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29-618: Predominantly a product of certain Anglo-American societies, and organisations of the era: An important racial belief system in late 19th- and early 20th-century British and US thought advanced the argument that the civilization of English-speaking nations was superior to that of any other nations because of racial traits and characteristics inherited from the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain. In 2017, Mary Dockray-Miller , an American scholar of Anglo-Saxon England , stated that there

58-427: A radical change from adulation of Anglo-Saxon institutions in the 16th and 17th centuries towards something more racial and imperialist. Historian Barbara Yorke , who specializes in the subject, has similarly argued that the earlier self-governance oriented Anglo-Saxonism of Thomas Jefferson 's era had by the mid-19th century developed into "a belief in racial superiority". According to Australian scholar Helen Young,

87-499: A source of strength and similarity. Contemporary historian Robert Boyce notes that many British politicians of the 19th century promoted these Germanic links, such as Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer who said that it was "in the free forests of Germany that the infant genius of our liberty was nursed", and Thomas Arnold who claimed that "Our English race is the German race; for though our Norman fathers had learned to speak

116-591: A stranger's language, yet in blood, as we know, they were the Saxon 's brethren both alike belonging to the Teutonic or German stock". Anglo-Saxonists in the 19th century often sought to downplay, or outright denigrate, the significance of both Norman and Celtic racial and cultural influence in Britain. Less frequently however, some form of solidarity was expressed by some Anglo-Saxonists, who conveyed that Anglo-Saxonism

145-606: Is a contributor to the Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States (Greenwood, 1998), the Dictionary of National Biography , and other reference works. John Mitchell Kemble John Mitchell Kemble (2 April 1807 – 26 March 1857), English scholar and historian, was the eldest son of Charles Kemble the actor and Maria Theresa Kemble . He is known for his major contribution to

174-402: Is also occasionally encompassed by the longer phrase Anglo-Saxon Teutonism, or shorter labels Anglism or Saxonism, along with the most frequently used term of Anglo-Saxonism itself. American medievalist Allen Frantzen credits historian L. Perry Curtis 's use of Anglo-Saxonism as a term for "an unquestioned belief in Anglo-Saxon 'genius'" during this period of history. Curtis has pointed toward

203-716: The Victorian era influenced and helped to spawn the Greater Britain Movement of the mid-20th-century. In 2019, the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists decided to change its name due to the potential confusion of their organization's name with racist Anglo-Saxonism. At the passing of the Anglo-Saxonism era, progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne 's essay Trans-National America reacted positively to integration ("We have needed

232-698: The "primacy of northern European ancestry in United States culture at large". During the 19th century in particular, Scottish people living in Lowland Scotland, near the Anglo-Scottish border , "increasingly identified themselves with the Teutonic world destiny of Anglo-Saxonism", and sought to separate their identity from that of Highland Scots , or the "inhabitants of Romantic Scotland". With some considering themselves "Anglo-Saxon Lowlanders", public opinion of Lowland Scots turned on Gaels within

261-595: The Archaeology of Northern Nations was completed by Robert Gordon Latham , and published in 1864. Kemble married Nathalie Auguste, daughter of Amadeus Wendt of the University of Göttingen , in about 1836. They had two daughters and a son, but the marriage was not a happy one and they were living apart by about 1850. The elder daughter, Gertrude (b. 1837) married Sir Charles Santley , the singer, and died in 1882. Kemble died at Dublin on 26 March 1857 and

290-514: The Saxons in England (1849; new ed. 1876) was based on original sources for the early period of English history. Kemble's "literal" Beowulf translation was entirely in prose. Ðá cóm of móre | under misthleoþum Grendel gongan· | godes yrre bær· mynte se mánscaða | manna cynnes sumne besyrwan | in sele þám héan· Then under veils of mist came Grendel* from the moor; he bare God's anger,

319-518: The U.S., future president Woodrow Wilson , along with Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert Baxter Adams were applying historical and social science in advocacy for Anglo-Saxonism through the theory. In the 1890s, under the influence of Frederick Jackson Turner , Wilson abandoned the Teutonic germ theory in favor of a frontier model for the sources of American democracy. Anglo-Saxonism of the era sought to emphasize Britain's cultural and racial ties with Germany, frequently referring to Teutonic peoples as

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348-406: The United States supported it in the 19th century. The theory supposed that American and British democracy and institutions had their roots in Teutonic peoples, and that Germanic tribes had spread this "germ" within their race from ancient Germany to England and on to North America. Advocacy in Britain included the likes of John Mitchell Kemble , William Stubbs , and Edward Augustus Freeman . Within

377-552: The context of the English Civil War , this anti-Norman and pro-Germanic paradigm has been identified as perhaps the earliest iteration of "English Teutonism" by Professor Nick Groom , who has suggested the 1714 Hanoverian succession , where the German House of Hanover ascended the throne of Great Britain , is the culmination of this Anglo-Saxonist ideology. Many historians and political scientists in Britain and

406-584: The context of the Highland Famine , with suggestions of deportations to British colonies for Highlanders of the "'inferior Celtic race". Amongst others, Goldwin Smith , a devout Anglo-Saxonist, believed the Anglo-Saxon "race" included Lowland Scots and should not be exclusively defined by English ancestry within the context of the United Kingdom's greater empire. Thomas Carlyle , himself a Scot,

435-684: The course of study prescribed by the university and was, moreover, fond of society and of athletic amusements", which caused the deferral of his graduation in 1829. His Bachelor of Arts degree was granted in March 1830, and his M.A. degree three years later in March 1833. Kemble concentrated on Anglo-Saxon England , through the influence of Jacob Grimm , under whom he studied at Göttingen (1831). He published Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf (1833–1837), Über die Stammtafeln der Westsachsen (Munich 1836), Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici (London 1839–1848), and made many contributions to reviews; his History of

464-685: The criminal meant to entrap some one of the race of men in the high hall. He was editor of the British and Foreign Review from 1835 to 1844; and from 1840 to his death was Examiner of Plays . In 1857 he published State Papers and Correspondence Illustrative of the Social and Political State of Europe from the Revolution to the Accession of the House of Hanover . His Horae Ferales, or Studies in

493-696: The historical ideology of rooting a Germanic racial identity, whether Anglo-Saxon, Norse, or Teutonic, into the concept of the English, Scottish or British nation , and subsequently founded-nations such as the United States , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . In both historical and contemporary literature however, Anglo-Saxonism has many derivations, such as the commonly used phrase Teutonism or Anglo-Teutonism, which can be used as form of catch-all to describe American or British Teutonism and further extractions such as English or Scottish Teutonism. It

522-635: The history of the Anglo-Saxons and philology of the Old English language, including one of the first translations of Beowulf . Kemble received his education from Charles Richardson and at Bury St Edmunds grammar school , where he obtained in 1826 an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge , where he became a member of the Cambridge Apostles . As a law student, his historical essays were well received but he "would not follow

551-512: The ideology of manifest destiny , which claimed the U.S. had a right to expand across North America . A persistent "Anglo-Saxonist" idea, Albert Venn Dicey believed in the creation of a shared citizenship between Britons and Americans, and the concept of cooperation, even federation, of those from the "Anglo-Saxon" race. Mary Dockray-Miller Mary Dockray-Miller (born 1965) is an American scholar of early medieval England and women’s educational history, best known for her work on gender in

580-465: The ideology of Anglo-Saxonism was "profoundly racist" and influenced authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien and his fictional works into the 20th century. Similarly, Marxist writer Peter Fryer claimed that "Anglo-Saxonism was a form of racism that originally arose to justify the British conquest and occupation of Ireland ". Some scholars believe the Anglo-Saxonism championed by historians and politicians of

609-592: The new peoples"), and while mocking the "indistinguishable dough of Anglo-Saxonism" in the context of very early 20th-century migration to the United States, Bourne manages to express an anxiety at the American melting pot theory . In 1647, English MP John Hare, who served during the Long Parliament , issued a pamphlet declaring England as a "member of the Teutonick nation, and descended out of Germany". In

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638-742: The pre-Conquest period. She has published on female saints, on Beowulf , and on religious women. She was professor of English at Lesley University, where she taught from 2000-2024 before being laid off as part of a restructuring process that eliminated 30 faculty jobs, most in the traditional liberal arts and sciences. Dockray-Miller's first monograph was Motherhood and Mothering in Anglo-Saxon England (St. Martin's Press, 2000), which utilized postmodern gender theory (the work of Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray, and others) to reinvestigate historical elements, such as double houses and early English religious women, and literature, including Beowulf . At

667-546: The time, it was "the first and only monograph on motherhood to appear in Anglo-Saxon studies". She edited the Wilton Chronicle in Saints Edith and Æthelthryth: Princesses, Miracle Workers, and their Late Medieval Audience (Brepols, 2009) and published a biography of Judith of Flanders (c.1031-1094) in 2015. She has published numerous articles in medieval studies, English studies, and gender studies journals; she

696-483: Was "wonderfully and mysteriously fitted for the souls of a free Norse-Saxon race". He believed the ancestors of Anglo-Saxons , Norse people and Germanic peoples had physically fought beside the god Odin , and that the British monarchy of his time was genetically descended from him. Defunct Embedded in 19th century, American Anglo-Saxonism was a growing sense that the "Anglo Saxon" race had to expand into surrounding territories. This particularly expressed itself in

725-399: Was an increasing interest in the study of Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century. Anglo-Saxonism is regarded as a predecessor ideology to the later Nordicism of the 20th century, which was generally less anti-Celtic and broadly sought to racially reconcile Celtic identity with Germanic under the label of Nordic. In terminology, Anglo-Saxonism is by far the most commonly used phrase to describe

754-526: Was one of the earliest notable people to express a "belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority". Historian Richard J. Finlay has suggested that the Scots National League , which campaigned for Scotland to separate from the United Kingdom, was a response or opposition to the history of "Anglo-Saxon teutonism" embedded in some Scottish culture. Anglo-Saxonism was largely aligned with Protestantism , generally perceiving Catholics as outsiders, and

783-630: Was orientated as an ideology in opposition to other "races", such as the "Celts" of Ireland and "Latins" of Spain. Charles Kingsley , Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge, was particularly focused on there being a "strong Norse element in Teutonism and Anglo-Saxonism". He blended Protestantism of the day with the Old Norse religion , saying that the Church of England

812-426: Was particularly evident in England. Edward Augustus Freeman , a leading Anglo-Saxonist of the era, promoted a larger Northern European identity, favorably comparing civilizational roots from "German forest" or "Scandinavian rock" with the cultural legacy of ancient Greece and Rome. American scholar Mary Dockray-Miller expands on this concept to suggest that pre- World War I Anglo-Saxonism ideology helped establish

841-461: Was simply "the best-known term to denote that mix of Celtic , Saxon , Norse , and Norman blood which now flows in the united stream in the veins of the Anglo-Saxon peoples". Although a staunch Anglo-Saxonist, Thomas Carlyle had even disparagingly described the United States as a kind of "formless" Saxon tribal order, and claimed that Normans had given Anglo-Saxons and their descendants a greater sense of order for national structure, and that this

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