35-420: Anki may refer to: Anki (software) , spaced repetition software Anki (American company) , a now-defunct American robotics and artificial intelligence startup Anki (Finnish company) , a manufacturer of rugs Anxi County ( 安溪县 ) (Anki), Quanzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China Ikegusuku Anki (1829–1877), a Ryukyuan bureaucrat Topics referred to by
70-749: A cell phone. There also is a third-party open-source ( AGPLv3 ) AnkiWeb alternative, called anki-sync-server, which users can run on their own local computers or servers. Anki 2.1.57+ includes a built-in sync server. Advanced users who cannot or do not wish to use AnkiWeb can use this sync server instead of AnkiWeb. Anki can automatically fill in the reading of Japanese and Chinese text. Since version 0.9.9.8.2, these features are in separate plug-ins. More than 750 add-ons for Anki are available, often written by third-party developers . They provide support for speech synthesis , enhanced user statistics, image occlusion, incremental reading , more efficient editing and creation of cards through batch editing, modifying
105-635: A correct word from long-term memory, how to score acceptable responses that are not the exact replacement, etc.) can be solved by the use of carefully designed multiple-choice cloze items. See sample test and practice activity from a pilot study in a rural Latin American community. Mostow and associates also showed how this approach is both practical and informative. In addition to the usage in testing, cloze deletion can be used in learning, particularly language learning , but also learning facts. This may be done manually – for example, by covering sections of
140-407: A given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words to use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are to fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct). I saw a man lay his jacket on a puddle for a woman crossing the street. I thought that
175-418: A language, a note may have the following fields and example entries: This example illustrates what some programs call a three-sided flashcard , but Anki's model is more general and allows any number of fields to be combined in various cards. The user can design cards that test the information contained in each note. One card may have a question (expression) and an answer (pronunciation, meaning). By keeping
210-479: A large amount of synonyms will have a low word clozability score as the likelihood that the given word will be guessed correctly is reduced. Words that are specific and have a low amount of synonyms will have a high clozability score. Cloze deletion can also be applied to a graphic organizer , wherein a diagram, map, grid, or image is presented and contextual clues must be used to fill in some labels. In particular, when learning an image-heavy subject, such as anatomy,
245-568: A multivariate analysis. In the same year, another study showed that students had a one-point increase on their licensing exams for every 1,700 unique Anki flashcards they used. Another study in 2024 found that Anki was commonly used among American medical students. 86.2% of surveyed students reported some Anki use and 66.5% used it daily. AnKing, an Anki deck developed by students at the University of Utah School of Medicine aggregates information from multiple third-party resources and has become
280-593: A text with paper, or highlighting sections of text with a highlighter, then covering the line with a colored ruler in the complementary color (say, a red ruler for a green highlighter) so the highlighted text disappears; this is popular in Japan, for instance . Cloze deletion can also be used as part of spaced repetition software. For example the SuperMemo and Anki applications feature semi-automated creation of cloze tests. Programming software to accept all synonyms of
315-446: A user of Anki may employ an image occlusion to occlude parts of an image. Glover, 1989 compared different forms of recall and their effectiveness after time passed for forgetting to occur. Glover referred to cloze tests as cued recall, which was found to be less effective than free recall testing (generic cue was given to pupil, the pupil was expected to recall all they knew), but more effective than recognition tests. Cloze test
350-401: A word as valid correct answers to a cloze test is a challenge, as all potential synonyms must be considered. An important concept that applies during the automatic creation of cloze tests by software is word clozability. Word clozability is defined as: "How often do participants who know this word guess it correctly when it is clozed in a sentence that they haven't seen before?" Words that have
385-450: Is an exercise, test, or assessment in which a portion of text is masked and the participant is asked to fill in the masked portion of text. Cloze tests require the ability to understand the context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct language or part of speech that belongs in the deleted passages. This exercise is commonly administered for the assessment of native and second language learning and instruction. The word cloze
SECTION 10
#1732798384672420-469: Is derived from SM-2 (an older version of the SuperMemo algorithm), though the algorithm has been significantly changed from SM-2 and is also far more configurable. One of the most apparent differences is that while SuperMemo provides users a 6-point grading system (0 through 5, inclusive), Anki only provides at most 4 grades (again, hard, good, and easy). Anki also has significantly changed how review intervals grow and shrink (making many of these aspects of
455-474: Is derived from closure in Gestalt theory . The exercise was first described by Wilson L. Taylor in 1953. Words may be deleted from the text in question either mechanically (every nth word) or selectively, depending on exactly what aspect it is intended to test for. The methodology is the subject of extensive academic literature; nonetheless, teachers commonly devise ad hoc tests. A language teacher may give
490-441: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Anki (software) Anki ( US : / ˈ ɑː ŋ k i / , UK : / ˈ æ ŋ k i / ; Japanese: [aŋki] ) is a free and open-source flashcard program. It uses techniques from cognitive science such as active recall testing and spaced repetition to aid the user in memorization. The name comes from
525-481: Is often used as an evaluation task in natural language processing (NLP) to assess the performance of the trained language models . The tasks have a few different variants, like predicting the answer for the blank with and without providing the right options, predicting the ending sentence of a story or passage, etc. Since the design of the BERT encoder, it is also used in pre-training language models, in which case it
560-521: Is preceded by "the"; therefore, a noun , an adjective or an adverb must follow. However, a conjunction follows the blank; the sentence would not be grammatically correct if anything other than a noun were in the blank. The words "milk and eggs" are important for deciding which noun to put in the blank; "supermarket" is a possible answer; depending on the student, however, the first blank could be store , supermarket , shop , shops , market , or grocer while umbrella , brolly or raincoat could fit
595-614: The Free Spaced Repetition Scheduler (FSRS) algorithm, which allows for more optimal spacing of card repetitions. Anki is content-agnostic , the cards are presented using HTML and may include text, images, sounds, videos, and LaTeX equations. The decks of cards, along with the user's statistics, are stored in the open SQLite format. Cards are generated from information stored as "notes". Notes are analogous to database entries and can have an arbitrary number of fields. For example, with respect to learning
630-625: The GUI , simplifying import of flashcards from other digital sources, adding an element of gamification , etc. While Anki's user manual encourages the creation of one's own decks for most material, there is still a large and active database of shared decks that users can download and use. Available decks range from foreign-language decks (often constructed with frequency tables) to geography, physics, biology, chemistry and more. Various medical science decks, often made by multiple users in collaboration, are also available. Anki's current scheduling algorithm
665-454: The Japanese word for "memorization" ( 暗記 ). The SM-2 algorithm , created for SuperMemo in the late 1980s, has historically formed the basis of the spaced repetition methods employed in the program. Anki's implementation of the algorithm has been modified to allow priorities on cards and to show flashcards in order of their urgency. Anki 23.10+ also has a native implementation of
700-677: The Android version Ice Cream Sandwich), a different TTS engine such as SVOX TTS Classic can be used. AnkiDroid has also been used for other educational purposes. It is used as instructional media in Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia. Damien Elmes, the Australian programmer behind the app, originally created it for learning Japanese. The oldest mention of Anki that the developer Damien Elmes could find in 2011
735-608: The Free Spaced Repetition Scheduler (FSRS), a new scheduling algorithm, was integrated into Anki as an optional feature. FSRS is based on a variant of the DSR (Difficulty, Stability, Retrievability) model, which is used to predict memory states. The default FSRS parameters are based on almost 700 million reviews from 20 thousand users and are more accurate in comparison to the standard SM2 algorithm, according to benchmarks, leading to fewer necessary reviews for
SECTION 20
#1732798384672770-623: The SuperMemo algorithm. The prospect of community-funded licensing of newer SuperMemo algorithms is often discussed among users. However, there exists a greater focus on the development of the software itself and its features. The latest SuperMemo algorithm in 2019 is SM-18. Some Anki users who have experimented with the Anki algorithm and its settings have published configuration recommendations, made add-ons to modify Anki's algorithm, or developed their own separate software. In 2023 (version 23.10)
805-531: The authors to switch Anki's algorithm to SM-2 (which was further evolved into the modern Anki algorithm). At the time, this led Elmes to claim that SM-5 and later algorithms were flawed which was strongly rebutted by Piotr Woźniak , the author of SuperMemo. Since then, Elmes has clarified that it is possible that the flaw was due to a bug in their implementation of SM-5 (the SuperMemo website does not describe SM-5 in complete detail), but added that due to licensing requirements, Anki will not use any newer versions of
840-473: The blank, as well as foolish or cheesy . Using those answers, a teacher may ask students to reflect on the opinions drawn from the given cloze. Recent research using eye-tracking has posited that cloze/gapfill items where a selection of words are given as options may be testing different kinds of reading skills depending on the language abilities of the participants taking the test. Lower ability test takers are suggested to be more likely to be concentrating on
875-410: The following passage to students: Today, I went to the ___________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way. Students would then be required to fill in the blanks with words that would best complete the passage. The context in language and content terms is essential in most, if not all, cloze tests. The first blank
910-411: The information contained in the words immediately surrounding the gap, while higher ability test takers are thought to be able to use a wider context window , which is also true for more capable large language models , such as ChatGPT , in contrast to less able older models. A number of the methodological problems pointed out by researchers regarding the open-ended type cloze item (readers must supply
945-574: The primary method of USMLE Step1 and Step2 study for many students, having been downloaded over 300,000 times as of 2024. Anki offers user-made decks, which are commonly used in medical education and for learning a range of subjects including Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, Law, Mathematics, Music, and Physics. User-made decks are also available for learning languages such as Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish. Cloze deletion A cloze test (also cloze deletion test or occlusion test )
980-466: The same retention rate. The following smartphone/tablet and Web clients are available as companions to the desktop version: The flashcards and learning progress can be synchronized both ways with Anki using AnkiWeb. With AnkiDroid it is possible to have the flashcards read in several languages using text-to-speech (TTS). If a language does not exist in the Android TTS engine (e.g. Russian in
1015-452: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Anki . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anki&oldid=1208606535 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Short description
1050-468: The scheduler configurable through deck options), though the core algorithm is still based on SM-2's concept of ease factors as the primary mechanism of evolving card review intervals. Anki was originally based on the SM-5 algorithm, but the implementation was found to have seemingly incorrect behaviour (harder cards would have their intervals grow more quickly than easier cards in certain circumstances) leading
1085-536: The second. A possible completed passage would be: Today, I went to the supermarket and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my umbrella and ended up getting wet on the way. Besides use for testing linguistic fluency, a cloze test may also be used for testing factual knowledge, for example: ________ is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose. Possible answers would then include lactic acid fermentation , anaerobic glycolysis , and anaerobic respiration . The definition of success in
Anki - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-550: The separate cards linked to the same fact, spelling mistakes can be adjusted against all cards at the same time, and Anki can ensure that related cards are not shown in too short a spacing. A special note type allows the generation of cloze deletion cards. In Anki 1.2.x, those were ordinary cards with cloze markup added using a tool in the fact editor. Anki supports synchronization with a free and proprietary online service called AnkiWeb. This allows users to keep decks synchronized across multiple computers and to study online or on
1155-434: The then-all-time record for single-day winnings on the quiz show Jeopardy! after using Anki to memorize a vast number of facts. A study in 2015 at Washington University School of Medicine found that 31% of students who responded to a medical education survey reported using Anki as a study resource; the same study found a positive relationship between the number of unique Anki cards studied and USMLE Step 1 scores in
1190-469: Was dated 5 October 2006, which was thus declared Anki's birthdate. While Anki may primarily be used for language learning or a classroom setting, many have reported other uses for Anki: scientist Michael Nielsen uses it to remember complex topics in a fast-moving field, while others are using it to remember memorable quotes, the faces of business partners or medical residents, or to remember business interviewing strategies. In 2010, Roger Craig obtained
1225-409: Was very ______. Given the above passage, students' answers may then vary depending on their vocabulary skills and their personal opinions. However, the placement of the blank at the end of the sentence restricts the possible words that may complete the sentence; following an adverb and finishing the sentence, the word is most likely an adjective. Romantic, chivalrous or gallant may, for example, occupy
#671328