103-580: Anita Jane Bryant (born March 25, 1940) is a retired American singer and anti-gay activist. She had three top 20 hits in the United States in the early 1960s. She was the 1958 Miss Oklahoma beauty pageant winner, and a brand ambassador from 1969 to 1980 for the Florida Citrus Commission . From 1977 to 1980, Bryant was an outspoken opponent of gay rights in the U.S. In 1977, she ran the " Save Our Children " campaign to repeal
206-423: A 1980 Ladies' Home Journal article she said, "The church needs to wake up and find some way to cope with divorce and women's problems." She also expressed some sympathy for feminist aspirations, given her own experiences of emotional abuse within her previous marriage. Bryant also commented on her anti-gay views and said, "I'm more inclined to say live and let live, just don't flaunt it or try to legalize it." In
309-534: A 2012 interview, her son Robert Green, Jr. said "she would be putting a lot more energy into fighting gay rights if she still felt as strongly." Bryant appeared in Michael Moore 's 1989 documentary film Roger & Me , in which she is interviewed and travels to Flint, Michigan , as part of the effort to revitalize its devastated local economy. Bryant married her second husband, Charlie Hobson Dry, in 1990. The couple tried to reestablish her music career in
412-453: A call to action for gay rights activists, and motivated many to picket her events, host anti-Bryant protests across the country, and increase attendance in and frequency of pride marches. Bryant led several more campaigns around the country to repeal local anti-discrimination ordinances, including campaigns in St. Paul, Minnesota ; Wichita, Kansas ; and Eugene, Oregon . In 1978, her success led to
515-1211: A controlled study of 64 heterosexual men (half said they were homophobic by experience, with self-reported orientation) at the University of Georgia found that men who were found to be homophobic (as measured by the Index of Homophobia) were considerably more likely to experience more erectile responses when exposed to homoerotic images than non-homophobic men. Weinstein and colleagues arrived at similar results when researchers found that students who came from controlling and homophobic homes were most likely to reveal repressed homosexual attraction. The researchers said that this explained why some religious leaders who denounce homosexuality are later revealed to have secret homosexual relations. One co-author said, "In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward." A 2016 eye-tracking study showed that heterosexual men with high negative impulse reactions toward homosexuals gazed for longer periods at homosexual imagery than other heterosexual men. According to Cheval et al. (2016), these findings reinforce
618-574: A country that has embraced science and rationalism, the DPRK recognizes that many individuals are born with homosexuality as a genetic trait and treats them with due respect. Homosexuals in the DPRK have never been subject to repression, as in many capitalist regimes around the world." Robert Mugabe , the former president of Zimbabwe, waged a violent campaign against LGBT people , arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. His first major public condemnation of homosexuality
721-604: A crime under Sharia Law and treated as such in most Muslim countries. In Afghanistan, for instance, homosexuality carried the death penalty under the Taliban . After their fall, homosexuality was reduced from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines and prison sentences. After the revolution of 1979 in Iran and the establishment of a new government based on Islamic Sharia, the pressure and punishment against LGBT people has expanded in this country. The legal situation in
824-727: A crime. Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . In 2008, the Roman Catholic Church issued a statement which "urges States to do away with criminal penalties against [homosexual persons]." The statement, however,
927-520: A cult figure among Dutch gays. Steve Gerber , in his Howard the Duck for Marvel Comics , made an organization called the Sinister S.O.O.F.I. (Save Our Offspring from Indecency) who were led by Anita Bryant. Although it was not explicitly stated, even The New York Times called the implication "transparent". Bryant was regularly lampooned on Saturday Night Live , sometimes with her politics as
1030-821: A family devoted to Christ." Bryant sang " The Battle Hymn of the Republic " during the half-time show of Super Bowl V in 1971, and at the graveside services for President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. Bryant hosted a two-hour television special, The Anita Bryant Spectacular , in March 1980. She recounted her autobiography, appeared in medleys of prerecorded songs, and interviewed Pat Boone . The West Point Glee Club and General William Westmoreland participated. In 1977, Dade County, Florida , passed an ordinance sponsored by Bryant's former friend Ruth Shack that prohibited discrimination on
1133-547: A higher rate of suicide among LGBT youth (up to 30 percent of non-heterosexual youth attempt suicide) has been attributed to this phenomenon. Psychotherapy, such as gay affirmative psychotherapy , and participation in a sexual-minority affirming group can help resolve the internal conflicts, such as between religious beliefs and sexual identity. Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. Many diagnostic "Internalized Homophobia Scales" can be used to measure
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#17327806940981236-481: A local ordinance in Miami-Dade County, Florida , that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her involvement with the campaign was condemned by gay rights activists. They were assisted by many other prominent figures in music, film, and television, and retaliated by boycotting the orange juice that she promoted. Though the campaign ended successfully with a 69% majority vote to repeal
1339-493: A model Christian spokeswoman to that of a self-righteous bigot. The decline of her reputation was aided by Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, and other talk-show hosts and comedians, as they mocked her and her actions to the greater public. This led to many of her endorsements being cancelled and sponsors to drop her from their labels as she seemed to be a liability to them. With three of her four children, she moved from Miami to Selma, Alabama , and later to Atlanta , Georgia. In
1442-529: A negative economic impact for the countries where it is widespread. In these countries there is a flight of their LGBT populations—with the consequent loss of talent—as well as an avoidance of LGBT tourism , that leaves the pink money in LGBT-friendlier countries. As an example, LGBT tourists contribute 6.8 billion dollars every year to the Spanish economy . As soon as 2005, an editorial from
1545-535: A new rendition of "Little Things Mean a Lot", arranged by Frank Hunter. Bryant also released several albums of religious music. Bryant had a moderate pop hit with the song " Till There Was You " (1959, US No. 30), from the Broadway production The Music Man . She also had three hits that reached the Top 20 in the U.S.: " Paper Roses " (1960, US No. 5, and covered by Marie Osmond 13 years later), " In My Little Corner of
1648-419: A person feels the need to promote or conform to cultural expectations of heteronormativity or heterosexism . This can include repression and denial coupled with forced outward displays of heteronormative behavior for the purpose of appearing or attempting to feel "normal" or "accepted". Other expressions of internalized homophobia can also be subtle. Some less overt behaviors may include making assumptions about
1751-557: A person's discomfort with their sexuality and some can be used by people regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Critics of the scales note that they presume a discomfort with non-heterosexuality which in itself enforces heternormativity. The fear of being identified as gay can be considered as a form of social homophobia. Theorists including Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men
1854-571: A personality profile to describe the psychological aversion to homosexuality. Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book Society and the Healthy Homosexual , published one year before the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders . Weinberg's term became an important tool for gay and lesbian activists, advocates, and their allies. He describes
1957-517: A principal antagonist in the 2008 American biographical film Milk , about the life of gay rights activist and politician Harvey Milk . She was also portrayed as the principal antagonist in the 2011 play, Anita Bryant Died for Your Sins. In May 2013, producers announced plans for a biographical HBO film based on Bryant's life to star Uma Thurman , with a script from gay screenwriter Chad Hodge . Long languishing in development, as of 2019, Ashley Judd and Neil Patrick Harris have been attached to
2060-482: A run for the presidency—all voiced opposition to the initiative, and it ultimately suffered a massive defeat at the polls. In 1998, the Miami-Dade County Commission reinstated the ordinance protecting individuals from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, by a narrow 7–6 vote. In 2002, a ballot initiative to repeal the 1998 law, called Amendment 14, was voted down by 56 percent of
2163-528: A series of small venues, including Branson, Missouri , and Pigeon Forge, Tennessee , where they opened Anita Bryant's Music Mansion. The establishment combined Bryant's performances of her successful songs from early in her career with a "lengthy segment in which she preached her Christian beliefs". The venture was not successful and the Music Mansion, which had missed meeting payrolls at times, filed for bankruptcy in 2001 with Bryant and Dry leaving behind
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#17327806940982266-682: A series of unpaid employees and creditors. Bryant also spent part of the 1990s in Branson, Missouri , where the state and federal governments both filed liens claiming more than $ 116,000 in unpaid taxes. Bryant and Dry had also filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Arkansas in 1997 after piling up bills from a failed Anita Bryant show in Eureka Springs ; among the debts were more than $ 172,000 (equivalent to about $ 326,000 in 2023) in unpaid state and federal taxes. In 1996, Bryant said she
2369-414: A specified thing." Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others. There were also ideas to classify homophobia and other types of bigotry as intolerant personality disorder . In 1992, the American Psychiatric Association , recognizing
2472-482: A televised appearance in Des Moines, Iowa , she repeatedly said she "loves homosexuals, but hates their sin." During this appearance, Bryant became one of the first people to be publicly " pied " as part of a political protest. She had a pie thrown at her by Thom L. Higgins (1950–1994). Bryant quipped "At least it's a fruit pie," making a pun on the derogatory slur of "fruit" for a gay man. While covered in pie after
2575-406: A television interview that Oscar Wilde 's A Woman of No Importance referred to her). Johnny Carson also made Bryant a regular target of ridicule in his nightly monologues. In 1978, Bryant and Bob Green told the story of their campaign in the book At Any Cost . The gay community continued to regard Bryant's name as synonymous with bigotry and homophobia . But at the same time, her name became
2678-691: A threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation . Homophobia is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced according to ethnicity , age, geographic location, race, sex, social class, education, partisan identification and religion. According to UK HIV/AIDS charity AVERT , religious views, lack of homosexual feelings or experiences, and lack of interaction with gay people are strongly associated with such views. The anxiety of heterosexual individuals (particularly adolescents whose construction of heterosexual masculinity
2781-422: A tradition of secrecy. In some regions, gay people have been persecuted and murdered by Islamist militias, such as Al-Nusra Front and ISIL in parts of Iraq and Syria. State-sponsored homophobia includes the criminalization and penalization of homosexuality, hate speech from government figures, and other forms of discrimination, violence, persecution of LGBT people. In medieval Europe , homosexuality
2884-557: A woman, although she was having difficulty deciding whether she should invite her grandmother to the ceremony. Bryant's name has frequently been invoked as a prototypical example of opposition to LGBT rights . When Elton John was criticized for touring Russia in 1979, he responded: "I wouldn't say I won't tour in America because I can't stand Anita Bryant". In his song " Mañana ", Jimmy Buffett sings "I hope Anita Bryant never ever does one of my songs". In 1978, David Allan Coe recorded
2987-690: A worldwide economic cost of $ 119.1 billion. Economical loss in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars due to homophobia, and in Latin America & the Caribbean it was 8.04 billion dollars. Economical cost in East Asia and Middle Asia was 10.85 billion dollars. Economical cost in Middle East and North Africa was 16.92 billion dollars. The researcher suggested that a 1% decrease in
3090-524: Is a blend of (1) the word homo sexual , itself a mix of neo-classical morphemes , and (2) phobia from the Greek φόβος , phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". Weinberg is credited as the first person to have used the term in speech. The word homophobia first appeared in print in an article written for the 23 May 1969 edition of the American pornographic magazine Screw , in which
3193-536: Is a condition characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one's idealized self-image , causing anxiety and a desire to change one's orientation or become more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires. In other cases, a conscious internal struggle may occur for some time, often pitting deeply held religious or social beliefs against strong sexual and emotional desires. This discordance can cause clinical depression, and
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3296-422: Is about 1% of its GDP. Taking into account that in 2015 homosexuality is still illegal in 36 of the 54 African countries, the money loss due to homophobia in the continent could amount to hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Another study regarding socioecological measurement of homophobia and its public health impact for 158 countries was conducted in 2018. It found that the prejudice against gay people has
3399-479: Is also very common in schools in the United Kingdom. At least 445 LGBT Brazilians were either murdered or committed suicide in 2017. In some cases, the works of authors who merely have the word "Gay" in their name ( Gay Talese , Peter Gay ) or works about things also contain the name ( Enola Gay ) have been destroyed because of a perceived pro-homosexual bias. In the United States, attitudes vary on
3502-489: Is based in part on not being seen as gay) that others may identify them as gay has also been identified by Michael Kimmel as an example of homophobia. The taunting of boys seen as eccentric (and who are not usually gay) is said to be endemic in rural and suburban American schools , and has been associated with risk-taking behavior and outbursts of violence (such as a spate of school shootings ) by boys seeking revenge or trying to assert their masculinity. Homophobic bullying
3605-399: Is correlated with insecurity about masculinity. For this reason, homophobia is allegedly rampant in sports, and in the subculture of its supporters that is considered stereotypically male, such as association football and rugby . Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity. Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as
3708-462: Is illegal in 74 countries. The North Korean government condemns Western gay culture as a vice caused by the decadence of a capitalist society , and it denounces it as promoting consumerism , classism , and promiscuity. In North Korea, "violating the rules of collective socialist life" can be punished with up to two years' imprisonment. However, according to the North Korean government, "As
3811-495: Is internal reason to conclude that the most political books were pasted together by several hands from various sources." Anti-gay Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian , gay or bisexual . It has been defined as contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, or antipathy , may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs. Homophobia
3914-460: Is like a day without sunshine" were sold to push the anti-discrimination movement further. Sales and proceeds went to gay rights activists to help fund their fight against Bryant and her campaign. In 1977, Florida legislators approved a measure prohibiting gay adoption . The ban was overturned more than 30 years later when, on November 25, 2008, Miami-Dade Circuit Court Judge Cindy S. Lederman declared it unconstitutional. On October 14, 1977, during
4017-463: Is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood." One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Janet Baker has been used to argue that negative feelings towards gay people are also associated with other discriminatory behaviors. According to
4120-457: Is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual . Recognized types of homophobia include institutionalized homophobia, e.g. religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, and internalized homophobia, experienced by people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify. According to 2010 Hate Crimes Statistics released by
4223-511: Is opposed by a number of conservative evangelicals, including Robert A. J. Gagnon . The official teaching of the Catholic Church regarding homosexuality is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. In the United States, a February 2012 Pew Research Center poll shows that Catholics support gay marriage by a margin of 52% to 37%. That is a shift upwards from 2010, when 46% of Catholics favored gay marriage. The Catechism of
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4326-555: Is the International Day Against Homophobia (or IDAHO), first celebrated 17 May 2005, in related activities in more than 40 countries. The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In addition to public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in hate speech , hate crime , and laws against discrimination on
4429-744: The New York Times related the politics of don't ask, don't tell in the US Army with the lack of translators from Arabic, and with the delay in the translation of Arabic documents, calculated to be about 120,000 hours at the time. Since 1998, with the introduction of the new policy, about 20 Arabic translators had been expelled from the Army, specifically during the years the US was involved in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . M. V. Lee Badgett, an economist at
4532-870: The Briggs Initiative in California, which would have made pro-gay statements regarding homosexual people or homosexuality by any public school employee cause for dismissal. Grassroots liberal organizations, chiefly in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area , organized to defeat the initiative. Days before the election, the California Democratic Party opposed the proposed legislation. President Jimmy Carter , Governor Jerry Brown , former president Gerald Ford , and former governor Ronald Reagan —then planning
4635-564: The Christian right , who cited the indissolubility of Christian marriage . Bryant married her second husband, Charlie Hobson Dry, in 1990. She is a member of Victory Church in Warr Acres, Oklahoma , a nondenominational evangelical church. They remained married until his death in 2024. In 2021, Bryant's granddaughter, Sarah Green, came out publicly on an episode of Slate's One Year podcast series by announcing her pending marriage to
4738-571: The General Synod of the Church of England voted to refuse to condemn homosexuality. However, when taken literally, homophobia may be a problematic term. Professor David A. F. Haaga says that contemporary usage includes "a wide range of negative emotions , attitudes and behaviours toward homosexual people," which are characteristics that are not consistent with accepted definitions of phobias, that of "an intense, illogical, or abnormal fear of
4841-511: The University of Massachusetts Amherst , presented in March 2014 in a meeting of the World Bank the results of a study about the economic impact of homophobia in India. Only in health expenses, caused by depression, suicide, and HIV treatment, India would have spent additional 23,100 million dollars due to homophobia. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of
4944-922: The Vietnam War . Bryant was given the Silver Medallion Award from the National Guard for "outstanding service by an entertainer", and the Veterans of Foreign Wars Leadership Gold Medallion. Between 1964 and 1969, Bryant performed at multiple White House functions, including both the Democratic Convention in Chicago and the Miami Republican Convention in 1968. In 1967, with I Believe she moved towards gospel which would also characterize
5047-641: The "extensive national publicity arising from [Bryant's] controversial political activities." In 1978, while a member of a Baptist church, she ran for vice president of the Southern Baptist Convention , but lost. Several leaders disagreed with how she rejected civil rights for gay people. Bryant's marriage to Bob Green also failed at that time, and in 1980 she divorced him, citing emotional abuse and latent suicidal thoughts. Green refused to accept this, saying that his fundamentalist religious beliefs did not recognize civil divorce and that she
5150-664: The 1970s, Bryant was teamed up with the Disney Character " Orange Bird ", with whom she appeared in several orange juice commercials. She also sang the Orange Bird Song and narrated the Orange Bird record album, with music written by the Sherman Brothers . She also published her cookbook, Bless This Food: The Anita Bryant Family Cookbook, described as "Much more than a cookbook, this is the story of
5253-469: The 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c. 600 AD ) – have been termed homophobia by scholars, and it is used to describe an intolerance towards homosexuality and homosexuals that grew during the Middle Ages, especially by adherents of Islam and Christianity, the term itself is relatively new. Coined by George Weinberg , a psychologist, in the 1960s, the term homophobia
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#17327806940985356-577: The Amsterdam Concertgebouw . The nightly concert was intended to raise funds for an advertisement in Time , in which the Dutch nation was to call on the American people to protect the rights of minorities. In the song, Zangeres Zonder Naam compared Anita Bryant to Hitler and called on gays to fight for their rights. The song became an integral part of her repertoire and cemented her status as
5459-644: The Bible. Leviticus 18:22 says "Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination." The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is also commonly seen as a condemnation of homosexuality. Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality may often cite such passages; the historical context and interpretation of which is more complicated. Scholarly debate over the interpretation of these passages has tended to focus on placing them in proper historical context, for instance pointing out that Sodom's sins are historically interpreted as being other than homosexuality, and on
5562-464: The Catholic Church states that, " 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.'...They are contrary to the natural law.... Under no circumstances can they be approved." In some cases, the distinction between religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia is not clear, a key example being territories under Islamic authority. All major Islamic sects forbid homosexuality , which is
5665-622: The City , used Anita Bryant's "Save Our Children" campaign to prompt a principal character to come out of the closet . In the cold open of a 2005 episode of Will and Grace , 'Dance Cards and Greeting Cards', Karen Walker refers to Bryant as her former arch nemesis and references Bryant's former position as the spokesman for the Florida Citrus Commission: "Well, I said the same thing to him I said to Anita: 'Squeeze your own oranges! ' ". Bryant appears in archive footage as
5768-570: The FBI National Press Office, 19.3 percent of hate crimes across the United States "were motivated by a sexual orientation bias." Moreover, in a Southern Poverty Law Center 2010 Intelligence Report extrapolating data from FBI national hate crime statistics from 1995 to 2008, found that LGBT people were "far more likely than any other minority group in the United States to be victimized by violent hate crime." Although sexual attitudes tracing back to Ancient Greece – from
5871-607: The Oklahoma City-based Anita Bryant Ministries International, and works with a host of charities and non-profits. Bryant was born in Barnsdall, Oklahoma , the daughter of Lenora A. (Berry) and Warren Bryant. After her parents divorced, her father went into the U.S. Army and her mother went to work as a clerk for Tinker Air Force Base , taking her children to live with their grandparents temporarily. She began singing at
5974-609: The United Arab Emirates, however, is unclear. In 2009, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) published a report entitled State Sponsored Homophobia 2009 , which is based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal: In 2001, Al-Muhajiroun , an international organization seeking
6077-631: The World " (1960, US No. 10), and " Wonderland by Night " (1961, US No. 18), originally a hit for Bert Kaempfert . "Paper Roses", "In My Little Corner of the World", and "Till There Was You", each sold over one million copies, and were awarded a gold disc by the RIAA . From 1961 until 1968, Bryant frequently joined Bob Hope on holiday tours for the United Service Organizations . She again traveled with Hope for televised shows during
6180-587: The age of 2 at the First Baptist church in Barnsdall, with " Jesus Loves Me ". She was singing onstage at the age of six, at local fairgrounds in Oklahoma . She sang occasionally on radio and television, and was invited to audition when Arthur Godfrey 's talent show came to town. At age 12, she had her television show The Anita Bryant Show , which aired on WKY. Bryant became Miss Oklahoma in 1958, and
6283-481: The assault, she began to pray to God to forgive the activist "for his deviant lifestyle" before bursting into tears as the cameras continued rolling. Bryant's husband said that he would not retaliate, but followed the protesters outside and threw a pie at them. By this time, gay activists ensured that the boycott on Florida orange juice had become more prominent and it was supported by many celebrities, including Jane Fonda , Paul Williams , and Vincent Price (he joked in
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#17327806940986386-485: The basis of sexual orientation . Bryant led a highly publicized campaign to repeal the ordinance, as the leader of a coalition named Save Our Children . The singer was especially concerned about the fact that the ordinance risked authorizing homosexual people to work in Christian schools and become role-models, because her own children were enrolled there. The campaign was based on conservative Christian beliefs regarding
6489-623: The basis of partisan identification. Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to have negative attitudes about gays and lesbians, according to surveys conducted by the National Election Studies from 2000 through 2004. Homophobia also varies by region; statistics show that the Southern United States has more reports of anti-gay prejudice than any other region in the US. In a 1998 address, civil rights leader Coretta Scott King stated, "Homophobia
6592-491: The beginning of an organized opposition to gay rights that spread across the nation. Jerry Falwell went to Miami to help Bryant. She made the following statements during the campaign: "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children" and "If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters ." She also said, "All America and all
6695-454: The concept as a medical phobia : [A] phobia about homosexuals.... It was a fear of homosexuals which seemed to be associated with a fear of contagion, a fear of reducing the things one fought for — home and family. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always does. In 1981, homophobia was used for the first time in The Times (of London) to report that
6798-499: The encouragement of the ruling Law and Justice party. Since 2006, under Vladimir Putin , regions in Russia have enacted varying laws restricting the distribution of materials promoting LGBT relationships to minors. In June 2013, a federal law criminalizing the distribution of materials among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships was enacted as an amendment to an existing child protection law . The law resulted in
6901-458: The establishment of a global Islamic caliphate , issued a fatwa declaring that all members of The Al-Fatiha Foundation (which advances the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims) were murtadd , or apostates , and condemning them to death. Because of the threat and because they come from conservative societies, many members of the foundation's site still prefer to be anonymous so as to protect their identities while they are continuing
7004-592: The family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. In total, she estimated for 2014 in India a loss of up to 30,800 million dollars, or 1.7% of the Indian GDP. The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria
7107-478: The film Airplane! , Leslie Nielsen 's character, upon seeing a large number of passengers become violently ill, vomit, and have uncontrollable flatulence, remarked: "I haven't seen anything like this since the Anita Bryant concert." Other television shows that targeted her were Soap , Designing Women , and The Golden Girls . She was also the target of mockery in the RiffTrax short Drugs Are Like That . Armistead Maupin , in his 1980 novel More Tales of
7210-416: The gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions acceptable in place of same-sex marriage . Researcher Iain R. Williamson finds the term homophobia to be "highly problematic," but for reasons of continuity and consistency with the majority of other publications on
7313-448: The idea of the gay community 'recruiting' children through child abuse to become homosexual themselves . When Shack and other leaders refused to vote in opposition to the ordinance as per her request, she pleaded with families directly "The recruitment of our children is absolutely necessary for the survival and growth of homosexuality… for since homosexuals cannot reproduce, they must recruit, must freshen their ranks." The campaign marked
7416-581: The issue retains its use rather than using more accurate but obscure terminology. The phrase internalized sexual stigma is sometimes used in place to represent internalized homophobia. An internalized stigma arises when a person believes negative stereotypes about themselves, regardless of where the stereotypes come from. It can also refer to many stereotypes beyond sexuality and gender roles . Internalized homophobia can cause discomfort with and disapproval of one's own sexual orientation . Ego-dystonic sexual orientation or egodystonic homophobia, for instance,
7519-958: The late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China due to interactions with the Christian West, and homosexual behavior was outlawed in 1740. During the Cultural Revolution , homosexuality was treated by the government as a "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and individuals who were homosexual widely faced persecution. Although there were no laws specifically against homosexuality, other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order." The Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long before many other European countries. The Soviet Communist Party effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all
7622-411: The level of homophobia is correlated with a 10% increase in the gross domestic product per capita – though this does not imply causation. A 2018 study by The Williams Institute ( UCLA School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and GDP per capita . According to this study, the legal rights of LGBT people have a bigger influence than the degree of acceptance in
7725-475: The most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat. To combat homophobia, the LGBT community uses events such as gay pride parades and political activism ( See gay pride ). Cities across the word use crossings repainted in rainbow colors for their annual pride parades. The first permanent crossings have been put on roads in Lambeth, England . One form of organized resistance to homophobia
7828-649: The music of her other albums. In 1969, Bryant became a spokeswoman for the Florida Citrus Commission, and nationally televised commercials featured her singing "Come to the Florida Sunshine Tree" and stating the commercials' tagline: "Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine." (Later, the slogan became, "It isn't just for breakfast anymore!") In addition during that time, she appeared in advertisements for Coca-Cola , Kraft Foods , Holiday Inn , and Tupperware . In
7931-652: The necessity to consider that homophobia might reflect concerns about sexuality in general and not homosexuality in particular. In contrast, Jesse Marczyk argued in Psychology Today that homophobia is not necessarily repressed homosexuality. The effect of these ideas depends on how much and which they have consciously and subconsciously internalized. These negative beliefs can be mitigated with education, life experience, and therapy, especially with gay-friendly psychotherapy/analysis. Internalized homophobia also applies to conscious or unconscious behaviors which
8034-597: The numerous arrests of Russian LGBT citizens. In 2023 the Russian Supreme Court declared that the international LGBT rights movement is an extremist organization. Internalized homophobia refers to negative stereotypes, beliefs, stigma, and prejudice about homosexuality and LGBTQ people that a person with same-sex attraction turns inward on themselves, whether or not they identify as LGBT. Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. In 1996,
8137-511: The old Tsarist laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal sexual policies in place. Lenin's emancipation was reversed a decade later by Joseph Stalin and homosexuality remained illegal under Article 121 until the Yeltsin era. In Nazi Germany , gay men were persecuted and approximately five to fifteen thousand were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps . Homosexuality
8240-404: The ordinance on June 7, 1977 (Dade County restored the ordinance in 1998), it permanently damaged her public image, and her contract with the Florida Citrus Commission was terminated three years later. This, as well as her later divorce from Bob Green, damaged her financially. Bryant never regained her former prominence and has filed for bankruptcy twice. She lives in her home state of Oklahoma, runs
8343-579: The power of the stigma against homosexuality, issued the following statement, reaffirmed by the Board of Trustees, July 2011: Whereas homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) calls on all international health organizations, psychiatric organizations, and individual psychiatrists in other countries to urge
8446-714: The project. Bryant is a frequently portrayed character at drag shows across the United States. Bryant is the subject of the musical The Loneliest Girl in the World, which had its world premiere run at Diversionary Theatre in San Diego during mid-2018. Archive footage of her was used in The Gospel of Eureka , a 2018 documentary by Michael Palmieri and Donal Mosher about the lives of LGBT individuals and evangelical Christians in Eureka Springs, Arkansas . Mark D. Jordan has written: "Many of her public statements, including her books, were ghostwritten by others, and there
8549-747: The repeal in their own countries of legislation that penalizes homosexual acts by consenting adults in private. Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur. Some world religions contain anti-homosexual teachings, while other religions have varying degrees of ambivalence, neutrality, or incorporate teachings that regard homosexuals as third gender . Even within some religions which generally discourage homosexuality, there may also be people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations bless or conduct same-sex marriages . There also exist so-called Queer religions , dedicated to serving
8652-404: The sinfulness of homosexuality and the proposed threat of homosexual recruitment of children and child molestation . Bryant stated: What these people really want, hidden behind obscure legal phrases, is the legal right to propose to our children that theirs is an acceptable alternate way of life. ... I will lead such a crusade to stop it as this country has not seen before. She also perpetuated
8755-484: The society, but both effects reinforce each other. A one-point increase in their LGBT Global Acceptance Index (GAI) showed an increase of $ 1,506 in GDP per capita, and one additional legal right was correlated with an increase of $ 1,694 in GDP per capita. Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International , condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults
8858-417: The song "Fuck Aneta Briant" [ sic ] on his album Nothing Sacred . California punk rock band Dead Kennedys referenced Bryant in their song "Moral Majority" from their 1981 EP In God We Trust, Inc. In 1977, the Dutch levenslied singer Zangeres Zonder Naam wrote the protest song "Luister Anita" ("Listen Up, Anita") on the occasion of the protest night "Miami Nightmare", organized in
8961-455: The spiritual needs of LGBTQI persons. Queer theology seeks to provide a counterpoint to religious homophobia. In 2015, attorney and author Roberta Kaplan stated that Kim Davis "is the clearest example of someone who wants to use a religious liberty argument to discriminate [against same-sex couples]." Passages commonly interpreted as condemning homosexuality or same-gender sexual relations are found in both Old and New Testaments of
9064-491: The study, hatred of gay people, antisemitism , and racism are "likely companions". Baker hypothesized "maybe it's a matter of power and looking down on all you think are at the bottom." A study performed in 2007 in the UK for the charity Stonewall reports that up to 90 percent of the population support anti-discrimination laws protecting gay and lesbian people. There are at least two studies which indicate that homophobia may have
9167-631: The success of Bryant's campaign galvanized her opponents, and the gay community retaliated against her by forming the Coalition for Human Rights and the Miami Victory Campaign, who organized a boycott of orange juice. Gay bars all over North America stopped serving screwdrivers and replaced them with the "Anita Bryant Cocktail", which was made with vodka and apple juice. Additionally, merchandise such as buttons, bumper stickers, and T-shirts with slogans like "A day without human rights
9270-418: The target, sometimes her reputation as a popular, traditional entertainer known for her commercials as the target, and sometimes targeting a combination of the two. Her name was also a frequent punchline on The Gong Show , such as the time host/producer Chuck Barris joked that Bryant was releasing a new Christmas album called Gay Tidings . Some references were less overtly political, but equally critical. In
9373-399: The translation of rare or unusual words in the passages in question. In Religion Dispatches magazine, Candace Chellew-Hodge argues that the six or so verses that are often cited to condemn LGBT people are referring instead to "abusive sex". She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject. This view
9476-538: The voters. The Florida statute forbidding gay adoption was upheld in 2004 by a federal appellate court against a constitutional challenge but was overturned by a Miami-Dade circuit court in November 2008. The fallout from Bryant's political activism hurt her business and entertainment career. In February 1977, the Singer Corporation rescinded an offer to sponsor an upcoming weekly variety show because of
9579-438: The word was used to refer to heterosexual men's fear that others might think they are gay. Conceptualizing anti-LGBT prejudice as a social problem worthy of scholarly attention was not new. A 1969 article in Time described examples of negative attitudes toward homosexuality as "homophobia", including "a mixture of revulsion and apprehension" which some called homosexual panic . In 1971, Kenneth Smith used homophobia as
9682-530: The world will hear what the people have said, and with God's continued help we will prevail in our fight to repeal similar laws throughout the nation." The name of the campaign had to be changed to "Protect America's Children" because of legal action by the Save the Children foundation. On June 7, 1977, Bryant's campaign led to a repeal of the anti-discrimination ordinance by a margin of 69 to 31 percent. However,
9785-434: The world, including "Canadian Sunset" and "I Love Paris". Bryant's compilation album, Greatest Hits (1963), contains both her original Carlton hits (because Columbia purchased all the masters from Carlton) plus sides from her Columbia recordings, including "Paper Roses" and "Step by Step, Little by Little". In 1964, she released The World of Lonely People , containing, in addition to the title song, "Welcome, Welcome Home" and
9888-612: Was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of
9991-586: Was considered sodomy and was punishable by death. Persecutions reached their height during the Medieval Inquisitions , when the sects of Cathars and Waldensians were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside accusations of Satanism . In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the Trial of the Knights Templar . The theologian Thomas Aquinas
10094-553: Was happy to be out of show business. In 2005, Bryant returned to Barnsdall to attend the town's 100th anniversary celebration and to have a street renamed in her honor. In 2006, she founded Anita Bryant Ministries International in Oklahoma City . In 1960, Bryant married Bob Green (1931–2012), a Miami disc jockey, with whom she eventually raised four children: Robert Jr. (Bobby), Gloria, and twins Billy and Barbara. She divorced him in 1980, attracting allegations of hypocrisy from
10197-717: Was in August 1995, during the Zimbabwe International Book Fair . He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police!" In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. In 1997, a court found Canaan Banana , Mugabe's predecessor and the first President of Zimbabwe, guilty of 11 counts of sodomy and indecent assault . In Poland, local towns, cities, and Voivodeship sejmiks have declared their respective regions as LGBT ideology free zone with
10300-462: Was influential in linking condemnation of homosexuality with the idea of natural law , arguing that "special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that run counter to the intercourse of male and female natural to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices." Although bisexuality was accepted as normal human behavior in Ancient China, homophobia became ingrained in
10403-477: Was released in 1959, contained "Till There Was You" and songs from other Broadway shows. Her second album, Hear Anita Bryant in Your Home Tonight (1961), contains "Paper Roses" and "Wonderland by Night", as well as several songs that first appeared in her singles. Her third album, In My Little Corner of the World , also in 1961, contains the title song and other songs that have to do with places around
10506-535: Was second runner-up in the 1959 Miss America pageant (held September 6, 1958) at age 18, right after graduating from Tulsa's Will Rogers High School . She appeared early in her career on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood and on the same network's The Ford Show , starring Tennessee Ernie Ford . Bryant released several albums on the Carlton and Columbia labels. Her first album, Anita Bryant , which
10609-486: Was still his wife "in God's eyes". Some Christian fundamentalist audiences and venues shunned Bryant after her divorce. Because she was no longer invited to appear at their events, she lost a major source of income. The Florida Citrus Commission also allowed her contract to lapse after the divorce, stating that Bryant had "worn out" as a spokesperson. Bryant rapidly became an object of ridicule, as her image shifted from being
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