Anglic:
64-710: Frisian : The Anglo-Frisian languages are the Anglic ( English , Scots , Fingallian †, and Yola †) and Frisian ( North Frisian , East Frisian , and West Frisian ) varieties of the West Germanic languages . The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several sound changes : besides the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law , which is present in Low German as well, Anglo-Frisian brightening and palatalization of /k/ are for
128-559: A Danish substrate . However, Frisian is still unintelligible to Dutch; a cloze test in 2005 revealed that Dutch respondents understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of a Dutch newspaper. Additional shared linguistic characteristics between Friesland and the Great Yarmouth area in England are likely to have resulted from the close trading relationship these areas maintained during
192-424: A North Frisian identity was propagated by people such as Christian Feddersen (1786-1874) who simultaneously denounced nationalist tendencies. The North Frisian coat of arms has been attributed to him. While not designed according to heraldic rules, the shield contains a Frisian eagle on the right side and on the left there is a golden crown in blue above a black kettle in a red field. The eagle has been interpreted as
256-618: A Proto-Anglo-Frisian language as disproven, as far as such postulates are falsifiable. Nevertheless, the close ties and strong similarities between the Anglic and the Frisian grouping are part of the scientific consensus . Therefore, the concept of Anglo-Frisian languages can be useful and is today employed without these implications. Geography isolated the settlers of Great Britain from Continental Europe , except from contact with communities capable of open water navigation. This resulted in more Old Norse and Norman language influences during
320-1041: A closely related group of West Germanic languages , spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people , who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany . The Frisian languages are the closest living language group to the Anglic languages ; the two groups make up the Anglo-Frisian languages group and together with the Low German dialects these form the North Sea Germanic languages . However, modern English and Frisian are not mutually intelligible , nor are Frisian languages intelligible among themselves, owing to independent linguistic innovations and language contact with neighboring languages. There are three different branches of Frisian, which are usually called Frisian languages , despite
384-618: A few ancient marshland settlements have been found during archaeological excavations, namely in the modern area of southern Sylt , the Wiedingharde and along the southern Eiderstedt peninsula. With the beginning of the Migration Period , the number of settlements in North Frisian became ever lesser and many were totally abandoned. A new increase in population in the 8th century has been attributed to immigration but it
448-625: A great part of North Frisian language was torn apart in linguistical and political terms. Additional hardship was brought about by a number of wars, such as the Thirty Years War that reached North Frisia in 1627, the Second Northern War between Sweden and Denmark 1657–1660, and the Great Northern War from 1700–1721 where Tönning was besieged and partially destroyed in 1713. With the onset of whaling in
512-553: A group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison. The extinction of two little-attested and presumably North Sea Germanic languages, Old Old Anglian and Old Jutish , in their homelands (modern southern Schleswig and Jutland respectively), mat have led to a form of " survivorship bias " in classification. Since Old Anglian and Jutish were, like Old Saxon, direct ancestors of Old English, it might follow that Old Saxon, Old Anglian and/or Jutish were more closely related to English than any of them
576-619: A symbol of the Frisian freedom granted by the Holy Roman emperor, the crown represents the Danish kings who ruled the area until the mid 19th century. The kettle or pot has been seen as a symbol of the Frisian brotherhood advocated by Feddersen. Also the motto which may be represented in the various dialects of the North Frisian language and always translates to "Rather dead than slave" is seen as originating from Feddersen's views. After
640-510: A way to show that it was possible, and created a collective West Frisian identity and West Frisian standard of writing through his poetry. Later on, Johannes Hilarides would build off Gysbert Japiks' work by building on West Frisian orthography, particularly on its pronunciation; he also, unlike Japiks, set a standard of the West Frisian language that focused more heavily on how the common people used it as an everyday language. Perhaps
704-513: Is tsiis and tsjerke , whereas in Dutch it is kaas and kerk , and in High German the respective words are Käse and Kirche . Contrarily, this did not happen for chin and choose , which are kin and kieze . One rhyme demonstrates the palpable similarity between Frisian and English: "Butter, bread and green cheese is good English and good Frisian," which is pronounced more or less
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#1732765761666768-426: Is about 75% of the inhabitants of Friesland. An increasing number of native Dutch speakers in the province are learning Frisian as a second language. In Germany , there are about 2,000 speakers of Saterland Frisian in the marshy Saterland region of Lower Saxony . Saterland Frisian has resisted encroachment from Low German and Standard German , but Saterland Frisian still remains seriously endangered because of
832-603: Is called Frysk in West Frisian, Fräisk in Saterland Frisian, and Friisk , fresk , freesk , frasch , fräisch , and freesch in the varieties of North Frisian. The situation in the Dutch province of Groningen and the German region of East Frisia is similar: The local Low German/Low Saxon dialects of Gronings and East Frisian Low Saxon still bear some Frisian elements due to East Frisian substrate . Frisian
896-433: Is considered as vulnerable to being endangered. Moreover, for all advances in integrating Frisian in daily life, there is still a lack of education and media awareness of the Frisian language, perhaps reflecting its rural origins and its lack of prestige Therefore, in a sociological sense it is considered more a dialect than a standard language, even though linguistically it is a separate language. For L2 speakers , both
960-793: Is considered disproved by some scholars. These are the words for the numbers one to 12 in the Anglo-Frisian languages, with Dutch, West-Flemish and German included for comparison: * Ae [eː] , [jeː] is an adjectival form used before nouns. North Sea Germanic , also known as Ingvaeonic, is a proposed grouping of the West Germanic languages that encompasses Old Frisian , Old English , and Old Saxon . The North Sea Germanic grouping may be regarded as an alternative to Anglo-Frisian, or as ancestral to it. Since Anglo-Frisian features occur in Low German – especially in its older stages such as Old Saxon – some scholars regard
1024-547: Is home to two card games of historical and cultural interest, both descended from Karnöffel , the oldest card game in Europe with a continuous tradition of play. Bruus is played in the hinterland of Husum in the villages of Schwesing , Oster-Ohrstedt and Treia where regular tournaments are held. Meanwhile Knüffeln is played in the region north of the River Arlau towards the Danish border. Regular courses are held and
1088-527: Is it keninkryk en de krêft en de hearlikheid oant yn ivichheid. "Amen" Our Father, which art in Heaven Hallowed be thy Name. Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done, in earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom,
1152-496: Is now Belgium , to the river Weser , in northern Germany . At that time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. Today this region is sometimes referred to as Great Frisia or Frisia Magna, and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage, even though in most places the Frisian languages have been lost. Frisian is the language most closely related to English and Scots , but after at least five hundred years of being subject to
1216-582: Is one of the two official languages in the Netherlands, the other being Dutch . ISO 639-1 code fy and ISO 639-2 code fry were assigned to "Frisian", but that was changed in November 2005 to " Western Frisian ". According to the ISO 639 Registration Authority the "previous usage of [this] code has been for Western Frisian, although [the] language name was 'Frisian ' ". The new ISO 639 code stq
1280-679: Is part of its mainland district of Pinneberg ). North Frisian has approximately 8,000 speakers. The East Frisian language is spoken by only about 2,000 people; speakers are located in Saterland in Germany. There are no known East Frisian dialects, but there are three dialects of West Frisian and ten of North Frisian. The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order. For additional detail, see Phonological history of Old English . That these were simultaneous and in that order for all Anglo-Frisian languages
1344-690: Is the London-based South Sea Company whose commanding officers and harpooners were exclusively from Föhr . In the early 18th century, Sylt island was home to 20 captains who took part in the Greenland whaling. Until 1864, North Frisia was a part of the Danish Duchy of Schleswig (South Jutland) but was transferred to Prussia after the Second Schleswig War . During this time of German-Danish conflicts,
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#17327657616661408-653: Is the northernmost portion of Frisia , located in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany , between the rivers Eider and Wiedau . It also includes the North Frisian Islands and Heligoland . The region is traditionally inhabited by the North Frisians . The geestland islands along the North Frisian coastline were already densely settled in the time of the early Roman Empire while the marshes further inland were not suited for settling. Only
1472-514: Is thought that the area had not been completely depopulated before. The Frisians migrated to North Frisia from the South in two waves. During the 8th century A.D. they mostly settled on the islands Heligoland , Sylt, Föhr , Amrum and presumably also in parts of the Eiderstedt peninsula. The coastal marshlands of the mainland were settled in a second wave and after a series of storm surges
1536-474: Is used for the Saterland Frisian language , a variety of Eastern Frisian (not to be confused with East Frisian Low Saxon , a West Low German dialect). The new ISO 639 code frr is used for the North Frisian language variants spoken in parts of Schleswig-Holstein . The Ried fan de Fryske Beweging is an organization which works for the preservation of the West Frisian language and culture in
1600-575: The Netherlands and Germany . West Frisian , by far the most spoken of the three main branches with 875,840 total speakers, constitutes an official language in the Dutch province of Friesland . North Frisian is spoken on some North Frisian Islands and parts of mainland North Frisia in the northernmost German district of Nordfriesland , and also in Heligoland in the German Bight , both part of Schleswig-Holstein state (Heligoland
1664-468: The district of Nordfriesland . The district extends beyond the traditional area of North Frisia to the south and east. Today there are more than 60 wind farms with a capacity of about 700 MW in North Frisia, and 90 percent are community-owned. North Frisia is seen to be a model location for community wind energy , leading the way for other regions, especially in southern Germany. North Frisia
1728-565: The 17th and 18th century, the people from the North Frisian Islands soon developed a reputation of being very skilled mariners, and most Dutch and English whaling ships bound for Greenland and Svalbard would have a crew of North Frisian islanders. Around the year 1700, Föhr had a total population of roughly 6,000 people, 1,600 of whom were whalers. At the height of Dutch whaling in the year 1762, 1,186 seamen from Föhr were serving on Dutch whaling vessels alone and 25% of all shipmasters on Dutch whaling vessels were people from Föhr. Another example
1792-472: The Dutch province of Friesland . The Fryske Academy also plays a large role, since its foundation in 1938, to conduct research on Frisian language, history, and society, including attempts at forming a larger dictionary. Recent attempts have allowed Frisian be used somewhat more in some of the domains of education, media and public administration. Nevertheless, Saterland Frisian and most dialects of North Frisian are seriously endangered and West Frisian
1856-413: The Dutch system of homophony between plural and linking suffixes when speaking West Frisian, by using the West Frisian plural as a linking morpheme. Speakers who had West Frisian as their first language often maintained the West Frisian system of no homophony when speaking West Frisian. Saterland and North Frisian are officially recognised and protected as minority languages in Germany, and West Frisian
1920-527: The Frisians also used to settle on the higher inland geest , where Danes (Jutes) already lived. While the marshland and its bogs had to be drained, the higher geestland cores of the islands were in turn mostly barren and needed fertilisation before a proper agriculture could be established. During the Middle Ages, trade flourished between North Frisia and East Anglia , England. In particular, pottery
1984-555: The Middle Frisian period (c.1550-c.1820) in the 16th century is based on the fairly abrupt halt in the use of Frisian as a written language. Up until the 15th century, Frisian was a language widely spoken and written, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), in 1498, by Albert III, Duke of Saxony , who replaced West Frisian as
Anglo-Frisian languages - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-522: The North Frisians used saline peat as a resource. The salt trade coincided with an increase in international herring fishery off Heligoland. Treaties of 14th century farmers from Edoms Hundred with Hamburg based merchants and even the Counts of Flanders respectively have been preserved. The Frisian Uthlande region used to have its own jurisdiction, it was laid down for the first time in
2112-496: The North Sea Germanic classification as more meaningful than a sharp division into Anglo-Frisian and Low German. In other words, because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence at an early stage, it lost some North Sea Germanic features, that it had previously shared with Old English and Old Frisian. North Sea Germanic is not thought of as a monolithic proto-language , but rather as
2176-533: The Second Schleswig War, when anti-Danish tendencies came up, this motto and also the eagle were re-attributed to a German identity and chronicler C. P. Hansen from Sylt invented the legend that the pot was reminiscent of Frisian women who contributed in a battle against the Danes. North Frisia is now part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein with all of it except for Heligoland contained within
2240-655: The West Frisian language. The compiled literary work of the Halbertsma brothers (Joost, Tjalling , and Eeltje ), Rimen en Teltsjes , is regarded as the standard Frisian literary work. This had begun the effort to continuously preserve the West Frisian language, which continues unto this day. It was however not until the first half of the 20th century that the West Frisian revival movement began to gain strength, not only through its language, but also through its culture and history, supporting singing and acting in West Frisian in order to facilitate West Frisian speaking. It
2304-510: The ancestor of Low German Old Saxon , were spoken by intercommunicating populations. While this has been cited as a reason for a few traits exclusively shared by Old Saxon and either Old English or Old Frisian, a genetic unity of the Anglo-Frisian languages beyond that of an Ingvaeonic subfamily cannot be considered a majority opinion. In fact, the groupings of Ingvaeonic and West Germanic languages are highly debated, even though they rely on much more innovations and evidence. Some scholars consider
2368-470: The centuries-long Hanseatic League of the Late Middle Ages . There are three main groups of Frisian varieties: West Frisian , Saterland Frisian , and North Frisian . Some linguists consider these three varieties, despite their mutual unintelligibility , to be dialects of one single Frisian language, whereas others consider them to be a number of separate languages equal to or greater than
2432-536: The centuries. Old Frisian , however, was very similar to Old English . Historically, both English and Frisian are marked by the loss of the Germanic nasal in words like us ( ús ; uns in German), soft ( sêft ; sanft ) or goose ( goes ; Gans ): see Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law . Also, when followed by some vowels, the Germanic k softened to a ch sound; for example, the Frisian for cheese and church
2496-487: The development of Late Modern English , whereas the modern Frisian languages developed under contact with the southern Germanic populations, restricted to the continent. The proposed Anglo-Frisian family tree is: Anglic , Insular Germanic , or English languages encompass Old English and all the linguistic varieties descended from it. These include Middle English , Early Modern English , and Late Modern English ; Early Scots , Middle Scots , and Modern Scots ; and
2560-447: The dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs. In this period the great Frisian poet Gysbert Japiks (1603–66), a schoolteacher and cantor from the city of Bolsward , who largely fathered modern West Frisian literature and orthography, was really an exception to the rule. His example was not followed until the 19th century, when entire generations of West Frisian authors and poets appeared. This coincided with
2624-469: The earliest definite written examples of Frisian are from approximately the 9th century, there are a few examples of runic inscriptions from the region which are probably older and possibly in the Frisian language. These runic writings however usually do not amount to more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute literature as such. The transition from the Old Frisian to
Anglo-Frisian languages - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-454: The extinct Fingallian and Yola dialects in Ireland . English-based creole languages are not generally included, as mainly only their lexicon and not necessarily their grammar, phonology, etc. comes from Early Modern English and Late Modern English . The Frisian languages are a group of languages spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people on the southern fringes of the North Sea in
2752-545: The fact that dialects within those branches may not be mutually intelligible. The three branches are: West Frisian , which is by far the most spoken of the three and is an official language in the Dutch province of Friesland , where it is spoken on the mainland and on two of the West Frisian Islands : Terschelling and Schiermonnikoog . It is also spoken in four villages in the Westerkwartier of
2816-420: The game has experienced something of a revival. In addition to standard German , North Frisia has speakers of Low German , the various dialects of the North Frisian language , and Danish , including South Jutlandic . Today some 10,000 people still speak a dialect of North Frisian. North Frisia is called Nordfriesland in German and Noordfreesland in Low German. In the various North Frisian dialects, it
2880-462: The influence of Dutch , modern Frisian in some aspects bears a greater similarity to Dutch than to English; one must also take into account the centuries-long drift of English away from Frisian. Thus the two languages have become less mutually intelligible over time, partly due to the influence which Dutch and Low German have had on Frisian, and partly due to the vast influence some languages (in particular Norman French ) have had on English throughout
2944-549: The introduction of the so-called newer breaking system, a prominent grammatical feature in almost all West Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Southwest Frisian. Therefore, the Modern West Frisian period is considered to have begun at this point in time, around 1820. The revival of the West Frisian Language was led by the poet Gysbert Japiks , who had begun to write in the language as
3008-501: The language has become less important for cultural preservation purposes. It is especially written West Frisian that seems to have trouble surviving, with only 30% of the West Frisian population competent in it; it went out of use in the 16th century and continues to be barely taught today. Frisian languages belong to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages , the most widespread language family in Europe and
3072-628: The language of government with Dutch. Afterwards this practice was continued under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands (the German Emperor Charles V and his son, the Spanish King Philip II ), and even when the Netherlands became independent, in 1585, West Frisian did not regain its former status. The reason for this was the rise of Holland as the dominant part of the Netherlands, and its language, Dutch, as
3136-486: The most important figure in the spreading of the West Frisian language was minister Joost. H. Halbertsma (1789–1869), who translated many works into the West Frisian language, such as the New Testament He had however, like Hilarides, focused mostly on the vernacular of the West Frisian language, where he focused on translating texts, plays and songs for the lower and middle classes in order to teach and expand
3200-399: The most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages: The grouping is usually implied as a separate branch in regards to the tree model . According to this reading, English and Frisian would have had a proximal ancestral form in common that no other attested group shares. The early Anglo-Frisian varieties, like Old English and Old Frisian , and the third Ingvaeonic group at the time,
3264-673: The municipality of Saterland in the Lower Saxon district of Cloppenburg . Surrounded by bogs , the four Saterlandic villages lie just outside the borders of East Frisia , in the Oldenburg Münsterland region. In East Frisia proper, East Frisian Low Saxon is spoken today, which is not a Frisian language, but a variant of Low German/Low Saxon . Depending upon their location, the six Frisian languages have been heavily influenced by and bear similarities to Dutch and Low German/Low Saxon , and in addition North Frisian has
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#17327657616663328-563: The neighbouring province of Groningen . North Frisian , the second branch, is spoken in the northernmost German district of Nordfriesland in the state of Schleswig-Holstein : on the North Frisian mainland, and on the North Frisian Islands of Sylt , Föhr , Amrum , and the Halligs . It is also spoken on the islands of Heligoland ( deät Lun ) and Düne ( de Halem ), in the North Sea . The third Frisian branch, East Frisian , has only one remaining variant, Sater Frisian , spoken in
3392-551: The number of main branches discussed here. Indeed, the insular varieties of West Frisian are not intelligible to the mainland, and by that standard are additional languages, and North Frisian is also divided into several strongly diverse dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible among themselves. West Frisian is strongly influenced by Dutch. The other Frisian languages, meanwhile, have been influenced by Low German and German. Stadsfries and West Frisian Dutch are not Frisian, but Dutch dialects influenced by West Frisian. Frisian
3456-546: The power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen. Onze Vader die in de hemelen zijt, Uw naam worde geheiligd; Uw Koninkrijk kome; Uw wil geschiede, gelijk in de hemel alzo ook op de aarde. Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood; en vergeef ons onze schulden, gelijk ook wij vergeven onze schuldenaren; en leid ons niet in verzoeking, maar verlos ons van de boze. Want van U is het Koninkrijk "en de kracht en de heerlijkheid in der eeuwigheid. Amen. NB: * See also West Frisian language#Sample text . ** Which
3520-535: The quality and amount of time Frisian is taught in the classroom is low, concluding that Frisian lessons do not contribute meaningfully to the linguistic and cultural development of the students. Moreover, Frisian runs the risk of dissolving into Dutch, especially in Friesland , where both languages are used. In the Early Middle Ages the Frisian lands stretched from the area around Bruges , in what
3584-484: The same in both languages (West Frisian: "Bûter, brea en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk.") One major difference between Old Frisian and modern Frisian is that in the Old Frisian period ( c. 1150 – c. 1550 ) grammatical cases still existed. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, all these texts are restricted to legalistic writings. Although
3648-643: The small size of the speech community and of the lack of institutional support to help preserve and spread the language. In the North Frisia ( Nordfriesland ) region of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein , there were 10,000 North Frisian speakers. Although many of these live on the mainland, most are found on the islands, notably Sylt , Föhr , Amrum , and Heligoland . The local corresponding North Frisian dialects are still in use. West Frisian-Dutch bilinguals are split into two categories: Speakers who had Dutch as their first language tended to maintain
3712-634: The so-called Siebenhardenbeliebung (the compact of the seven hundreds ) in 1424. North Frisia as a region was first recorded in 1424 although Saxo Grammaticus had written about Frisia minor [Lesser Frisia], a region in Jutland , already in 1180. Several floods such as the Grote Mandrenke in 1362 and the Burchardi Flood of 1634 damaged great parts of the North Frisian coastal area. In these floods entire islands were destroyed and
3776-580: The world. Its closest living genealogical relatives are the Anglic languages , i.e. English and Scots ( Anglo-Frisian languages ); together with the also closely related Low Saxon dialects the two groups make up the group of North Sea Germanic languages . Us Heit, dy't yn de himelen is jins namme wurde hillige. Jins keninkryk komme. Jins wollen barre, allyk yn 'e himel sa ek op ierde. Jou ús hjoed ús deistich brea. En ferjou ús ús skulden, allyk ek wy ferjouwe ús skuldners. En lied ús net yn fersiking, mar ferlos ús fan 'e kweade. Want Jowes
3840-513: Was changed to "who", in earth to "on earth," and them that to "those who" in the 1928 version of the Church of England prayer book and used in other later Anglican prayer books too. The words given here are those of the 1662 book. NB: These are not always literal translations of each other. North Frisia North Frisia ( German : Nordfriesland ; North Frisian : Nordfraschlönj ; Danish : Nordfrisland , Low German: Noordfreesland)
3904-411: Was imported from the town of Ipswich and it has been suggested that relations between Frisians and East Anglians must have lasted for several centuries. In 1252, a united army of North Frisians from all territories between the Eiderstedt peninsula and the northern islands succeeded in defeating a Danish army led by king Abel . Salt making became a considerable trade in the 14th and 15th century when
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#17327657616663968-470: Was not until 1960 that Dutch began to dominate West Frisian in Friesland; with many non-Frisian immigrants into Friesland, the language gradually began to diminish, and survives now only due to the constant effort of scholars and organisations. In recent years, it has been the province of Friesland, rather than the language itself, that has become a more important part of the West Frisian identity; as such,
4032-409: Was spoken there at one time, only to have been gradually replaced by Low Saxon since the Middle Ages. This local language is now, like Frisian, under threat by standard Dutch and German. Most Frisian speakers live in the Netherlands , primarily in the province of Friesland , which since 1997 officially uses its West Frisian name of Fryslân, where the number of native speakers is about 400,000, which
4096-634: Was to Frisian (or vice versa). North Sea Germanic, as a hypothetical grouping, was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemannen (1942) by the German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer (1898–1984), as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams that had become popular following the work of the 19th-century linguist August Schleicher and which assumed the existence of an Anglo-Frisian group. Frisian languages The Frisian languages ( / ˈ f r iː ʒ ə n / FREE -zhən or / ˈ f r ɪ z i ə n / FRIZ -ee-ən ) are
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