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44-731: Founded in the United States, after bombing Chiron and Shaklee 's corporate offices in 2003, activists have since used the banner to firebomb vehicles and threaten to send letter bombs to individuals in the California area. Targets have included corporate customers of animal testing laboratory Huntingdon Life Sciences and animal researchers at UCLA and the California National Primate Research Center . The FBI issued an arrest warrant for Daniel San Diego for his alleged association with

88-581: A communique re-released by the Animal Liberation Press Office that the act was not a hoax, with officials at the primate center claiming threats and protests have happened before and were unacceptable. In the early hours of 7 March 2009, the Animal Liberation Brigade once again targeted UCLA. This time setting ablaze and destroying a car belonging to researcher J. David Jentsch . The UCLA Chancellor described

132-476: A hazard of attempting to construct any homemade bomb . The materials and methods used with pipe bombs often result in unintentional detonation, usually resulting in serious injury or death to the assembler. In many countries, the manufacture or possession of a pipe bomb is a serious crime , regardless of its intended use. The bomb is usually a short section of steel water pipe containing the explosive mixture and closed at both ends with steel or brass caps. A fuse

176-521: A small presence in a broad market." The niche that Chiron was focusing on was ophthalmology, which Mr. Penhoet said was "big enough to be interesting, but small enough to service with 40 salespeople." Professor Penhoet also stated that Chiron was set up to provide the enabling technology for others to use under license, and later saying that Chiron was "as close to a virtual corporation as you can be", with few fixed assets but more relationships. From 1982–1988, intense successive molecular biology studies at

220-400: Is an improvised explosive device (IED) that uses a tightly sealed section of pipe filled with an explosive material . The containment provided by the pipe means that simple low explosives can be used to produce a relatively large explosion due to the containment causing increased pressure. The fragmentation of the pipe itself creates potentially lethal shrapnel . Premature detonation is

264-450: Is inserted into the pipe with a lead running out through a hole in the side or capped end of the pipe. The fuse can be electric, with wires leading to a timer and battery, or can be a common fuse . All of the components are easily obtainable. Generally, high explosives such as trinitrotoluene are not used, because these and the detonators that they require are difficult for non-state users to obtain. Such explosives also do not require

308-627: Is oppression there are those unwilling to idly stand by and let it occur, and those people make up the nucleus of the revolutionary cells. The group formed the same leaderless-resistance model as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), which consists of small, autonomous, covert terror cells acting independently. A cell may consist of just one person. According to the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism ,

352-526: Is suspected, typical recommendations are to keep all people at a minimum evacuation distance until authorized bomb disposal personnel arrive. For a pipe bomb, the US Department of Homeland Security recommends a minimum of 21 m (69 ft), and an outdoors distance of 366 m (1,201 ft). Pipe bombs are by nature improvised weapons and typically used by those without access to military devices such as grenades . They were successfully used in

396-577: The Eastman Kodak Company over the rights to the polymerase chain reaction product, which was settled in 1993. In 1998, Chiron filed patent infringement suits in Europe, Japan and the US against Roche over its hepatitis C (HCV) products. Chiron was the first to clone HCV in 1989 after six years of research and had since filed over 100 HCV related patents in over 20 countries. A settlement

440-531: The FBI 's most wanted terrorists list. A statement was again released from the group to Bite Back this time also including their manifesto. It was thought the bomb was this intended to cause harm, as nails flew out "at a speed of 100 miles an hour" , although again no one was harmed. On 24 June 2007, an explosive device was placed under a car belonging to Arthur Rosenbaum, a pediatric ophthalmologist who carries out animal experimentation with cats and rhesus monkeys at

484-490: The Front describes itself as "an international coalition fighting injustice" . The Institute's knowledge Base describes it as an "unusually violent animal-rights terrorist movement ... with a penchant for hyperbole and casting about pretensions of power and importance." Oren Segal, co-director of Anti-Defamation League 's Center on Extremism, believes the group consists of the same few "lone wolves" that carry out actions in

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528-522: The Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA. The device failed to explode because of a faulty fuse, but was still claimed by the Animal Liberation Brigade who called for "an end to systematic violence and oppression" . UCLA offered a reward for information leading to the arrest of the bomber. Then acting Chancellor, Norman Abrams , said the university "remains steadfast in its commitment to the lawful use of laboratory animals in research for

572-855: The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). During World War II , members of the British Home Guard were trained to make and use them. In Northern Ireland , there have been hundreds of pipe bomb attacks since the mid-1990s as the Troubles came to an end. Most of the attacks have been launched by loyalist paramilitaries , especially the Red Hand Defenders , Orange Volunteers and Ulster Defence Association . However, they have also been used by Irish republican paramilitaries and by anti-drugs vigilante group Republican Action Against Drugs . They are also used extensively in

616-505: The Biocine Company, to use genetic engineering to develop vaccines and to treat, prevent and diagnose diseases such as AIDS, herpes and malaria. Other partnerships included Thicon Inc. to develop a growth factor hormone for the treatment of wounds and Merck & Co to develop an improvement to their existing hepatitis B vaccine. In 1986, Professor Penhoet said: "Our business strategy is to dominate small markets rather than take

660-524: The Chiron Emeryville research labs had been undertaken for the treatment of hepatitis. In 1987, Rutter and his research team at Emeryville produced the first commercial genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B. Two years later, in 1989, Dr. Michael Houghton , Dr. Qui-Lim Choo , and Dr. George Kuo , in collaboration with Dr. Daniel W. Bradley at the CDC, finally identified the genome of

704-503: The FDA stepped in and suspended Chiron's license. The company undertook a remediation program and succeeded in restoring the manufacturing license from MHRA in 2005. However, the incident resulted in a class action lawsuit for nearly $ 280m being brought against Chiron and its executives for allegedly, in 2003, overstating its ability to manufacture and ship the vaccine Fluvirin, thus allowing Novartis to buy Chiron shares below market value when

748-402: The acquisition of Cetus, Chiron split its operations among five entities: Cetus Oncology, for cancer drugs; the Biocine Company, for vaccines; Chiron Diagnostics, for blood screening and other diagnostic tests (later sold to Bayer AG for $ 1.1 billion ); Chiron Intraoptics, for eye surgery, and Chiron Technologies, for research and development. In 1992, the company's first product, Proleukin ,

792-472: The acquisition of Du Pont in partnership with Ortho Diagnostic Systems; Munich based Adatomed GmbH; and a merger with fellow biotech company Cetus Corporation after Cetus failed to get approval for its drug Interleukin-2. Hollings Renton of Cetus became president and CEO when Gregory Lawless agreed to leave. Mr Renton resigned in 1992 and was replaced by Sean Lance, from Glaxo Wellcome in 1998, and finally by Howard Pien from GlaxoSmithKline in 2003. After

836-452: The acquisition of Matrix Pharmaceuticals Inc and its product tezacitabine . Chiron also manufactured the MMR vaccine (measles mumps and rubella) at its Liverpool plant. Chiron in conjunction with Crucell (now part of Johnson & Johnson ) developed a pentavalent vaccine called Quinvaxem targeting 5 diseases in children. When in 1991 Cetus was acquired it was subject to a lawsuit by

880-504: The benefit of society." Although no suspicious packages have yet been found, RCALB claimed in January 2009 to Indybay that they sent two UC Davis animal researchers letter bombs because of their work at the California National Primate Research Center . One of the researchers targeted said, "It worries me a little bit ... I mean, anytime someone threatens you physically I think it causes worry." The Animal Liberation Brigade said in

924-621: The best protection rhinos and elephants have against murderous, weapon-wielding poachers." In testimony to the Senate in 2005, Jerry Vlasak stated that he regarded violence against Huntingdon Life Sciences as an example of extensional self-defense. The RCALB took credit for its first action on 27 August 2003, when two " pipe bombs filled with an ammonium nitrate " were placed at Chiron Corporation's offices in Emeryville, California . Both devices were packed with nails to act as shrapnel. Chiron

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968-691: The cell responsible for the 2003 bombings. The Revolutionary Cells guidelines was posted on the Bite Back website after the second bombing: The Bite Back communique also explained who the Revolutionary Cells were and why they exist: The revolutionary cells exists as a front group for militants across the liberationary movement spectrum. We are anarchists , communists , anti-racists , animal liberationists, earth liberationists , luddites , feminists , queer liberationists , and many more things across various other fronts. Where ever there

1012-419: The chemical reaction pressure can rise. They can also fail if the pipe is fully sealed and the chemical reaction triggered, but the total pressure buildup from the chemicals is insufficient to exceed the casing strength; such a bomb inevitably fails to trigger , but is still potentially dangerous if handled, since an external shock could trigger rupture of the statically pressurized casing. If any type of bomb

1056-461: The containment design of a pipe bomb. Instead, explosive mixtures that the builder can more readily obtain themselves are used, such as gunpowder , match heads, or chlorate mixtures. These can be easily ignited by friction, static electricity , and sparks generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps, causing many injuries or deaths amongst builders. Sharp objects such as nails or broken glass are sometimes added to

1100-511: The duty of good faith and fair dealing and breach of contract claims in connection with the acquisition. In 2004, Chiron attracted adverse media coverage after the UK government suspended its license for manufacturing Fluvirin , an influenza vaccine , at its plant in Liverpool, England due to contamination concerns. This action left the United States government short of the vaccine. In August, it

1144-554: The first inhaled antibiotic approved for treating lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Having launched its first vaccine product, Fluad, an adjuvant influenza vaccine, in 1996, the vaccine line was expanded significantly in 1998 with the acquisition of the European vaccine businesses of Behring (Germany) and Sclavo (Italy). This was followed in 2003 by the acquisition of PowderJect, the UK-based vaccines company, making Chiron

1188-570: The latest attack as "reprehensible", with the University raising the reward for information leading to the arrest of the activists to nearly $ 500,000. Chiron Corporation Chiron Corporation ( / ˈ k aɪ r ɒ n / KY -ron ) was an American multinational biotechnology firm founded in 1981, based in Emeryville, California , that was acquired by Novartis on April 20, 2006. It had offices and facilities in eighteen countries on five continents. Chiron's business and research

1232-428: The lead suspect and placed him on its FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list. Novartis Corporation was the result of a merger between Sandoz Laboratories and Ciba-Geigy in 1996 and owned slightly less than half of Chiron as part of a Federal Trade Commission order. Several of Sandoz’s subsidiaries were sold off for reasons of anti monopoly legislation. In 2005, Novartis made an offer to buy Chiron. Initially this offer

1276-547: The movement should reject it in favor of non-violent resistance. Steven Best has coined the term "extensional self-defense" to describe actions carried out in defense of animals by human beings acting as "proxy agents." He argues that, in carrying out acts of extensional self-defense, activists have the moral right to engage in acts of sabotage or even violence. Extensional self-defense is justified, he writes, because animals are "so vulnerable and oppressed they cannot fight back to attack or kill their oppressors." Best argues that

1320-625: The name of the ALF and Earth Liberation Front (ELF), "the names are interchangeable ... they're going to rename themselves depending on what actions they're doing." The existence of activists calling themselves the Revolutionary Cells or Animal Rights Militia (ARM), another name used to inflict violence, reflects a struggle within the Animal Liberation Front and the animal rights movement in general, between those who believe violence and terror tactics are justified, and those who insist

1364-513: The outer shell or inside of the bomb to increase the lethality of the device. Pipe bombs concentrate pressure and release it suddenly, through the failure of the outer casing. Plastic materials can be used, but metals typically have a much higher bursting strength and so will produce more concussive force. For example, common schedule 40 1-inch (25 mm) wrought steel pipe has a typical working pressure of 1,010 psi (7.0 MPa), and bursting pressure of 8,090 psi (55.8 MPa), though

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1408-418: The pipe sealing method can significantly reduce the burst pressure. The pipe can rupture in different ways, depending on the rate of pressure rise and the ductility of the casing material. Pipe bombs can fail to explode if the gas pressure buildup is too slow, resulting in bleed-out through the detonator ignition hole. Insufficiently tight threading can also bleed gas pressure through the threads faster than

1452-547: The plant temporarily closed down. The amount settled in 2008 was for $ 30m. On August 27, 2003 two bombs exploded at Chiron's headquarters in Emeryville, California. A group calling itself Revolutionary Cells e-mailed a statement to reporters taking credit for the bombing and claimed that their action was due to Chiron's past contracts with Huntingdon Life Sciences , a contract research firm that conducts experiments on animals. The FBI has named Daniel Andreas San Diego as

1496-599: The principle of extensional self-defense mirrors the penal code statues known as the " necessity defense ," which can be invoked when a defendant believes that the illegal act was necessary to avoid imminent and great harm. He also argues that is not just a theory, but policy in some African countries where governments hire armed soldiers to protect endangered wildlife from poachers who wish to sell their body parts in international markets: "Pacifists cannot stop poachers, but bullets can, and while many measures must be taken to protect endangered species, right now armed soldiers are

1540-563: The second device was discovered and the area cleared before the explosion. In September 2003, the RCALB took responsibility for another bombing, this time at the offices of Shaklee Inc. in Pleasanton, California . Shaklee was targeted because its parent company, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical , does business with HLS. The attackers are said to be linked to Daniel Andreas San Diego , who was featured on America's Most Wanted and has been placed on

1584-575: The second-largest flu vaccines provider and the fifth-largest vaccines business in the world. In 1998, Chiron's nucleic acid testing (NAT) blood-testing business was launched in cooperation with Gen-Probe, followed a year later by the launch of the Procleix system, which detects viral RNA and DNA in donated blood and plasma during the very early stages of infection, when those infectious agents are present but cannot be detected by immunodiagnostic tests. Chiron expanded its cancer drug portfolio in 2002 with

1628-718: The viral agent responsible for 80 to 90% of non-A and non-B post-transfusion hepatitis—the agent called hepatitis C virus . For this ground breaking discovery, Michael Houghton was one of the winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine. In 1988, Chiron formed a joint venture company, called Mimesys Inc., with Johnson & Johnson and the Warner-Lambert Company , to develop the next generation of biotech drugs. The following year Chiron recruited Gregory Lawless, who had come from DuPont , to take over as president and CEO. This led to additional buying that included

1672-562: Was announced that 4 million doses of the vaccine were potentially contaminated with Serratia marcescens . It later emerged that the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) may have been aware of the problem nine months earlier, but a miscommunication between the company and the FDA left the problem unsolved until the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency), the British equivalent of

1716-616: Was approved in United States for the treatment of metastatic melanoma ; previously it was only approved for use with kidney cancer . This was followed a year later by Betaseron , a beta interferon, the first treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and made by Berlex Laboratories Inc. In 1997 Chiron provided the active ingredient, becaplermin , in Regranex , a topical treatment for diabetic foot ulcers, manufactured by Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Inc. In 2001, Chiron acquired PathoGenesis for its antibiotic drug Tobi ,

1760-515: Was founded in 1981 by chairman, William J. Rutter , president and chief executive, Professor Edward Penhoet, and vice president for research, Pablo DT Valenzuela . All were academics from the University of California ; Penhoet at Berkeley , where he continued to lecture, and the others from San Francisco . Chiron formed a partnership with the Swiss pharmaceutical giant, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., through

1804-439: Was in three main areas: biopharmaceuticals , vaccines , and blood testing . Chiron's vaccines and blood testing units were combined to form Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, while Chiron BioPharmaceuticals was integrated into Novartis Pharmaceuticals. In 2014, Novartis completed the sale of its blood transfusion diagnostics unit to Grifols and announced agreements for the sale of its vaccines unit to GlaxoSmithKline . Chiron

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1848-473: Was reached where Roche Holding A.G. agreed to buy the global semi-exclusive nucleic acid test (NAT) patents for HCV and HIV from Chiron. Bayer, the company which bought Chiron Diagnostics, sued Chiron Corporation in 2002 citing that it hid patent and equipment problems from them during purchase negotiations. The case filed in Delaware alleged breach of warranty, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, violation of

1892-505: Was rebuffed, but after the bid was substantially enhanced, Chiron was sold, and became part of Novartis in April, 2006. A year later, parts of ex-Chiron were sold in part and leased in part to Bayer. In 2011 Bayer announced it was withdrawing from a manufacturing plant it had leased from Novartis. and Novartis finally divested most of the former Chiron assets in 2013 as part of a global reorganization. Pipe bombs A pipe bomb

1936-416: Was targeted because of a contract with Huntingdon Life Sciences , a New Jersey –based animal testing contractor. A group calling itself Revolutionary Cells of the Animal Liberation Brigade e-mailed a statement to reporters taking credit for the bombing which was also sent to the Bite Back website. One of the bombs exploded an hour after the first, although no casualties resulted from the second blast, as

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