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96-607: The British and the Cherokee had been allies at the start of the war, but each party had suspected the other of betrayals. Tensions between British-American settlers and Cherokee warriors of towns that the pioneers encroached on had increased during the 1750s, culminating in open hostilities in 1758. After siding with the Province of Carolina in the Tuscarora War of 1711–15, the Cherokee had turned on their British allies at

192-618: A defeat at Echoee ( Itseyi ) Pass when Montgomerie tried to enter the Middle Towns territory. Later in 1760, the Overhill Cherokee defeated the British colonists at a siege of Fort Loudoun and took it over. In 1761, a second expedition against the Cherokee under James Grant was planned. He led an army of 2,800 men (the largest force to enter the southern Appalachians to date) against the Cherokee. His army moved through

288-476: A riverboat dock, a river walk, and Riverwalk Stadium . The completion of a 112,000-square-foot (10,400 m ) space in 2007, the Convention Center, has encouraged growth and activity in the downtown area and attracted more high-end retail and restaurants. Three blocks east of the Convention Center, Old Alabama Town showcases more than 50 restored buildings from the 19th century. The Riverwalk

384-481: A 6th-7th century Gaelic overkingdom; a subsequent misspelling in an advertisement led to the current spelling. The first lots were sold in 1914. The city's two largest shopping malls ( Eastdale Mall and The Shoppes at Eastchase ), as well as many big-box stores and residential developments, are on the east side. The area is also home of the Wynton M. Blount Cultural Park . This 240-acre (1.0 km ) park contains

480-728: A century later, when an English expedition from Carolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area was James McQueen , a Scots trader who settled there in 1716. He married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Their mixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had a matrilineal system of property and descent. The children were always considered born into their mother's clan , and gained their status from her people. In 1785, Abraham Mordecai,

576-457: A family of four. These are slightly higher than the state averages of $ 20.15 per hour for an individual and $ 41.11 for a family of four. US$ 7.25 per hour minimum wage in Alabama. Montgomery serves as a hub for healthcare in the central Alabama and Black Belt region. Hospitals located in the city include Baptist Medical Center South on South East Boulevard, Baptist Medical Center East next to

672-561: A new charter to a group of eight English noblemen, granting them the land of Carolina as a reward for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. The eight were called Lords Proprietors or simply Proprietors . The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north ; this included all

768-655: A number of Bermudian families to found the town of Charlestown. In early 1670 the Lords Proprietors founded a sturdier new settlement named Charles Town (present day Charleston ) when they sent 150 colonists to the province, landing them on the south bank of the Ashley River, South Carolina. (The town moved across the river to a more defensible site on the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers in 1680. In 1670, William Sayle, then in his eighties, became

864-525: A royal colony in 1729. Montgomery, Alabama Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County . Named for Continental Army Major General Richard Montgomery , it stands beside the Alabama River , on the coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico . The population was 200,603 at the 2020 census . It is the third-most populous city in

960-684: A sixty-mile-wide strip of land in North Carolina adjoining the Virginia boundary, which became known as the Granville District . This district was to become the scene of many disputes, from 1729 until the American Revolutionary War , at which time it was seized by the North Carolina revolutionary government. Governments under proprietary rule and under crown rule were similarly organized. The primary difference

1056-592: A system that was nicknamed the Lightning Route . Residents followed the streetcar lines to settle in new housing in what were then "suburban" locations. As the Reconstruction era ended, mayor W. L. Moses asked the state legislature to gerrymander city boundaries. It complied and removed the districts where African Americans lived, restoring white supremacy to the city's demographics and electorate. This prevented African Americans from being elected in

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1152-604: A war veteran from a Sephardic Jewish family of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, established a trading post . The Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west in the tidal plain. After the French were defeated by the British in 1763 in the Seven Years' War and ceded control of their lands, these Native American peoples moved to parts of present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, then areas of Spanish rule , which they thought more favorable than British-held areas. By

1248-476: Is Steven Reed , who was elected as the city's first African-American mayor in a runoff election which was held on October 8, 2019. The city is served by a nine-member city council, elected from nine single-member districts of equal size population. As the seat of Montgomery County , the city is the location of county courts and the county commission, elected separately. Montgomery is the capital of Alabama, and hosts numerous state government offices, including

1344-565: Is 46.6 °F (8.1 °C), and there are 3.4 days of sub 20 °F (−7 °C) lows; 10 °F (−12 °C) and below is extremely rare. The daily average in July is 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), with highs exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 86 days per year and 100 °F (37.8 °C) on 3.9. Summer afternoon heat indices, much more often than the actual air temperature, are frequently at or above 100 °F. The diurnal temperature variation tends to be large in spring and autumn. Rainfall

1440-482: Is built on the site of two Alibamu towns: Ikanatchati (Ekanchattee or Ecunchatty or Econachatee), meaning "red earth;" and Towassa , built on a bluff called Chunnaanaauga Chatty. The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama were Hernando de Soto and his expedition, who in 1540 recorded going through Ikanatchati and camping for one week in Towassa. The next recorded European encounter occurred more than

1536-750: Is home to the newly built Wright Brothers Park. High-end apartments are planned for this area. The Bell Building , located across from the Rosa Parks Library and Museum, is being redeveloped for mixed-use retail and residential space. The National Memorial for Peace and Justice opened in downtown Montgomery on April 26, 2018. Founded by the Equal Justice Initiative , it acknowledges the historic past of racial terrorism and lynching in America. South of downtown, across Interstate 85 , lies Alabama State University . ASU's campus

1632-572: Is located at 32°21′42″N 86°16′45″W  /  32.36167°N 86.27917°W  / 32.36167; -86.27917 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 162.27 square miles (420.3 km ), of which 159.86 square miles (414.0 km ) is land and 2.41 square miles (6.2 km ) (0.52%) is water. The city is built over rolling terrain at an elevation of about 220 feet (67 m) above sea level. Downtown Montgomery lies along

1728-400: Is part of a larger plan to revitalize the downtown area and connect it to the waterfront. The plan includes urban forestry , infill development, and façade renovation to encourage business and residential growth. Other downtown developments include historic Dexter Avenue, which will be the center of a Market District. A$ 6 million streetscape project is improving its design. Maxwell Boulevard

1824-460: Is taken from the Latin word for " Charles " ( Carolus ), honoring King Charles   I . On October 30, 1629, King Charles I of England granted a patent to Sir Robert Heath for the lands south of 36 degrees and north of 31 degrees , "under the name, in honor of that king, of Carolana ." Heath wanted the land for French Huguenots , but when Charles restricted use of the land to members of

1920-492: Is well-distributed throughout the year, though February, March and July are the wettest months, while October is significantly the driest month. Snowfall occurs only during some winters, and even then is usually light. Substantial snowstorms are rare, but do occur approximately once every 10 years. Extremes range from −5 °F (−21 °C) on February 13, 1899 to 107 °F (42 °C) on July 7, 1881. Thunderstorms bring much of Montgomery's rainfall. These are common during

2016-474: The 2020 census , there were 200,603 people, 82,835 households, and 49,303 families residing in the city. There were 93,920 housing units. As of the 2010 census , there were 205,764 people, 81,486 households, out of which 29% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The racial makeup of the city was 37.3% White , 56.6% Black , 2.2% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.2% from other races , and 1.3% from two or more races. 3.9% of

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2112-893: The Alabama Shakespeare Festival and Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts . Montgomery has been recognized nationally for its continuing downtown revitalization. In the early 2000s, the city constructed the Montgomery Biscuits minor league baseball stadium and Riverfront Park. Following those developments, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested by private companies that have adapted old warehouses and office buildings into loft apartments, restaurants, retail, hotels, and businesses. The demand for downtown living space has risen, as people want to have walkable, lively neighborhoods. More than 500 apartment units are under construction, including The Heights on Maxwell Boulevard, The Market District on Dexter Avenue,

2208-645: The Alabama Shakespeare Festival , the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts , and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice . Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects. It was one of the first cities in the nation to implement SmartCode Zoning . Prior to European colonization, the east bank of the Alabama River was inhabited by the Alibamu tribe of Native Americans . The Alibamu and

2304-767: The Alabama State Capitol . The Capitol is located atop a hill at one end of Dexter Avenue, along which also lies the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church , where Martin Luther King Jr. was pastor. Both the Capitol and Dexter Baptist Church are recognized as National Historic Landmarks by the U.S. Department of the Interior . Other notable buildings include RSA Dexter Avenue, RSA Headquarters, Alabama Center for Commerce, RSA Union, and

2400-647: The Chowanoc War . In 1669, William Sayle of Bermuda had taken over the command of the party of settlers gathered in Bermuda after Sir John Yeamans resigned while undergoing repairs of his vessel in Bermuda. Most of the party was made up of emigrants from England who had arrived in Bermuda en route to the establishment of the settlement in the Carolinas. Sayle arrived in Carolina aboard a Bermuda sloop with

2496-519: The Church of England , Heath assigned his grant to George, Lord Berkeley. King Charles I was executed in 1649 and Heath fled to France where he died. Following the 1660 restoration of the monarchy , Robert Heath's heirs attempted to reassert their claim to the land, but Charles II ruled the claim invalid. Although the Lost Colony on Roanoke Island was the first English attempt at settlement in

2592-760: The Confederate States of America . Montgomery was named the first capital of the nation, and Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as president on the steps of the State Capitol . The capital was later moved to Richmond, Virginia. On April 12, 1865, following the Battle of Selma , Major General James H. Wilson captured Montgomery for the Union. In 1886 Montgomery became the first city in the United States to install citywide electric streetcars along

2688-753: The Coushatta , who lived on the west side of the river, were descended from the Mississippian culture . This civilization had numerous chiefdoms throughout the Midwest and South along the Mississippi and its tributaries, and had built massive earthwork mounds as part of their society about 950–1250 AD. Its largest location was at Cahokia , in present-day Illinois east of St. Louis . The historic tribes spoke mutually intelligible Muskogean languages , which were closely related. Present-day Montgomery

2784-517: The Grand Model , or Grand Modell, it was composed of a constitution and detailed guidelines for settlement and development. The constitution, titled Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina , was drafted by the philosopher John Locke under the direction of Anthony Ashley Cooper (later made Earl of Shaftesbury ). From 1708 to 1710, due to disquiet over attempts to establish the Anglican church in

2880-499: The Province of New Jersey , and William Berkeley had an interest in Virginia . The Lords Proprietors, operating under their royal charter, were able to exercise their authority with nearly the independence of the king himself. The actual government consisted of a governor, a powerful council, on which half of the councilors were appointed by the Lords Proprietors themselves, and a relatively weak, popularly elected assembly. In 1665,

2976-1068: The Shawnee of the Ohio Country . In 1755, a band of 130 Cherokee under Ostenaco (or Ustanakwa ) of Tamali (Tomotley) became the garrison in a fortified town at the mouth of the Ohio River at the behest of the Iroquois League (most of these Six Nations were also British allies). For several years, French agents from Fort Toulouse had been visiting the Overhill Cherokee on the Hiwassee and Tellico rivers and had made inroads into those places. The strongest pro-French Cherokee leaders were Mankiller ( Utsidihi ) of Talikwa (Tellico Plains), Old Caesar of Chatuga (or Tsatugi , Chatooga), and Raven ( Kalanu ) of Ayuhwasi (Hiwassee). The " First Beloved Man " (or Uku ) of

Anglo-Cherokee War - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-796: The Tombigbee River ), extending their reach from some of their colonial settlements along the Gulf Coast. Once the Cherokee agreed to be their allies, the British hastened to build forts of their own in Cherokee lands, completing Fort Prince George near Keowee in South Carolina (among the Lower Towns); and Fort Loudoun in 1756. Once the forts were built, the Cherokee raised close to 700 warriors to fight in western Colony of Virginia under Ostenaco. Oconostota and Attakullakulla led another large group to attack Fort Toulouse. In 1758,

3168-565: The Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2022, there were 522 violent crimes and 2,636 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 18 murders, 9 forcible rapes, 141 robberies and 354 aggravated assaults, while 562 burglaries, 1,773 larceny-thefts, 301 motor vehicle thefts and 0 acts of arson defined the property offenses. According to

3264-468: The Virginia militia attacked Moytoy ( Amo-adawehi ) of Citico in retaliation for the alleged theft of some horses by the Cherokee. Moytoy led retaliatory raids against colonial towns along the Yadkin and Catawba rivers in North Carolina. This began rounds of retaliation. After 16 Cherokee hostages at Fort Prince George near Keowee were killed by the panicked garrison during an attempt to move them,

3360-593: The federal land office in Milledgeville, Georgia . The first group of white settlers to come to the Montgomery area was headed by General John Scott . This group founded Alabama Town about 2 miles (3 km) downstream on the Alabama River from present-day downtown Montgomery. In June 1818, county courts were moved from Fort Jackson to Alabama Town. Alabama was admitted to the Union in December 1819. Soon after, Andrew Dexter Jr. founded New Philadelphia,

3456-456: The 1708-1710 period as the establishment of separate colonies, but that did not officially occur until 1729 when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown , and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies. The eighth share was Sir George Carteret's, which had passed to his great-grandson John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville . He retained ownership of

3552-844: The 20th century, Montgomery was a major center of events and protests in the Civil Rights Movement , including the Montgomery bus boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches . In addition to housing many Alabama government agencies, Montgomery has a large military presence, due to Maxwell Air Force Base . It has three public universities ( Alabama State University , Troy University (Montgomery campus), and Auburn University at Montgomery ), two private post-secondary institutions ( Faulkner University and Huntingdon College ), high-tech manufacturing (particularly Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama ), and many cultural attractions, such as

3648-424: The Alabama River to deliver enslaved laborers to planters, to work the cotton . Buoyed by the revenues of the cotton trade at a time of high market demand, the newly united Montgomery grew quickly. In 1822, the city was designated as the county seat. A new courthouse was built at the present location of Court Square, at the foot of Market Street (now Dexter Avenue). Court Square had one of the largest slave markets in

3744-458: The Carolina territory, the first permanent English settlement was not established until the 1653 Albemarle Settlement , when emigrants from the Virginia Colony , with others from New England and Bermuda , settled at the mouths of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers , on the shores of Albemarle Sound , in the northeastern corner of present-day North Carolina. Within three generations of Columbus ,

3840-479: The Cherokee and raised an army of 1,100 men which marched to confront the Lower Towns of the Cherokee. Desperate for ammunition for their fall and winter hunts, the nation sent a delegation of moderate chiefs to negotiate. The 38 chiefs were taken prisoner as hostages and sent to Fort Prince George , escorted by the provincial army. Lyttleton thought this would ensure peace. Lyttleton returned to Charleston, but

3936-435: The Cherokee attacked and massacred the British garrison of Fort Loudoun near Chota ( Itsati ). This conflict did not end until 1761. The Cherokee were led by Aganstata of Chota, Attakullakulla ( Atagulgalu ) of Tanasi , Ostenaco of Tomotley, Wauhatchie ( Wayatsi ) of the Lower Towns, and Round O of the Middle Towns. During the second year of the French and Indian War, the British had sought Cherokee assistance against

Anglo-Cherokee War - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-430: The Cherokee participated in the taking of Fort Duquesne. However, they felt their efforts were unappreciated. While traveling through Virginia on their way home, several Cherokee were murdered by Virginians. The Cherokee had been promised supplies but misunderstood where they were to get them from. After the Cherokee took some horses they believed were rightly theirs, several Virginians killed and scalped between 30 and 40 of

4128-615: The Cherokee warriors. Later, the Virginians claimed bounties for the scalps, saying they were Shawnee. While some Cherokee leaders still called for peace, a few led retaliatory raids on outlying English pioneer settlements. A number of Muskogee under Big Mortar moved up to Coosawatie. These people had long been French allies in support of the Cherokee pro-French faction centered in Great Tellico. South Carolina Governor William Henry Lyttelton embargoed all gunpowder shipments to

4224-414: The Cherokee were angry and began to attack frontier settlements into 1760. In February 1760, they attacked Fort Prince George in an attempt to rescue their hostages. The fort's commander was killed. His replacement massacred all of the hostages and fended off the attack. This resulted in the Cherokee declaring open war against the British colonies. The Cherokee also attacked Fort Ninety Six , but it withstood

4320-626: The Cherokee, first at Keowee, then at Toqua on the Little Tennessee River , while his second deputy, John McDonald, resided a hundred miles to the southwest on the west side of Chickamauga Creek where it was crossed by the Great Indian Warpath . During the war, many Cherokee towns had been destroyed under General Grant and were never reoccupied. The most notable of these was Kituwa , the inhabitants of which migrated west, taking up residence at Great Island Town (on

4416-752: The Cherokees' warm welcome in London, South Carolinians viewed their reception as a sign of imperial favoritism at the colonists' expense, especially in view of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (which prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains), and was a foundation of one of the major irritants for the colonials leading up to the American Revolution . Province of Carolina The Province of Carolina

4512-726: The Colony of Virginia. They made peace with South Carolina in December with the Treaty of Charlestown. During the Timberlake Expedition , Lt. Henry Timberlake , Sgt. Thomas Sumter , John McCormack (who served as their interpreter), and an unknown servant traveled into the Overhill settlements area to deliver a copy of the treaty with Virginia to the Cherokee. Timberlake's diary and map of his journey ( see above ), were published in 1765. His diary contained what historians assessed

4608-506: The French and their Indian allies. The British had reports, which proved accurate, that indicated the French were planning to build forts in Cherokee territory. (They had already built Fort Charleville at Great Salt Lick (now Nashville ) on the Cumberland River ); Fort Toulouse near present-day Montgomery, Alabama ; Fort Rosalie at Natchez, Mississippi ; Fort St. Pierre at modern-day Yazoo City, Mississippi ; and Fort Tombeckbe on

4704-649: The Garden District, Cloverdale, and Huntingdon are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places as historic districts . Montgomery's east side is the fastest-growing part of the city. Development of the Dalraida neighborhood, along Atlanta Highway, began in 1909, when developers Cook and Laurie bought land from the Ware plantation. A Scotsman, Georgie Laurie named the area for Dál Riata ,

4800-435: The Kress Building on Dexter Avenue, The Bell Building on Montgomery Street, and a new complex by the convention center. Additionally, Montgomery has recently opened a 50 million dollar white water park on July 7, located off Maxwell Boulevard. Montgomery has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), with short, mild winters, warm springs and autumns, and long, hot, humid summers. The daily average temperature in January

4896-489: The Little Tennessee), living among the Overhill Cherokee. As a result of the war, Cherokee warrior strength estimated at 2,590 before the war in 1755 was reduced by battle, smallpox and starvation to 2,300. In the aftermath of the war, French Louisiana east of the Mississippi went to the British, along with Canada, while Louisiana west of the Mississippi went to Spain; in return, Spanish Florida went to Britain, which divided it into East Florida and West Florida . After

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4992-414: The Lower Towns, defeated the Cherokee at Echoee Pass, and proceeded to raze about 18 Middle Towns while burning fields of crops along the way. The army of British Regulars, Provincial Soldiers, and allied Catawba, Chickasaw, Mohawk, and Stockbridge Indians destroyed the homes and food of approximately 5,000 Cherokee people. In November 1761, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Long Island on the Holston with

5088-460: The Renaissance Hotel and Spa. One block south of the Capitol is the First White House of the Confederacy , the 1835 Italianate-style house in which President Jefferson Davis and family lived while the Confederate capital was in Montgomery. Montgomery's third National Historic Landmark is Union Station . Passenger train service to Montgomery ceased in 1989. Today Union Station is part of the Riverfront Park development, which includes an amphitheater,

5184-415: The South. The state capital was moved from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery, on January 28, 1846. As state capital, Montgomery began to influence state politics, and it would also play a prominent role on the national stage. Beginning February 4, 1861, representatives from Alabama, Georgia , Florida, Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina met in Montgomery , host of the Southern Convention , to form

5280-447: The South: to be allowed to vote and participate in politics, to freely use public places, to end segregation. According to the historian David Beito of the University of Alabama , African Americans in Montgomery "nurtured the modern civil rights movement ." African Americans comprised most of the customers on the city buses, but were forced to give up seats and even stand in order to make room for whites. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks

5376-417: The Spanish from their Florida base had started to emigrate up the coast of modern North Carolina. A Virginia tribe defending their resources and families drove them back to Georgia. A Scottish contingent had meanwhile settled in South Carolina only to be extirpated by the Spanish, who inhabited Parris Island as late as 1655. The Spanish were again beaten back to Georgia. On March 24, 1663, Charles II issued

5472-457: The age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 41,380, and the median income for a family was $ 53,125. Males had a median income of $ 40,255 versus $ 33,552 for females. The per capita income for

5568-480: The campus of Auburn University Montgomery on Taylor Road, and Jackson Hospital, which is located next to Oak Park off interstate 85. Montgomery is also home to two medical school campuses: Baptist Medical Center South (run by University of Alabama at Birmingham ) and Jackson Hospital (run by Alabama Medical Education Consortium). Montgomery operates under a Mayor–council government system. The mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The current mayor

5664-586: The capital to press for voting rights. These actions contributed to Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , to authorize federal supervision and enforcement of the rights of African Americans and other minorities to vote. On February 7, 1967, a devastating fire broke out at Dale's Penthouse, a restaurant and lounge on the top floor of the Walter Bragg Smith apartment building (now called Capital Towers) at 7 Clayton Street downtown. Twenty-six people died. In recent years, Montgomery has grown and diversified its economy. Active in downtown revitalization,

5760-492: The charter was revised slightly (see Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665 ), with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of settlers along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Virginia Colony . Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north , just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida , which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine . In 1663, Captain William Hilton noted

5856-432: The city adopted a master plan in 2007; it includes the revitalization of Court Square and the riverfront, renewing the city's connection to the river. Many other projects under construction include the revitalization of Historic Dexter Avenue, pedestrian and infrastructure improvements along the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail , and the construction of a new environmental park on West Fairview Avenue. Montgomery

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5952-492: The city processed 160,000–200,000 bales of cotton annually. Montgomery has also had large metal fabrication and lumber production sectors. Due to its location along the Alabama River and extensive rail connections, Montgomery has been and continues to be a regional distribution hub for a wide range of industries. Since the late 20th century, it has diversified its economy, achieving increased employment in sectors such as healthcare, business, government, and manufacturing. Today,

6048-405: The city was $ 23,139. About 18.2% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. Montgomery's central location in Alabama's Black Belt has long made it a processing hub for commodity crops such as cotton, peanuts, and soybeans . In 1840 Montgomery County led the state in cotton production, and by 1911,

6144-666: The city's Gross Metropolitan Product is $ 12.15 billion, representing 8.7% of the gross state product of Alabama. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics data from October 2008, the largest sectors of non-agricultural employment were: Government, 24.3%; Trade, Transportation, and Utilities, 17.3% (including 11.0% in retail trade); Professional and Business Services, 11.9%; Manufacturing, 10.9%; Education and Health Services, 10.0% (including 8.5% in Health Care & Social Assistance); Leisure and Hospitality, 9.2%; Financial Activities, 6.0%, Natural Resources, Mining and Construction, 5.1%; Information, 1.4%; and Other services 4.0%. Unemployment for

6240-405: The conclusion of the Creek War . Following their defeat by General Andrew Jackson in August 1814, the Creek tribes were forced to cede 23 million acres to the United States, including remaining land in today's Georgia and most of today's central and southern Alabama. In 1816, the Mississippi Territory (1798–1817) organized Montgomery County . Its former Creek lands were sold off the next year at

6336-554: The first Colonial Governor of the colony of Carolina . Many of the other colonists were planters from Barbados . The " Charles Town " settlement, as it was known then, developed more rapidly than the Albemarle and Cape Fear settlements due to the advantages of a natural harbor and expanding trade with the West Indies . Charles Town was made the principal seat of government for the entire province; Lord Shaftesbury specified its street plan. The nearby Ashley and Cooper rivers are named for him. Due to their remoteness from each other,

6432-419: The land between these northerly and southerly bounds from the Atlantic westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean . The King intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion . The Lords Proprietors named in the charter were: Of the eight, the one who demonstrated the most active interest in Carolina

6528-512: The municipality and denied them city services. On February 12, 1945, a devastating and deadly tornado struck the western portion of the city. The tornado killed 26 people, injured 293 others, and caused a city-wide blackout which lasted for hours. The United States Weather Bureau would describe this tornado as "the most officially observed one in history". In the post-World War II era, returning African-American veterans were among those who became active in pushing to regain their civil rights in

6624-422: The nation, Conocotocko (called "Old Hop"), was pro-French, as was his nephew, Conockotocko ("Standing Turkey"), who succeeded him after the death of the elder man in 1760. The former site of the Coosa chiefdom had been abandoned for some time. It was reoccupied in 1759 by a Muscogee contingent under Big Mortar ( Yayatustanage ) in support of the pro-French Cherokee residing in Great Tellico and Chatuga. This

6720-424: The northern and southern sections of the colony operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. The north continued to have its own assembly and council; the governor resided in Charles Towne and appointed a deputy-governor for the north. During this period,

6816-418: The office of the Governor , the Alabama Legislature , and the Alabama Supreme Court . At the federal level, Montgomery is part of Alabama's 2nd , 7th , and 3rd Congressional district , currently represented by Barry Moore , Terri Sewell , and Mike Rogers , respectively. The 7th represents most of Western Montgomery, the 2nd Southern and Northern Montgomery, and the 3rd Eastern Montgomery. According to

6912-591: The outbreak of the Yamasee War of 1715–17. Midway through the war, they switched sides and allied again with the British, ensuring the defeat of the Yamasee . The Cherokee remained allies of the British until the French and Indian War. At the 1754 outbreak of the war, Cherokee warriors took part in British campaigns against the French Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania) and

7008-425: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Non-Hispanic Whites were 36.1% of the population in 2010, down from 66% in 1970. The population density varies in different parts of the city; East Montgomery (Taylor Rd and East), the non-Hispanic White population is 74.5%, African American 8.3%, Latino 3.2%, other non-white races carry 2.7% of the population. The city population was spread out, with 24.9% under

7104-702: The presence of a wooden cross erected by the Spaniards that still stood before the town meeting house of the Indians living at what later became Port Royal . In 1665, Sir John Yeamans established a second short-lived English settlement on the Cape Fear River , near present-day Wilmington, North Carolina , which he named Clarendon. From 1675 to 1677, the Province fought the Chowanoc Natives in

7200-503: The present-day eastern part of downtown. He envisioned a prominent future for his town; he set aside a hilltop known as "Goat Hill" as the future site of the state capitol building. New Philadelphia soon prospered, and Scott and his associates built a new town adjacent, calling it East Alabama Town. Originally rivals, the towns merged on December 3, 1819, and were incorporated as the town of Montgomery, named for Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general. Slave traders used

7296-535: The province, the people were unable to agree on a slate of elected officials; consequently, there was no recognized and legal government for more than two years, a period which culminated in Cary's Rebellion when the Lords Proprietors finally commissioned a new governor. This circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War , and the inability of the Lords Proprietors to act decisively, led to separate governments for North and South Carolina. Some identify

7392-710: The push for integration organized mob violence at stops along the Freedom Ride. In Montgomery, there was police collaboration when a white mob attacked Freedom Riders at the Greyhound Bus Station in May 1961. Outraged national reaction resulted in the enforcement of desegregation of interstate public transportation. Martin Luther King Jr. returned to Montgomery in 1965. Local civil rights leaders in Selma had been protesting Jim Crow laws and practices that raised barriers to blacks registering to vote. Following

7488-535: The same period was 5.7%, 2.5% higher than October 2007. The city also draws in workers from the surrounding area; Montgomery's daytime population rises 17.4% to 239,101. According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: According to the Living Wage Calculator, the living wage for the city is US$ 19.73 per hour (or $ 41,038 per year) for an individual and $ 37.14 per hour ($ 77,251 per year) for

7584-530: The shift of power to the south-central area of Alabama with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of the Black Belt and the rise of Mobile as a mercantile port on the Gulf Coast. In February 1861, Montgomery was chosen the first capital of the Confederate States of America , which it remained until the Confederate seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia , in May of that year. In the middle of

7680-439: The shooting of a man after a civil rights rally, the leaders decided to march to Montgomery to petition Governor George Wallace to allow free voter registration. The violence they encountered from county and state highway police outraged the country. The federal government ordered National Guard and troops to protect the marchers. Thousands more joined the marchers on the way to Montgomery, and an estimated 25,000 marchers entered

7776-819: The siege. By February 1760, the Cherokee expanded their retaliatory campaign into North Carolina, as far east as modern day Winston-Salem. An attack on Fort Dobbs in North Carolina was repulsed by Colonel Hugh Waddell . However, lesser settlements in the North and South Carolina back-country quickly fell to Cherokee raids. Lyttleton appealed for help to Jeffery Amherst , the British commander in North America. Amherst sent Archibald Montgomerie with an army of 1,200 troops (the Royal Scots and Montgomerie's Highlanders ) to South Carolina. Montgomerie's campaign razed 10 Cherokee Lower Towns, including Keowee. It ended with

7872-594: The signing of the treaties and the conclusion of the Timberlake Expedition, Henry Timberlake visited London with three Cherokee leaders: Ostenaco, Standing Turkey, and Wood Pigeon ( Ata-wayi ). The Cherokee guests visited the Tower of London , met the playwright Oliver Goldsmith , drew massive crowds, and had an audience with King George III. On the voyage to England, their interpreter William Shorey died. This made communication nearly impossible. Hearing of

7968-676: The southern bank of the Alabama River , about 6 miles (10 km) downstream from the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. The most prominent feature of Montgomery's skyline is the 375 ft (114 m), RSA Tower , built in 1996 by the Retirement Systems of Alabama . Other prominent buildings include 60 Commerce Street, 8 Commerce Street, and the RSA Dexter Avenue Building . Downtown also contains many state and local government buildings, including

8064-479: The southern half, a deputy governor was appointed to administer the northern half of Carolina (Albemarle province) in 1691. In 1712, the two provinces became separate colonies, the colony of North Carolina (formerly Albemarle province) and the colony of South Carolina (formerly Clarendon province). Carolina was the first of three colonies in North America settled by the English to have a comprehensive plan. Known as

8160-437: The state after Huntsville and Birmingham , and is the 128th most populous in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area 's population in 2022 was 385,460; it is the fourth largest in the state and 142nd among United States metropolitan areas . The city was incorporated in 1819 as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River . It replaced Tuscaloosa as the state capital in 1846, representing

8256-445: The summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms – producing large hail and damaging winds in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain – can occasionally occur, particularly during the spring. Severe storms also bring a risk of tornadoes . Sometimes, tropical disturbances – some of which strike the Gulf Coast as hurricanes before losing intensity as they move inland – can bring very heavy rains. As of

8352-442: The time Mordecai arrived, Creek had migrated into and settled in the area, as they were moving away from Cherokee and Iroquois warfare to the north. Mordecai married a Creek woman. When her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14 Creek War , she joined them in removal to Indian Territory. Mordecai brought the first cotton gin to Alabama. The Upper Creek were able to discourage most white immigration until after

8448-480: The two-halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1669, the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina divided the colony of Carolina into two provinces, Albemarle province in the north and Clarendon province in the south. Due to dissent over the governance of the colony, and the distance between settlements in the northern half and settlements in

8544-491: Was Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury, with the assistance of his secretary, the philosopher John Locke , drafted the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina (which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina ), a plan for government of the colony heavily influenced by the ideas of the English political scientist, James Harrington . Some of the other Lords Proprietors also had interests in other colonies: for instance, John Berkeley and George Carteret held stakes in

8640-531: Was a province of the Kingdom of England (1663–1707) and later the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1712) that existed in North America and the Caribbean from 1663 until the Carolinas were partitioned into North and South in 1712. The North American Carolina province consisted of all or parts of present-day Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. "Carolina"

8736-454: Was a step toward Yayatustanage's planned alliance of Muscogee, Cherokee, Shawnee, Chickasaw , and Catawba peoples (which would have been the first of its kind in the South). Although such an alliance was not organized until the days of Dragging Canoe , Big Mortar still rose to become leading chief of Muscogee bands after the French and Indian War. The Anglo-Cherokee War broke out in 1758 when

8832-493: Was an accurate description of Cherokee culture. Pro-French leader Standing Turkey was deposed and replaced as "First Beloved Man" with the pro-British Attakullakulla. John Stuart became British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern District, based out of Charlestown, South Carolina , and was the main liaison between the Cherokee and the British government. His first deputy, Alexander Cameron, lived among

8928-587: Was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott . Martin Luther King Jr. , then the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church , and E.D. Nixon , a local civil rights advocate, founded the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. In June 1956, the US District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that Montgomery's bus racial segregation

9024-697: Was built in Colonial Revival architectural style from 1906 until the beginning of World War II. Surrounding ASU are the Garden District and Cloverdale Historic District . Houses in these areas date from around 1875 until 1949, and are in Late Victorian and Gothic Revival styles. Huntingdon College is on the southwestern edge of Cloverdale. The campus was built in the 1900s in Tudor Revival and Gothic Revival styles. ASU,

9120-604: Was unconstitutional. After the US Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended. In separate action, integrated teams of Freedom Riders rode South on interstate buses. In violation of federal law and the constitution, bus companies had for decades acceded to state laws and required passengers to occupy segregated seating in Southern states. Opponents of

9216-596: Was who was to appoint the governing officials: the Lords Proprietors or the Sovereign. Although the division between the northern and southern governments became complete in 1712, both colonies remained in the hands of the same group of proprietors. A rebellion against the proprietors broke out in Charlestown, South Carolina (as it was now spelled) in 1719, which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in that same year. North Carolina would become

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