British and allies victory
31-694: British Expeditionary Force: Fars Division: Khanlar Mirza 's Army: The Anglo-Persian War , also known as the Anglo-Iranian War ( Persian : جنگ ایران و انگلستان , romanized : Jange Irân o Engelestan ), was a war fought between the United Kingdom and Iran , which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty . The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to press its claim on the city of Herat . Though Herat had been part of Iran under
62-487: A buffer state against Russian expansion towards India . They opposed an extension of Persian influence in Afghanistan because of the perception that Persia was unduly influenced by Russia. The Persian influence on Central Asia had caused the creation of Greater Iran ; although they knew of the influence, the British had never attacked Persia. Persia had over 12 foreign provinces under its imperial control. It made
93-516: A 1,000 mark-note). Wilhelm Wassmuss appears to be given credit for the occupation and issue of currency. On 7 December 2016, the Iranian government approved a call by the Iranian central bank to replace the Iranian rial with the more colloquially and historically known toman denomination. In early 2019, following the hyperinflation of the rial, the central bank made a new proposal, suggesting
124-409: A force and captured the island of Kharag on 4 December and landed on 9 December on the coast a few miles south of Persia's primary port of Bushire . The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the major port city of Bushehr on 5 December 1856. They stormed the old fort at Reshire (also called Rishahr or Rashir ) and after a short naval bombardment went on to capture
155-525: A force overland to relieve Herat directly, and so decided instead to attack the Persian Gulf coast. They ordered the government in India to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time. Initially a division, under Major General Foster Stalker , was organised comprising 2,300 British soldiers and 3,400 Indian sepoys of
186-458: A fresh attempt in 1856 and succeeded in taking Herat on 25 October, in violation of an existing Anglo-Persian Treaty . In response, the British governor-general in India , acting on orders from London , declared war on 1 November. Separate from and preceding the dispute over Herat, was an incident concerning Mirza Hashem Khan , whom the British ambassador had hoped to appoint as a secretary to
217-436: A second series was introduced, consisting of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 toman notes which were issued until the rial was introduced in 1932. The higher-denomination notes were subject to frequent counterfeiting . Currently, since the value of the toman has fallen so much the standard banknotes are 1,000; 2,000; 5,000; 10,000; 50,000; and 100,000 Rial notes. During World War I , a group of German and Turkish soldiers occupied
248-481: A small portion of Iran until 1918. They circulated five different denominations of German Imperial Treasury notes (printed around 1905) with a red overprint in Persian that were used locally at the rate of 4 marks to 1 toman. In addition to the 12 qiran 10 shahi (5 mark) and 25 qiran (10 mark) notes pictured, the rest of the issue included: 5 tomans (on a 20 mark-note), 25 tomans (on a 100 mark-note), and 250 tomans (on
279-721: The Bombay Presidency army which landed in Persia in early December 1856. This included two companies of the Bombay Sappers & Miners . These were: The two companies were accompanied by the headquarters of the Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners, under Captain W. R. Dickinson, (Bombay Engineers). Major J. Hill, the erstwhile Commandant of the Bombay Sappers and Miners, who had handed the Corps over to Dickinson,
310-507: The Qajar dynasty when the war broke out, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Kabul , the predecessor of the modern state of Afghanistan . The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres: on
341-611: The southern coast of Persia near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia . The war resulted in the Persians withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty to surrender its claims on the city and the British withdrawing from southern Iran . In the context of The Great Game , the Anglo–Russian contest for influence in Central Asia , the British wished Afghanistan to remain an independent country with friendly relation as
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#1732771983750372-639: The British cabinet concerning the expeditionary force's conduct: Two courses of action were available to the British: an overland expedition into the Persian Empire via Afghanistan , or an attack via the Persian Gulf , the aim being both punitive, and to force the Shah to ask for terms. In the aftermath of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War , the British Government were reluctant to send
403-635: The Fars Army, which he held for four years. When the British invasion force landed in Iran, Shoja ol-Molk was temporarily promoted to commander-in-chief of the entire southern Persian army. Shoja ol-Molk was a grandson of Minister of the General Staff ( Vazir-e Lashkar ) Mirza Assadollah Khan and a nephew of the Chancellor ( Sadr-e Azam ) Mirza Nasrollah Khan Nuri E’temad ol-Dowleh . He was among
434-504: The Persian artillery ( Toop Khaneh ) was the only one well-versed in long-range guns. Out 120 guns in total, six were composed of 12-pounder guns , while the remainder were of lower quality. The army train relied on mules, horses and camels for transportation, with carriages being limited in availability. With the exception of several Imperial Guard regiments, the Persian army's morale was extremely low. The annual salary of an average soldier
465-577: The central government, while he reportedly had to pay a large indemnity. The governorship of Isfahan was the final post held by Khanlar Mirza. He died in April 1862 in the capital of Tehran , where he had traveled to inform Naser al-Din Shah of the situation in Isfahan. Iranian toman The Iranian toman ( Persian : تومان , romanized : tūmân , pronounced [tuː.mɒːn] ; from Turko-Mongolian tümen "unit of ten thousand", see
496-1030: The city on 10 December, ably assisted by the two companies of Bombay Sappers & Miners. There was then a delay as the British waited for reinforcements. Reconnaissance inland revealed a Persian force of 4,000 troops at Shiraz and the first division was considered too weak to venture inland away from its maritime base of operations. This led to the formation and induction of a second division from India, which landed in Persia in late January 2nd Division - (Brigadier General Havelock) Cavalry Brigade - (Brigadier Tarol) HM 13th Light Dragoons (89) Scinde Horse (303) 1st Brigade - (Brigadier Hamilton) HM 78th Regiment of Foot (830) 23rd Regiment of Native Infantry (749) 2nd Brigade - (Brigadier Hale) 26th Regiment of Native Infantry (716) Composite Native Light Infantry Battalion of 10 coys (920) Artillery and Engineers 4th Troop Horse Artillery Khanlar Mirza Khanlar Mirza Ehtesham-ed-Dowleh ( Persian : خانلر میرزا احتشام الدوله ; died April 1862)
527-489: The currency be redenominated by introducing a new toman with a value of 10 rials. In July 2019, the Iranian government approved a bill to change the national currency from the rial to the toman with one new toman equalling 10,000 rials, a process that would reportedly cost $ 160 million. The proposal would see the new toman divided into 100 qirans. This proposal was approved by the Iranian parliament in May 2020. The changeover
558-791: The declaration of war, on a squadron or flotilla of seven steamships under Commodore Young, towing thirty sailing vessels. 1st Division - (Major-General Stalker) Cavalry Brigade - (Brigadier Tapp) 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry (243) Poona Irregular Horse (176) 1st Brigade - (Brigadier Stopford) HM 64th Regiment of Foot (780) 20th Regiment of Native Infantry (749) 2nd Brigade - (Brigadier Honner) 2nd Bombay European Light Infantry (693) 4th Regiment of Native Infantry (523) 2nd Baluch Battalion (460) Artillery and Engineers 3rd Troop Horse Artillery 3rd Light Field Battery 1st coy/1st Battalion 5th Light Field Battey 4th Company/1st Battalion Reserve Company Field Artillery Bombay Sappers and Miners (109) The British landed
589-689: The entire expedition placed under command of Major General Sir James Outram . This force inducted in January 1857. During the hostilities, 'B' Company of the Madras Sappers & Miners under Brevet-Major A. M. Boileau, Madras Engineers, embarked at Coconada on 19 January and reached the force just in time to participate in operations in Southern Mesopotamia. The first division under Stalker set sail from Bombay in November after
620-434: The incident although it is unlikely that the British would have gone beyond the occupation of one or two islands in the Persian Gulf if the issue of Herat had not arisen. The Qajar military listed a total of 86,700 personnel on paper. However, Tehran was unable to mobilise more than 20,000 of those soldiers for battle. A sizeable portion of the Persian army was composed of regular regiments from Azerbaijan . That division of
651-536: The introduction of milled coinage in AH1295, denominations included 1 ⁄ 5 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2, 5, 10, and 25 toman. The last gold toman were issued in 1965, well after the toman had ceased to be an official Iranian currency. In 1890, the Imperial Bank of Persia introduced notes in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 toman. These notes were issued until 1923. In 1924,
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#1732771983750682-569: The middle of 1848, Khanlar Mirza served as the governor of Hamadan . Following several months in office as the governor of the Mazandaran province , Khanlar Mirza was dispatched to the southwest to resolve the matters of Borujerd and Bakhtiari . In early 1851, his responsibilities were expanded to include the administration of the Arabestan and Lorestan provinces. Most of the bandits in that region were driven out by him during that time. It
713-595: The mission in Tehran . The Persians objected and created a dispute that escalated after rumours appeared that the British ambassador had improper relations with the man's wife, who was the sister of the Shah 's main wife. The dispute escalated further when the Persians arrested the woman; the British ambassador broke relations when they refused to release her. Indeed, the initial mobilization of British forces began in response to
744-531: The most revered Persian officers of the Qajar military at the time, and was known among the British rank and file. The British government found itself in peculiar circumstances in the case of the war with Iran. This was a unique war in which the ultimate objective was to defeat the enemy but to ensure that its government and military would remain strong enough so as to remain stable and deter prospective advances by Russia. As such, several restrictions had been placed by
775-463: The qiran at par, with one toman being equal to 10 rial. Colloquially toman is more used that the Rial. Iranian gold coins were denominated in toman, with copper and silver coins denominated in dinar, rial or qiran. During the period of hammered coinage , gold toman coins were struck in denominations of 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2 and 10 toman, and later 1 ⁄ 5 , 3 and 6 toman. With
806-700: The suggestion of the newly appointed premier Haji Mirza Aqasi . But in less than two years, Khanlar Mirza was sent from Yazd to Kerman and Sistan , where he put down an uprising by the Baloch people . While his uncle Bahman Mirza Baha od-Dowleh was governing Yazd, a revolt was staged by Aga Khan I , the Imam of the Nizari Isma'ilis . Without any permission, Khanlar Mirza then went to Yazd to take Kerman from Bahman Mirza. Their clash infuriated Mohammad Shah, but Aqasi stepped in to defend Khanlar Mirza. From 1841 to
837-412: The unit called tumen ) is a superunit of the official currency of Iran, the rial . One toman is equivalent to 10 (old), or 10,000 (new, official) rials. Originally, the toman consisted of 10,000 dinars . Between 1798 and 1825, the toman was also subdivided into eight rials, each of 1,250 dinars. In 1825, the qiran was introduced, worth 1,000 dinars or one-tenth of a toman. In 1932, the rial replaced
868-462: Was a Qajar prince who held the governorship of several Iranian provinces during the reigns of Mohammad Shah Qajar ( r. 1834–1848 ) and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ( r. 1848–1896 ). He was the seventeenth son of Abbas Mirza . A member of the Qajar dynasty , Khanlar Mirza was the seventeenth son of Abbas Mirza . He was given the governorship of Yazd in 1835, most likely at
899-589: Was also through his efforts that the lengthy and expensive Hashem dam was finally constructed. It spanned the Hashem river, an artificial tributary of the Karkheh river . His subpar leadership of a substantial Iranian army at the battle of Mohammerah during the Anglo-Persian war of 1856–1857 , however, eclipsed these accomplishments. Many of Khanlar Mirza's officers subsequently received harsh punishment from
930-474: Was appointed as the Commanding Engineer for this expedition. After the expedition he resumed the post of Commandant of the Bombay Sappers once again. Artillery commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Sinclair Trevelyan, Bombay Artillery Soon after the induction of the force, it was considered to be inadequate for the task and a second division under Brigadier General Henry Havelock was formed and
961-458: Was seven tomans , with a daily subsidy of one shahi for rations. However, soldiers were considered lucky if they were paid two out of the seven tomans due for their service. The Persian army that fought against the British expeditionary force at the Battle of Khoshab was commanded by General ( Amir-Nuyan ) Mehr Ali Khan Nuri Shoja ol-Molk . In 1855, Mehr Ali Khan was promoted to the command of