers such as Abdullah Gymnastiar (Aa Gym) and Yusuf Mansur . During the early 2000s, the return of Abu Bakar Bashir , who was in exile during the Suharto era as a spiritual leader of Jihadism in Indonesia, resulted in the series of bombing attacks, which have been largely contained recently. Contemporary Islam in Indonesia

19866-620: The social reforms and proselytization. This trend persisted during the Japanese occupation as well, whose occupational administration took the ambivalent stance toward Islam. Islam was considered both as a potential friend against the Western imperialism and a potential foe against their vision of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Indonesia became the world's second-largest Muslim-majority country after its independence in 1945. The separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 made it

20020-571: The spice trade from the Far East up to Europe. The Portuguese and the Dutch fought fiercely for influence in Banten in the early 17th century, which erupted into a full-scale naval battle on Bay of Banten in 1601, in which the Portuguese fleet was crushed. Other Europeans were soon to follow. The English, who started to sail to the East Indies from around 1600, established a permanent trading post in Banten in 1602 under James Lancaster . In 1603,

20174-450: The spiritual influences of the revered Sufi saints Wali Songo (or Nine Saints). Despite Islam being one of the most significant developments in Indonesian history, historical evidence remains fragmentary and uninformative. The understanding of how Islam arrived in Indonesia is limited; there is considerable debate among scholars about what conclusions can be drawn about the conversion of Indonesian peoples. The primary evidence, at least of

20328-492: The strong presence of Sufism has been considered a major enabler of this syncretism between Islam and other religions. Sufism retained strong influence especially among the Islamic scholars arrived during the early days of the spread of Islam in Indonesia, and many Sufi orders such as Naqshbandiyah and Qadiriyya have attracted new Indonesian converts. They have proceeded to branch into different local divisions. Sufi mysticism which had proliferated during this course had shaped

20482-514: The syncretic form of Islam known as Abangan had also become the target of this mass killing. Communism was considered hostile by Muslims due to perceived atheistic nature and the tendency of landowners being local Islamic chiefs. During the New Order , there was an intensification of religious belief among Muslims. Initially hoped as the ally of Islamic groups, the New Order quickly became

20636-499: The syncretic, eclectic and pluralist nature of Islam in Indonesian during the time. Prolific Sufis from the Indonesian archipelago were already known in Arabic sources as far back as the 13th Century. One of the most important Indonesian Sufis from this time is Hamzah Fansuri , a poet, and writer from the 16th century. The preeminence of Sufism among Islam in Indonesian continued until the shift of external influence from South Asia to

20790-594: The territory of South Tangerang , Tangerang , Jakarta , and drains to the Java Sea in the village of Muara Angke (literally: "(river) mouth of Angke"), Penjaringan, West Jakarta . In rainy seasons, the river annually causes local floods, usually in the districts of Pinang, Cipondoh, Ciledug (all in Tangerang), Joglo, Kembangan, Rawa Buaya, Duri Kosambi and Cengkareng (all in West Jakarta). The river flows in

20944-641: The throne when he was about 40. He was already an experienced ruler as co-sovereign with his late father. During Yusuf's reign, his younger brother Pangeran Japara returned from Jepara in Central Java. The name of this prince describes that he had spent his life in Jepara , the late king Hasanuddin had entrusted his younger son under the care of Queen Kalinyamat of Jepara. Yusuf chose his young son Prince Muhammad as heir. However, not long after, Yusuf fell ill and died in 1580. The chosen successor, Prince Muhammad

21098-468: The transmigration policy contributed to religious conflicts in Maluku , Central Sulawesi , and to a lesser extent, Papua . This is a data table of the percentage of Muslims in Indonesia, provided by the Ministry of Religious Affairs : The Islamic schools and branches in Indonesia reflect the activity of Islamic doctrines and organizations operating in Indonesia. In terms of denomination, Indonesia

21252-486: The troops retreated and sailed home. The successor, the infant and future Sultan Abulmafakhir was still a few months old, when a few months after the king's death, a new faction of European merchant fleets arrived in Banten. On 27 June 1596 Dutch trade ships led by Cornelis de Houtman , the first Dutch fleet to arrive in East Indies, landed in Banten. On its return to the Netherlands, the voyage (1595–97) generated

21406-418: The troubles which ensued to free his kingdom from any further obligations to this royal house. From the 1550s onwards the kingdom enjoyed a period of great prosperity. Trade saw a significant growth due to the flourishing trade with Portuguese Malacca , a former enemy that despite their political rivalry, saw Portuguese fleets trading in Banten for pepper. According to tradition, the development of this kingdom

21560-517: The views, interpretations, and instructions of senior NU religious figures, alternatively called Kyais or Ulama. The organization has long advocated religious moderation and communal harmony. On the political level, NU, the progressive Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims (Masyumi), and two other parties were forcibly streamlined into a single Islamic political party in 1973—the United Development Party (PPP). Such cleavages may have weakened NU as an organized political entity, as demonstrated by

21714-441: The world's most populous Muslim-majority country. Post-independence had seen the most significant upheaval of the Muslim society on various aspects of society. This owes to the independence, increased literacy and educational attainment among Muslims, funding from the Middle East, and all the more accelerated exchange between other Muslim countries. The subsequent development of the Muslim society had brought Indonesia even closer to

21868-434: Was adopted by elites and masses alike, partly as a way to counter the economic and political power of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, the elites only gradually accepted Islam in the interior of Java, and then only as a formal legal and religious context for Javanese spiritual culture. The eastern islands remained largely animist until they adopted Islam and Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas Bali still retains

22022-404: Was cultivated. Jambi batik influenced the formation of Malaysian batik tradition which also encompasses the Islamic characters such as adopting the plants, floral motifs and geometrical designs, and the avoidance of interpretation of human and animal images as idolatry. Minangkabau batik tradition is known for batiak tanah liek (clay batik), which uses clay as a dye for the fabric, and embraces

22176-631: Was facilitated by European expansion. As a result, the interaction between Indonesia and the rest of the Islamic world, particularly the Middle East , had significantly increased. In Mecca , the number of pilgrims grew exponentially to the point that Indonesians were markedly referred as "rice of the Hejaz ". The exchange of scholars and students was also increased. Around two hundred Southeast Asian students, mostly Indonesian, were studying in Cairo during

22330-488: Was founded in 1926 by Hasyim Asy'ari , another disciple of al-Minangkabawi, in response to the perceived growing threat of reformist waves. Other traditionalist organizations included the Islamic Education Association (Perti) (1930) and Lombok -based Nahdlatul Wathan (1953). A combination of reformist thoughts and the growing sense of sovereignty had led to the brief development of Islam as

22484-467: Was held and the response was the Sultan of Banten only paid homage to one sovereign only; the Grand Shareef of Mecca. As a response for this refusal, Mataram swiftly sent a fleet of 60 ships armed troops from Cirebon to invade Banten. A naval battle took place off the coast of Tanara, midway between Banten and Batavia. The Bantenese navy took an upper hand and managed to defeat Cirebonese fleet. This naval campaign ended in disastrous defeat of Cirebon. This war

22638-410: Was legitimized in the 1945 constitution, and in 1973, when it was recognized as one of the agama , President Suharto counted himself as one of its adherents. The Kebatinan or Kepercayaan has no certain prophet, sacred book, nor distinct religious festivals and rituals; it has more to do with each adherent's internalized transcendental vision and beliefs in their relations with the supreme being. As

22792-405: Was managed by Hasanuddin's son, Maulana Yusuf , who had become co-sovereign with his father, following a custom long practised in the archipelago. Rapid economic development led to an increase of the urban population. Major agricultural developments to ensure food production was launched, by constructing irrigation canals, dams and the expansion of ricefields. The royal city itself had undertaken

22946-438: Was only a child of 9 years old at that time and was not come of age. Thus, this provoked the first crisis of succession, as his uncle — Pangeran Japara, was eager to replace his late brother as the new king of Banten. This created two factions in Banten's court; one led by the Prime Minister of the late Yusuf that supported Pangeran Japara, while the other faction was led by the qadi of Banten, an important religious figure and

23100-527: Was overshadowed by Batavia and was finally annexed to the Dutch East Indies in 1813. Its core territory now forms the Indonesian province of Banten . Today, in Old Banten , the Great Mosque of Banten is an important destination for tourists and for pilgrims from across Indonesia and from overseas. Prior to 1526, a settlement called Banten was situated about ten kilometres inland from

23254-508: Was part of the educated class of Muslim legal scholars who was educated in the Middle East. In the early 16th century, Gunungjati arrived in the town of Banten Girang with the intention of spreading Islam in the then Hindu-dominated area . Gunungjati eventually became the tumenggong of the Sultanate of Cirebon in 1479, succeeding his uncle and father-in-law Prince Cakrabuana who had also founded Cirebon town in 1445. In 1482 Gunungjati sent

23408-546: Was the primary buyer, while the Chinese merchants and settlers concentrated in Kelapadua village has established possibly the first sugar plantation in Java. Sugarcane has been a familiar plant in Java since ancient times, as image of sugarcane can be found in the 9th century Borobudur bas relief. However, this was the first time that the sugar reached this large plantation scale. In 1635 King Abu al-Mafakhir named his son Prince Pekik (Abu al-Ma'ali Ahmad) as his co-reign. In

23562-486: Was to serve as the Banten sovereign's throne. When Hasanuddin died in 1570, the royal kingdom of Banten comprised all of Sunda, except for Cirebon and Sumedang Larang, and all of southern Sumatra , as far as Tulangbawang (modern-day Lampung ) and Bengkulu . Trade was expanding to become one of the largest in Southeast Asia. After the death of Hasanuddin in 1570 at 70 years old, Maulana Yusuf ascended

23716-631: Was unique in that it trained women as preachers for women. Through the activities of the reformers and the reactions of their opponents, Indonesian society became more firmly structured along communal ( aliran ) rather than class lines. Reformist movements had especially taken roots in the Minangkabau area of West Sumatra , where its ulema played an important role in the early reform movement. Renowned Minangkabau imam in Mecca Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi had contributed greatly to

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