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27-472: The Annales iuvavenses or Annals of Salzburg were a series of annals written in the 9th and 10th centuries at Salzburg (the former Roman Iuvavum ) in the East Frankish stem duchy of Bavaria . They are a useful source for southeastern Germany and Austria where they exist, but they only survive in fragments copied at the scriptorium of Admont Abbey in the 12th century. According to

54-408: A day. When the difference between the calendars changes the calculated value applies on and from 1 March (civil date) for conversions to Julian. For earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one. For conversions to the civil date the calculated value applies on and from 29 February (Julian date). Again, for earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one. The difference is applied to the calendar one

81-413: A period of nineteen years. These are not Nisan molad times, although the offset necessarily remains constant. (The fractions shown are fractions of a minute.) Every nineteen years this time is 2 days, 16 hours, 33 1/18 minutes later in the week. That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar, depending on whether the difference in the day of the week is three or two days. If 29 February

108-482: Is 72d 21h 28 16/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3/18 A.M. on Friday, 14 June. Because of the displacements, it actually begins on Saturday, 15 June. Odd months have 30 days and even months 29, so

135-607: Is a month of 30 days. In the year 2024, 1 Nisan will occur on 9 April. Counting from 1 Tishrei , the civil new year, it would be the seventh month (eighth, in leap year), but in contemporary Jewish culture, both months are viewed as the first and seventh simultaneously, and are referred to as one or the other depending on the specific religious aspects being discussed. The biblical Hebrew months were given enumerations instead of names. The new moon of Aviv , which in Hebrew means "barley ripening" and by extension "spring season"(Exodus 9:31)

162-514: Is also applied to various periodicals , particularly peer-reviewed journals in the sciences , after the model of Lavoisier 's Annales de chimie et de physique . Attribution: Nisan Nisan (or Nissan ; Hebrew : נִיסָן , romanized :  Nīsān from Akkadian : 𒁈 , romanized:  Nissāni ) in the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars is the month of the barley ripening and first month of spring. The name of

189-495: Is borne out in the common division of Tacitus's works into Annals and Histories , although he did not use those titles to refer to his own works. Among the early Christians, it was common to establish the date of Easter by asking local Jews for the date of Passover ( Nisan 14 in the Jewish calendar ) and either using that date or the nearest Sunday to it. By the end of the 3rd century, this date sometimes occurred before

216-478: Is converting into . A negative value indicates that the Julian date is ahead of the civil date. In this case it is important to remember that when calculating the civil equivalent of 29 February (Julian), 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the civil equivalent of this date is 24 February. Before 1 CE use astronomical years rather than years BCE. The astronomical year is (year BCE) – 1. Up to

243-403: Is included fewer than five times in the nineteen – year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five. If the year is due to start on Sunday, it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning. If due to start on Monday, Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on

270-445: Is one of the few called both by name and by its number, the first. Nisan and other Akkadian-origin names for the equivalent lunar months in the Babylonian calendar came to be applied to the Hebrew calendar during the Babylonian captivity , in which the month of Aviv's name was Araḫ Nissānu , the "month of beginning". The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical (spring) year starts over

297-487: Is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row. If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first day of later months will be a day earlier than shown. For long period calculations, dates should be reduced to the Julian calendar and converted back to the civil calendar at the end of the calculation. The civil calendar used here (Exigian) is correct to one day in 44,000 years and omits

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324-592: The Annales Iuvavenses , in 920 Baiuarii sponte se reddiderunt Arnolfo duci et regnare eum fecerunt in regno Teutonicorum : "the Bavarians, with some other East Franks, elected Arnulf German king in opposition to Henry " (actually in 919). This provides some of the only evidence for the concept of a " Kingdom of Germany " before the late 11th century, but it may be a 12th-century interpolation, as most scholars perceive it to be. The Salzburg annals are also

351-461: The founding of the Republic down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scaevola ( c.  132  BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record the name of the magistrates and the noteworthy events of each year on a white tablet (an album ), which was exhibited in an open place at his house so that the people might read it. Servius states the events were written for each day. In

378-540: The spring equinox and frequently varied from city to city. Following the 325 Council of Nicaea , Easter tables began to be drawn up according to various methods of computing Easter , often running from the Passion until decades or centuries into the future. Beginning in Ireland , Wales, and England in the 7th century, monks began to briefly note important events of the year as marginalia in these tables. Thereafter

405-399: The 4th century CE, these tables give the day of the Jewish month to within a day or so and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4/18m later in

432-571: The 9th-century Carolingian Renaissance , they became the usual form of contemporary history: major examples include the Royal Frankish Annals , the Annals of Fulda ( Annales Fuldenses ), the Annals of St Bertin ( Annales Bertiniani ), and the Annals of Lorsch ( Annales Laureschamenses ). As the annals developed into fuller and more descriptive entries, they became more indistinguishable from chronicles , although

459-584: The compilation of annals became by and large a monastic activity, with the earliest recorded monastic annals being compiled in Ireland and known as the Chronicle of Ireland . Not all early annalistic texts, however, were monastic, and some in fact were made under royal patronage. For example, what is now called the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a text concerned mainly with the activities of kings,

486-425: The etymology of history (from Greek ιστορειν , historein , equated with Latin inspicere , "to inquire in person") properly restricts it to primary sources such as Thucydides 's which have come from the author's own observations, while annals record the events of earlier times arranged according to years. Hayden White distinguishes annals from chronicles , which organize their events by topics such as

513-444: The following day. If due to start on Saturday, it actually begins on the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning. The table below lists, for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March, the civil date of the first day of each month. If the year does not begin on 23 March, each month's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March. The correct column

540-666: The late Republic, these were known as the Annales Maximi . After the pontificate of Publius, annals were compiled by various unofficial writers, of whom Cicero names Cato , Pictor , and Piso . These annals have been generally regarded as the same with the Commentarii Pontificum cited by Livy , but there seems reason to believe that the two were distinct, with the Commentarii being fuller and more circumstantial. Verrius Flaccus's division of genres

567-512: The leap day in centennial years which do not give remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900. It is identical to the Gregorian calendar between 15 October 1582 CE and 28 February 2400 CE (both dates inclusive). To find how many days the civil calendar is ahead of the Julian in any year from 301 BCE (the calendar is proleptic [assumed] up to 1582 CE) add 300 to the year, multiply the hundreds by 7, divide by 9 and subtract 4. Ignore any fraction of

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594-567: The month is an Akkadian language borrowing, although it ultimately originates in Sumerian nisag "first fruits". In the Hebrew calendar it is the first month of the ecclesiastical year, called the "first of the months of the year" ( Exodus 12 :1-2), "first month" (Ex 12:14), and the month of Aviv (Ex 13:4) בְּחֹ֖דֶשׁ הָאָבִֽיב ḥōḏeš hāʾāḇîḇ ). It is called Nissān in the Book of Esther . It

621-556: The only source for an assassination attempt on incapacitated King Carloman by the Bavarians in 878, the first medieval mention of Vienna in 881, and the location of the Battle of Pressburg (Brezalauspurc) against the Hungarians in 907. Annals The nature of the distinction between annals and history is a subject based on divisions established by the ancient Romans. Verrius Flaccus , quoted by Aulus Gellius , stated that

648-556: The reigns of kings, and from histories, which aim to present and conclude a narrative implying the moral importance of the events recorded. Generally speaking, annalists record events drily, leaving the entries unexplained and equally weighted. The chief sources of information in regard to the annals of ancient Rome are two passages in Cicero and in Servius which have been the subject of much discussion. Cicero states that, from

675-543: The term was still used for various works, such as the Annals of Waverley . In modern literature, the term "annals" is similarly loosely applied to works which more or less strictly adhere to the order of years, both in western contexts (English Annual Registers , French Annuaires de la Revue , German Jahrbücher ) and to equivalent styles in other cultures (such as the Chinese Spring and Autumn Annals ). It

702-474: The week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874–5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4/18m) later in the week, which is 932d 2h 31 2/18m or 1d 2h 31 2/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4/18m) earlier, which

729-522: Was written in annalistic form. Other examples of insular annals, written under various kinds of patronage, include the Annals of the Four Masters , the Annals of Ulster , the Annals of Innisfallen , and the Annals of Wales ( Annales Cambriæ ). Introduced by insular missionaries to the continent, these texts were recopied, augmented, and continued, especially in Austrasia . During

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