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56-520: Ankawa was originally called Beth Amka, which later morphed to Amku-Bad, Ankava, and finally Ankawa. The name of the town is mentioned in Bar Hebraeus 's book entitled "A Brief History of the Countries," where he states: " Mongolian troops attacked the area of Erbil on Sunday July 1285 and reached some villages   ... including Ankawa." The shrine of Mary also known as Mariamana was built after

112-611: A hermit . From Antioch Bar Hebraeus went to Tripoli in Phoenicia (actually in the County of Tripoli , a Crusader state in his time), and studied rhetoric and medicine. In 1246, he was consecrated bishop of Gubos by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Ignatius III David , and in 1252 he was transferred to Aleppo . In 1255 he was again transferred to the see of Laqabin and finally

168-695: A Kurdish village and marginalizing them politically. According to Sweden-based economist David Ghanim, the goal of some tactics of the KRG had been to push Shabak and Yazidi communities to identify as Kurds , which has been strongly denied by KRG authorities. He also claimed that the Kurdish authorities are working to impose Kurdish identity on the Yazidis and the Shabaks. The Kurdish regional government has also been accused of trying to Kurdify other regions such as

224-549: A few translations of Arabic works into Syriac, as well as some treatises written in Arabic. The most important work of Bar Hebraeus is Awsar Raze , "Storehouse of Secrets", a commentary on the entire Bible , both doctrinal and critical. Before giving his doctrinal exposition of a passage, he first considers its critical state. Although he uses the Peshitta as a basis, he knows that it is not perfect, and therefore controls it by

280-545: A large Afshar Turkmen village in Diyarbakır. There were overall 8 such villages which also didn't know any Kurdish and were exiled to the region after the Kozanoğlu rebellion in 1865. As historically 30 thousand tents were exiled to the region, Kemal asked the elders why they were only 8 villages. The elders responded that the rest got Kurdified, because they were Sunnis, while these last 8 villages were Alevis and didn't interact with

336-642: A quarter of the population, believing that various Kurdification methods could help subdue a large portion of the Turkmen and Arab population. Liz Sly of the Washington Post stated: "The Kurds formally renamed Tal Abyad with a Kurdish name, "Gire Spi", and proclaim its new identity in signs throughout the town — written in the Latin script used by Turkish Kurds but not readily understood by Syrian Kurds or Arabs. They have also unilaterally detached it from

392-662: A single common ground that is without any difference between them. In this field, we have from Bar Hebraeus Menarath Qudhshe , "Lamp of the Sanctuary", and the Kethabha dhe-Zalge , "Book of Rays", a summary of the first. These works have not been published, and exist in manuscript in Paris , Berlin , London, Oxford, and Rome . Ascetical and moral theology were also treated by Bar Hebraeus, and we have from him Kethabha dhe-Ithiqon , "Book of Ethics", and Kethabha dhe-Yauna , "Book of

448-465: Is a translation by Paul of Tella. His exegetical and doctrinal portions are taken from the Greek Fathers and previous Syriac Orthodox theologians. No complete edition of the work has yet been issued, but many individual books have been published at different times. Bar Hebraeus has left a large ecclesiastical history called Makhtbhanuth Zabhne ( Chronicon ), in which he considers history from

504-736: Is also home to Cathedral of Saint Joseph (Umra d'Mar Yosip) , the seat of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil . Ankawa used to be a small village located northwest of Erbil, but has grown into a city in its own right. The city has recently become a principal settlement for Christians in Iraq . One of the main reasons for the town's population rise is due to the ISIS takeover of the Nineveh Plains in 2014 after KRG security forces forcibly disarmed local populations in

560-539: Is called the "Book of Splendours" (Ktābā d-ṣemḥe). Both were edited by Paulin Martin in 1872. Beside previously mentioned, Bar Hebraeus has left many other works on mathematics, astronomy, cosmography, medicine and philosophy, some of which have been published, but others exist only in manuscripts. The more important of them are: A full list of Bar Hebraeus's other works, and of editions of such of them as have been published, can be found in several scholarly works. He

616-545: Is different from country to country. In Turkish Kurdistan, many ethnic Armenians , Bulgarians , Circassians , Chechens , Ingushs , and Ossetians have become Kurdified as a result of fleeing to the region and having subsequently assimilated to the Kurdish culture and language. Throughout history, many Turkic tribes either settled or were forced to settle in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an interview from 1996, Kurdish writer Yaşar Kemal described his visit to

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672-574: Is known as the Chronicon Syriacum . The standard edition of the Chronicon Syriacum is that of Paul Bedjan . An English translation by E. A. Wallis Budge was published in 1932. This was to give context to the second portion, known as the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum and covering the religious history. That section begins with Aaron and consists of a series of entries of important individuals. The first half covers

728-651: Is not substantiated by other facts. The name may refer to the ancestral origin of his family from ʿEbrā, a village by the Euphrates near Malatya , the city in which he grew up. A few Syriac sources give Bar Hebraeus's full Arabic name as Jamāluddīn Abū'l-Faraj Ġrīġūriyūs bin Tājuddīn Hārūn bin Tūmā al-Malaṭī ( Arabic : جمال الدين ابو الفرج غريغوريوس بن تاج الدين هارون بن توما الملطي ). However, all references to this longer name are posthumous. The Syriac nickname Bar ʿEbrāyā

784-620: Is regarded as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church , who hold his feast day on July 30. Kurdification Ancient Medieval Modern Kurdification is a cultural change in which people, territory, or language become Kurdish . This can happen both naturally (as in Turkish Kurdistan ) or as a deliberate government policy (as in Iraq after the 2003 invasion ). The notion of Kurdification

840-647: Is sometimes arabised as ibn al-ʿIbrī ( Arabic : ابن العبري ). E. A. W. Budge says Bar Hebraeus was given the baptismal name John ( Syriac : ܝܘܚܢܢ , Yōḥanan ), but this may be a scribal error. As a Syriac bishop, Bar Hebraeus is often given the honorific Mār ( Syriac : ܡܪܝ , pronounced Mor in West Syriac dialect), and thus Mar/Mor Gregory . He is also known as Abu'l Faraj (in Latin , Abulpharagius). A Syriac bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, biblical commentator, historian, and theologian, Bar Hebraeus

896-616: Is to be found in Angelo Mai , "Scriptorum Veter. Nova Collectio", vol. x. Linguistic works of Gregory Bar Hebraeus resulted from his studies of Syriac language and Syriac literature . He wrote two major grammatical works. First is the " Book of grammar in the meter of Mor Ephrem ", also known as the " Metrical Grammar ", written in verses with commentaries, and extant in some 140 copies from various periods. In that work, he referred to his native language both as Aramaic (ārāmāytā) and Syriac (sûryāyā). His other grammatical work

952-829: The Circassia region (part of the Russian Empire ) during the ethnic cleansing of Circassians . Concurrently with the Circassian migration, Ossetians settled in the villages of Xulik (Otluyazı) and Ağcaviran (Akçaören) in Ahlat. According to the Russian intelligence officer Aleksandr Kolyubakin, no less than 1,500 Ossetians lived in the Sanjak of Muş in the late 1880s. Chechens and Ingushs mostly settled in Varto area, in

1008-534: The Creation down to his own day. Bar Hebraeus used almost all that had been written before him, showing particular favor to the now lost chronographic records published by Theophilus of Edessa (late 8th century, although he has this only through Michael the Syrian and other dependents). The work is divided into two portions, often transmitted separately. The first portion deals with political and civil history and

1064-605: The Latin West , was a Maphrian (regional primate ) of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1264 to 1286. He was a prominent writer, who created various works in the fields of Christian theology , philosophy, history, linguistics, and poetry. For his contributions to the development of Syriac literature , has been praised as one of the most learned and versatile writers among Syriac Orthodox Christians. In his numerous and elaborate treatises, he collected as much contemporary knowledge in theology, philosophy, science and history as

1120-460: The Nineveh Plains and Kirkuk by providing financial support for Kurds who want to settle in those areas. While Kurdish forces held the city of Kirkuk , Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. Turkmen and Arab residents in Kirkuk experienced intimidation, harassment and were forced to leave their homes, in order to increase the Kurdish demographic in Kirkuk and bolster their claims to

1176-565: The Shapsug tribe arrived in the Kurdish areas of Ahlat and Adilcevaz and settled in the three Kurdish villages of Yoğurtyemez, Xanik (Çukurtarla), Develik and founded the village of Koxiş (Yolçatı). The first big wave of Caucasian refugees to Kurdistan was in 1864 when 15,000 to 20,000 refugees settled in Sarıkamış , founding new villages and settling in abandoned Greek and Armenian villages. The largest group of refugees were Circassias who fled

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1232-543: The 1950s and the later abandonment of villages due to the Kurdish-Turkish conflict caused many Kurds to migrate to nearby cities that were losing their native population such as Diyarbakır but also to distant cities like Mersin, either mostly or partially Kurdifying the ethnic makeup. The aim of the resettlements and depopulation of the Kurdish population from villages to the cities were the Turkification of

1288-597: The API provided was the KRG's denial of accusations made by Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , and the US Department of State Human Rights Report. The report goes on to say that the reason that the API had originally made the claim about the KRG tax policy was due to an Ankawa-based activist group called Hand in Hand approaching them and explaining the situation to them. The report also provided documentation of

1344-641: The Christians. More recently during the Syrian Civil War , many states, NGOs such as Human Rights Watch, and more than a dozen of Syrian rebel groups accused the Syrian Democratic Forces of Kurdifying traditional Arab and Turkmen lands. In 2015, Amnesty International disclosed allegations of unjustified forced displacement, demolition of homes, and the seizure and destruction of property of Arabs and Turkmens (including

1400-532: The Commission found no evidence to substantiate reports that YPG or SDF forces ever targeted Arab communities on the basis of ethnicity." In interviews, YPG spokespersons acknowledged that a number of families were in fact displaced. However, they placed the number at no more than 25, and stated military necessity. They stated that the family members of terrorists maintained communications with them, and therefore had to be removed from areas where they might pose

1456-535: The Dove", an ascetical guide. Both have been edited by Bedjan in "Ethicon seu Moralia Gregorii Barhebræi" (Paris and Leipzig, 1898). The "Book of the Dove" was issued simultaneously by Cardahi (Rome, 1898). Bar Hebraeus codified the juridical texts of the Syriac Orthodox, in a collection called Kethabha dhe-Hudhaye , "Book of Directions", edited by Bedjan, "Barhebræi Nomocanon " (Paris, 1898). A Latin translation

1512-693: The East , which after several decades of being located in the United States, has decided to move their Patriarchal see to Ankawa. The Assyrian Policy Institute (API) has accused the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of business and tax discrimination on the Assyrian residents of Ankawa on numerous occasions. One 2018 API report claimed that the KRG required all business owners from the city to renew their business licenses with

1568-476: The Erbil Center District for a fee. The alleged regulation applied exclusively to Ankawa, despite the fact that nine other districts were under the Erbil Center District's jurisdiction. There were also allegations that the renewal process was deliberately lengthy and expensive, and that KRG officials expected bribes in exchange for processing the renewals. Many Assyrians viewed this as an attempt by

1624-736: The Hebrew, the Septuagint , the Greek versions of Symmachus , Theodotion , Aquila , by Oriental versions, Armenian and Coptic, and finally by the other Syriac translations, Heraclean, Philoxenian and especially the Syro-Hexapla . The work of Bar Hebraeus is of prime importance for the recovery of these versions and more specially for the Hexapla of Origen , of which the Syro-Hexapla

1680-448: The KRG to hurt their businesses and secure a monopoly on industries in their areas of control. The KRG released an official statement in which they denied these allegations and referred to them as “baseless.” The API responded to the KRG's denial of these claims in a later report. The API claimed that this latest denial of human rights abuses by the KRG is consistent with previous denial of accusations of wrongdoing. Examples of this that

1736-590: The Kurdish population or according to İsmail Beşikçi the destruction of the Kurdish nation. On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo, proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain, arguing that the move was to combat the Arabization and Kurdification of Iraqi minorities. The Iraqi government voted against the proposition. Some Assyrians in

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1792-649: The Kurdistan Region of Iraq complained that construction plans are "aimed at affecting a demographic change that divides Assyrian blocs". Also some Yazidis, Shabaks and Turkmens have reported that they are facing a policy of cultural and security control against them. In 2011, some Yazidi activists voiced their "concern over forced assimilation into Kurdish identity". Some have accused the Kurdish and Iraqi parties of diverting US $ 12 million of reconstruction funds allocated for Yazidi areas in Jebel Sinjar to

1848-544: The Nineveh Plains, asserting a full monopoly of arms and control over security, while pledging to protect all, and then preemptively retreated from their posts as ISIS approached, abandoning the local populations and exposing them to genocide , all without informing locals that they were withdrawing at the last minute and without firing a single bullet. This caused a fair amount of those who fled to come to Ankawa and other areas in Kurdistan Region. The Assyrian Church of

1904-524: The Pupils of the Eyes") is a compendium of logic and dialectics . Other works are to be found in various manuscripts, preserved at Florence , Oxford , London , and elsewhere. The Teghrath Teghratha ("Commerce of Commerces") is a résumé of the preceding, while Kethabha dhe-Sewadh Sophia ("Book of Speech of Wisdom") represents a compendium of knowledge in physics and metaphysics . To these should be added

1960-652: The Sunni Kurds. When refugees from Caucasus reached the Ottoman Empire , Constantinople decided not to settle these in Kurdistan due to the extreme poverty and lack of material resources for the refugees. Yet after some time, the Ottomans started seeing the refugees as a chance to diminish the Kurdish claim to the region and allowed the refugees to settle in the region. In 1862, Circassian refugees from

2016-438: The United States to address the many long-standing grievances of Ankawa residents, including the improper confiscation of lands belonging to Assyrians and KRG policies advancing demographic change in the area, as well as interference in local, regional, and federal elections for Assyrian representatives.” Within the last decade, Ankawa has developed rapidly educationally and technologically. Today, many tourists visit Ankawa from

2072-630: The account of his death was written by his brother, the maphrian Gregory III (Grigorius bar Saumo; d. 1307/8). Bar Hebraeus' great encyclopedic work is his Hewath Hekhmetha , "The Cream of Science", which deals with almost every branch of human knowledge, and comprises the whole Aristotelian discipline, after Avicenna and Arabian writers. This work, so far, has not been published, with the exception of one chapter, by Margoliouth , in Analecta Orientalia ad poeticam Aristoteleam (London, 1887), 114–139. The Kethabha dhe-Bhabhatha ("Book of

2128-502: The ancient Roman designs. Tell Qasra, or Qasra Knoll, is an ancient archaeological site, a 6 meter high mound that was used as a palace in the center of Ankawa. The hill dates back to the Neo-Assyrian period. The city was formerly known as Arbela which was the capital city of Adiabene and the seat of Ishtar . Ankawa has many archaeological sites, including "The Hill," which was recorded as an archaeological site in Iraq in 1945. It

2184-454: The area of Malatya, and falling ill, sought for a physician. Aaron, the Hebrew physician, was summoned. Upon his recovery, the Mongol general and Aaron, who took his family with him, went to Antioch (see Principality of Antioch and Franco-Mongol alliance ). There Bar Hebraeus continued with his studies and when he was about seventeen years of age he became a monk and began to lead the life of

2240-696: The bibliography of the various subjects which he undertook to treat. Bar Hebraeus preserved and systematized the work of his predecessors, either by way of condensation or by way of direct reproduction. Both on account of his virtues and of his science, Bar Hebraeus was highly esteemed. He died in Maragheh , Ilkhanate Persia , and was buried at the Mor Mattai Monastery , near Mosul . He left an autobiography, to be found in Giuseppe Simone Assemani , Biblioth. Orient. , II, 248–263;

2296-649: The capital Baghdad , and from other cities across Iraq. The suburb has been through a long construction period, and there are international schools as well as restaurants available today inside. After the fall of Mosul , many Christians who had been displaced came to Ankawa and have been provided with personal needs by the church and international organizations. Bar Hebraeus Gregory Bar Hebraeus ( Classical Syriac : ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ , b. 1226 - d. 30 July 1286), known by his Syriac ancestral surname as Barebraya or Barebroyo , in Arabic sources by his kunya Abu'l-Faraj , and his Latinized name Abulpharagius in

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2352-634: The city. Multiple Human Rights Watch reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. Turkmen residents of Kirkuk were detained by Kurdish forces and compelled to leave the city. Kurdish authorities expelled hundreds of Arab families from the city, demolishing their homes in the process. United Nations reports since 2006 have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture. In

2408-545: The destruction of entire villages in some cases) through a field research. In a report published by the United Nations ' Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic on 10 March 2017, the Commission refuted Amnesty International's reports of ethnic cleansing, stating that "'though allegations of 'ethnic cleansing' continued to be received during the period under review,

2464-444: The end of his life decided to write a history in Arabic largely based on the Chronicon Syriacum , adapted for a wider Arabic-reading readership rather than solely for Syriac-literate clergy. The work became known under the name al-Mukhtaṣar fi-l-Duwal . This was first published by Edward Pococke in 1663 with Latin comments and translation. A modern edition was first published by Fr. Anton Salhani in 1890. In theology Bar Hebraeus

2520-525: The existing Syrian province of Raqqa and made it a part of their newly formed autonomous enclave, carved from areas traditionally inhabited by Kurds but steadily encroaching also on territories that were historically Arab." Likewise, YPG is accused of Kurdifying the names of the villages, especially the Arab villages in Raqqa. World Council of Arameans has also accused PYD of Kurdifying the region and terrorizing

2576-730: The history of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Patriarchs of Antioch, while the second half is devoted to the Church of the East , the Nestorian Patriarchs, and the Jacobite Maphrians . The current edition of the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum is that of Abbeloos and Lamy , Syriac text, Latin translation. An English translation by David Wilmshurst was published in 2016. Bar Hebraeus towards

2632-643: The ordinance in question that proved that a new tax policy specifically in Ankawa had been created by the KRG. The report then says that Assyrian business-owners affected by the new tax policy as well as Assyrian parliamentarians in the Iraqi Parliament and the Kurdistan Region Parliament who corroborated these claims. Some business-owners attempted to legally appeal the policy, but the government upheld its decision. Furthermore,

2688-422: The report claimed that the Assyrian parliamentarians who were interviewed about the new tax policy claimed that they had inquired to the KRG Shura Council about the policy, and received a response saying: "Not collecting this tax in some towns as a result of negligence or incompetence of the relevant KRG departments is no reason to refrain from collecting such a tax in said towns [Ankawa]." The API stated that this

2744-460: The southwest of Khoy , there are Kurdicized groups of Küresünni Turks. A group of Kurdicized Tilku Turks live around Santeh and Zagheh of Saqqez County . During the Syrian Civil War , the Syrian Democratic Forces , have been accused of Kurdification. During 2016, Fabrice Balanche reported that the PYD was aiming to connect Kobane and Afrin cantons in the Manbij area between the Euphrates River and Afrin, where Kurds represent less than

2800-523: The villages of Arincik (Kıyıbaşı), Çarbuhur (Bağiçi), Tepeköy, Artet (Serinova), Ulusırt and Arinç (Çöğürlü). From early stage on, these Caucasians went through a process of Kurdification and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue. With the departure of non-Muslim populations of many cities in regions with significant Kurdish population, the native urban Muslim populations also migrated to cities such as Gaziantep, İzmir, Adana, Ankara, and Istanbul. The tractorization in rural Kurdish communities during

2856-481: Was a Miaphysite . He once mused: When I had given much thought and pondered on the matter, I became convinced that these quarrels among the different Christian Churches are not a matter of factual substance, but of words and terminology; for they all confess Christ our Lord to be perfect God and perfect human, without any commingling, mixing, or confusion of the natures... Thus I saw all the Christian communities, with their different christological positions, as possessing

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2912-427: Was essentially a public admission by the KRG that the tax collection policy was arbitrary. The report concluded that the tax rate was imposed on the city of Ankawa as an act of business discrimination against one of the only Assyrian-majority areas in KRG jurisdiction. They encouraged the KRG to formally accept their role in this policy, and claimed that they, “[stand] ready to meet with KRG officials both in Iraq and in

2968-488: Was made primate , or maphrian , of the East by Ignatius IV Yeshu in 1264 . His episcopal duties did not interfere with his studies; he took advantage of the numerous visitations, which he had to make throughout his vast province, to consult the libraries and converse with the learned men whom he happened to meet. Thus he gradually accumulated an immense erudition, became familiar with almost all branches of secular and religious knowledge, and in many cases thoroughly mastered

3024-429: Was often referred to by the Syriac nickname Bar ʿEvrāyā ( ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ , which is pronounced and often transliterated as Bar Ebroyo in the Western Syriac Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church, giving rise to the Latinised name Bar Hebraeus. It was previously thought that this name, which means "Son of the Hebrew", was a reference to his Jewish background. Modern scholarship has moved away from this affirmation, because it

3080-447: Was possible in 13th century Syria . Most of his works were written in Classical Syriac language. He also wrote some in Arabic , which was the common language in his day. It is not clear when Bar Hebraeus adopted the Christian name Gregory ( Syriac : ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ Grigorios ), but according to the Syriac Orthodox tradition of naming high priests, it may have occurred at the time of his consecration as bishop. Throughout his life, he

3136-443: Was the son of a physician, Aaron ( Hārūn bin Tūmā al-Malaṭī , Arabic : هارون بن توما الملطي ). Bar Hebraeus was born in the village of ʿEbra (Izoli, Turk.: Kuşsarayı) near Malatya , Sultanate of Rum (now Turkey, in the province of Elazığ ). Under the care of his father, he began as a boy ( a teneris unguiculis ) the study of medicine and of many other branches of knowledge, which he never abandoned. A Mongol general invaded

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