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44-511: Bordering comuni include Arezzo (southwest), Pieve Santo Stefano (north) and Subbiano (west). It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The Battle of Anghiari took place on 29 June 1440 between the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan . The battle inspired a Leonardo da Vinci fresco designed for Florence 's Palazzo Vecchio known as

88-560: A 4.6 quake 25 kilometres (16 mi) to its north-east that claimed no lives on 26 November 2001 the exception. Arezzo has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) with hot and dry summers combined with mild and rainy winters. The annual average temperature is 13.54 °C (56.4 °F), the hottest month in August is 23.56 °C (74.4 °F), and the coldest month is 4.66 °C (40.4 °F) in January. The annual precipitation

132-488: A mold due to its lower melting point . Bronze is a superior metal to copper for sculpture casting because of its higher tensile strength. The island of Cyprus supplied most of the bronze used for artistic purposes throughout the ancient Mediterranean region. The earliest forms of Greek bronze sculptures were simple, hand-worked sheets of bronze known as sphyrelaton (literally, "hammer-driven"). Like modern clay sculpture, these metal sheets could be embellished by hammering

176-509: A pre–Roman Empire Greek-speaking population in southern Italy; Magna Graecia refers to the Greek colonies which were established in southern Italy from the 8th century BCE onwards.) With the Italiote context in mind, these trends are a clear indication of the increasing popularity of Attic (from Attica ) or Athens-inspired architecture and sculpture. Ancient Athenians regarded themselves among

220-435: A religious sanctuary near the ancient Etruscan town of Arezzo, about 50 miles southeast of Florence. The Chimera was one of a hoard of bronzes that had been carefully buried for safety sometime in classical antiquity . A bronze replica now stands near the spot of its original discovery. The Etruscan civilization was a wealthy civilization in ancient Italy with roots in the ancient region of Etruria , which existed during

264-479: A very detailed and complex composition that most likely was meant for display and viewing in the round. The Chimera is clearly expressing pain throughout its body. Its form is contorted, its face and mouth open in outrage as it is struck by Bellerophon. Similar to Hellenistic sculpture, the Chimera's form and body language express movement as well as the clear tension and power of the beast's musculature and evoke in

308-490: Is 864.03 millimetres (34.02 in), of which November is the wettest with 120.8 millimetres (4.76 in), while July is the driest with only 42.24 millimetres (1.66 in). The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, opening behind the 13th century Romanesque apse of Santa Maria della Pieve . Once the main marketplace of the city, it is currently the site of the Giostra del Saracino ("Joust of

352-432: Is London's Southbank Sinfonia , conducted by Simon Over . [REDACTED] Media related to Anghiari at Wikimedia Commons This Province of Arezzo location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arezzo Arezzo ( UK : / ə ˈ r ɛ t s oʊ , æ ˈ r -/ ə- RET -soh, arr- ET -soh , US : / ɑː ˈ r -/ ar- ET -soh ; Italian: [aˈrettso] )

396-608: Is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany . Arezzo is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence at an elevation of 296 metres (971 ft) above sea level . As of 2022, the population was about 97,000. Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari , Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo . In

440-540: Is believed to have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities—the so-called Dodecapolis , part of the Etruscan League . Etruscan remains establish that the acropolis of San Cornelio, a small hill next to that of San Donatus, was occupied and fortified in the Etruscan period. There is other significant Etruscan evidence: parts of walls, an Etruscan necropolis on Poggio del Sole (still named "Hill of

484-550: Is located to the north-west of the city. Pope Benedict XVI visited Arezzo and two other Italian municipalities on May 13, 2012. Arezzo is set on a steep hill, rising from the floodplain of the River Arno . In the upper part of the town are the cathedral, the town hall and the Medici Fortress ( Fortezza Medicea ), from which the main streets branch off towards the lower part as far as the gates. The upper part of

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528-520: Is regarded as the best example of ancient Etruscan art . The British art historian David Ekserdjian described the sculpture as "one of the most arresting of all animal sculptures and the supreme masterpiece of Etruscan bronze-casting". Made entirely of bronze and measuring 78.5 cm high with a length of 129 cm, it was found alongside a small collection of other bronze statues in Arezzo , an ancient Etruscan and Roman city in Tuscany . The statue

572-589: Is unsurpassed. Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia , the road by which Rome expanded into the basin of the Po . Arretium sided with Marius (157 – 86 BC) in the Roman Civil War , and the victorious Sulla ( c. 138 – 78 BC) planted a colony of his veterans in the half-demolished city, as Arretium Fidens ("Faithful Arretium"). The old Etruscan aristocracy

616-522: The Lost Leonardo ; current scholarship holds that the work was never completed. It is known from da Vinci drafts and a sketch of it by Peter Paul Rubens now in the Louvre . During World War II , the concentration camp of Renicci was located at Anghiari. The Anghiari Festival, featuring classical music , chamber music , choral music , and opera , is held each July. The resident orchestra

660-785: The Archaic Period (600–480 BCE), and the Hellenistic Period (2nd to 1st century BCE). Discovered on November 15, 1553, by construction workers near the San Lorentino gate in Arezzo (ancient Arretium ), the sculpture was quickly claimed for the collection of the Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany , Cosimo I , who placed it publicly in the Palazzo Vecchio in the hall of Leo X . Cosimo also placed

704-628: The Mediterranean rapidly began to appear around Etruria. It is not clear to historians exactly when trading with the Eastern Mediterranean began; however, it is clear that both Phoenicians and Greeks must have been interested in the metal ores of Etruria, causing a rise in popularity of the art trade in these regions. The Etruscans were well known for their art throughout the Orientalizing Period (700–600 BCE),

748-588: The Ordelaffi , but failed: Arezzo yielded to Florentine domination in 1384; its individual history became subsumed in that of Florence and of the Medicean Grand Duchy of Tuscany . During this period Piero della Francesca ( c. 1415–1492) worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes, recently restored, which are Arezzo's most famous works. Afterwards the city began an economical and cultural decay, which ensured

792-737: The Palazzo della Crocetta . Court intellectuals of the time considered the Chimera of Arezzo to be a symbol of the Medici domination of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . Its permanent residence is in the National Archaeological Museum from which it was placed on brief loan to the Getty Villa for an exhibition in 2010. The sculpture was probably commissioned by an aristocratic clan or a prosperous community and erected in

836-667: The Inventions He Painted in Florence in the Palace of Their Serene Highnesses : Yes, sir, because there are the medals of the Duke my lord who came from Rome with a goat's head stuck in the neck of this lion, who as he sees VE, also has the serpent's belly, and we found the queue that was broken between those bronze fragments with many metal figurines that you've seen all, and the wounds that she has touched on show it, and yet

880-486: The Saracen"). It has a sloping pavement in red brick with limestone geometrical lines. Aside from the apse of the church, other landmarks of the square include: The Tuscan city is the main location of Roberto Benigni's 1997 film "La Vita È Bella / Life Is Beautiful", which won 3 Academy Awards (Best Foreign Film, Best Actor, Best Original Score). Arezzo is twinned with: Chimera of Arezzo The Chimera of Arezzo

924-527: The Sun"), and most famously, the two bronzes, the " Chimera of Arezzo " (5th century BC) and the "Minerva" (4th century BC) which were discovered in the 16th century and taken to Florence . Increasing trade connections with Greece also brought some elite goods to the Etruscan nobles of Arezzo: the krater painted by Euphronios c. 510 BC depicting a battle against Amazons (in the Museo Civico, Arezzo 1465 )

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968-656: The artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco , and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico . The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino , a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages. Described by Livy as one of the Capita Etruriae (Etruscan capitals), Arezzo ( Aritim in Etruscan )

1012-467: The binding of multiple animal parts to create a singular unnatural creature. As the offspring of Typhon and Echidna , the Chimera ravaged the lands of Lycia at a disastrous pace. Distressed by the destruction of his lands, Iobates , the king of Lycia, ordered a young warrior named Bellerophon to slay her. This was also a favor to a neighboring king, Proetus , who wanted Bellerophon dead because his wife accused Bellerophon of rape and he assumed that

1056-716: The bishops operated as the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages . The Roman city was demolished, partly in the course of the Gothic War and of the late-6th-century invasion of the Lombards , partly dismantled, as elsewhere throughout Europe . The Aretines re-used the stones for fortifications. Only the amphitheater remained. The commune of Arezzo threw off the control of its bishop in 1098 and functioned as an independent city-state until 1384. Generally Ghibelline in tendency, it opposed Guelph Florence. In 1252

1100-691: The city founded its university, the Studium . After the rout of the Battle of Campaldino (1289), which saw the death of Bishop Guglielmino Ubertini  [ it ] , the fortunes of Ghibelline Arezzo started to ebb, apart from a brief period under the Tarlati family, chief among them Guido Tarlati , who became bishop in 1312 and maintained good relations with the Ghibelline party. The Tarlati sought support in an alliance with Forlì and its overlords,

1144-549: The early 8th–6th century BCE and extended over what is now a part of modern Tuscany , western Umbria , and northern Lazio . The region became a part of the Roman Republic after the Roman–Etruscan Wars . Heavily influenced by Ancient Greek culture, Etruscan art is characterized by the use of terracotta, metalworking —especially in bronze—as well as jewelry and engraved gems . Metal and bronze trinkets from

1188-405: The fifth century BCE or in the beginning of the fourth century BCE. The fact that this sculpture was a votive offering to Tinia is a reminder of the wealth and sophistication of Etruscan elites. In the 3rd millennium BCE ancient foundry workers discovered by trial and error that bronze had distinct advantages over pure copper for making artistic statuary. Bronze stays liquid longer when filling

1232-485: The gods often depicted mythological stories. A round hole on the left rump of the Chimera might suggest a spot where Bellerophon may have struck the beast with a now-missing spear. The first known literary reference was in Homer's Iliad and the epic poetry of Hesiod of the 8th century BCE also mentions the Chimera. In response to questions of the statue's true meaning, Giorgio Vasari wrote in his Reasonings Over

1276-407: The highest of society. Their art, religion, and culture was seen as the epitome of Greek achievement. While the ancient Athenians had long since perished by this time, their work and way of life were still regarded with great fascination and there was a desire to emulate it. Historians have generally come to a consensus that the Chimera of Arezzo was produced by Italiote craftsmen in the last decades of

1320-448: The metal over various wooden shapes made with textures that created a desired look or depth. This was later adapted to become the technique known today as tracing . By the late Archaic period (c. 500–480 BCE) sphyrelaton lost popularity as lost-wax casting became the primary means of producing bronze sculpture. Lost-wax casting of bronze was achieved in three different ways, each with its own desired effects. The first and earliest method

1364-469: The pain that is known in the readiness of the head of this animal ... The tail was not restored until 1785 when the Pistoiese sculptor Francesco Carradori (or his teacher, Innocenzo Spinazzi ) fashioned a replacement, incorrectly positioning the serpent to bite the goat's horn. It is much more likely that the snake had to strike out against Bellerophon instead since biting the head of the goat meant it

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1408-447: The preservation of its medieval centre. In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana , south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial . At the end of the-century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned (1799–1800) into a resistance base against the invaders with the "Viva Maria" movement, winning the city

1452-689: The role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy . City buildings suffered heavy damage during World War II ; the Germans made a stand in front of Arezzo early in July 1944 and fierce fighting ensued before the British 6th Armoured Division , assisted by New Zealand troops of the 2nd New Zealand Division , liberated the town 16 July 1944. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission 's Arezzo War Cemetery , where 1,266 men are buried,

1496-450: The smaller bronzes from the trove in his own studiolo at Palazzo Pitti , where "the Duke took great pleasure in cleaning them by himself, with some goldsmith's tools", as Benvenuto Cellini reported in his autobiography. On discovery, the statue was missing the snake and its left front and rear paws. Due to its fragmented state upon discovery, the statue was originally regarded as a lion. The Italian painter Giorgio Vasari tracked down

1540-598: The statue motif by studying Ancient Greek and Roman coins, such as a silver stater featuring an image of the Chimera, thus accurately identifying it. Eventually, it was officially identified as being a part of a larger piece illustrating a fight between the Chimera and the Greek hero Bellerophon . The sculpture was found among other small pieces that served as votive offerings to the God Tinia . This sculpture may also have served as an Etruscan religious dedication. After discovery, it began its residence in Florence, where it

1584-416: The town council of Arezzo dedicated an inscription to its patron L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus . See that article for discussion of the possible political/military significance of Volusianus's association with the city. In the 3rd to 4th century Arezzo became an episcopal seat: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because

1628-409: The town maintains its medieval appearance despite the addition of later structures. Arezzo's city proper is near the high risk areas for earthquakes, but located in a transitional area where the risk for severe earthquakes is much lower than in nearby Umbria and Abruzzo , albeit it is slightly more vulnerable than Florence . Notable earthquakes are still a very rare phenomenon in the province , with

1672-538: The viewer a feeling of deep emotional pain and interest in the contemplation of that movement. Clearly influenced by Mediterranean myth culture, this bronze work is evidence of the mastery that Etruscan sculptors had not only over the medium but of mythological lore. The art historian A. Maggiani gives details of a clear Italiote context by pointing out iconographic comparisons from sites in Magna Graecia such as Metaponto and Kaulonia . ( Italiote refers to

1716-412: The warrior would perish in the attempt to kill the beast. Bellerophon set out on his winged horse, Pegasus , and emerged victorious from his battle, eventually winning not only the hand of Iobates' daughter but also his kingdom. It is this story that led art historians to believe that the Chimera of Arezzo was originally part of a group sculpture that included Bellerophon and Pegasus. Votive offerings for

1760-400: Was solid casting, which required a model of the sculpture to be fashioned in solid wax and then carved. The second method was hollow lost-wax casting, which was created by a direct process. Finally, the third was hollow lost-wax casting by an indirect process. The model is packed in clay, and then heated in what today would be similar to a kiln to remove the wax and harden the clay. Then,

1804-509: Was biting itself. Inscribed on its right foreleg is an inscription in the ancient Etruscan language. It has been variously deciphered, but most recently it is thought to read tinscvil "Offering belonging to Tinia". The original statue is estimated to have been created around 400 BCE. In 1718, the sculpture was transported to the Uffizi Gallery and later, along with the remaining collection Cosimo I had originally seized, taken to

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1848-573: Was moved to the Uffizi Palace in 1718. Since 1870, the Chimera of Arezzo has made its home at the National Archaeological Museum in Florence. As the sculpture made its way through the Florence museums, it increasingly attracted the attention of both artists and historians. Typical iconography of the Chimera myth depicts the warrior Bellerophon as he confronts the Chimera, or rides atop or alongside it. This iconography began to appear upon Greek vessels in 600 BCE. The Chimera of Arezzo presents

1892-556: Was not extinguished: Gaius Cilnius Maecenas , whose name has become eponymous with "patron of the arts", came of the noble Aretine Etruscan stock. The city continued to flourish as Arretium Vetus ("Old Arretium"), the third-largest city in Italy in the Augustan period , well known in particular for its widely exported pottery manufactures, the characteristic moulded and glazed Arretine ware , bucchero -ware of dark clay and red-painted vases (the so-called "coral" vases). Around 261 AD

1936-566: Was originally part of a larger sculptural group representing a fight between a chimera and the Greek hero Bellerophon . This sculpture is likely to have been created as a votive offering to the Etruscan god Tinia and is held by the National Archaeological Museum, Florence . According to Greek mythology , the Chimera or "She-Goat" was a monstrous, fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Anatolia created by

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