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55-493: The chronicle of the "Annalista Saxo" is a collection of dates and facts about the medieval German monarchs ( Kings of the Romans ) and their Carolingian predecessors, beginning in the year 741 and continued until 1142. The codex was created between 1148 and 1152. The anonymous author had more than 100 sources at his disposal, including some which no longer exist. The entries are arranged chronologically by year. The identity of

110-846: A classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority. It progressively lost its powers since the Renaissance, and was finally replaced by the Republic of the Seven Tithings in 1634. Upon the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1237, the territory of the Order's State largely corresponded with the Diocese of Riga . Bishop Albert of Riga in 1207 had received the lands of Livonia as an Imperial fief from

165-645: A franchise was granted to only the most eminent bishops and noblemen, and according to the Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Emperor Charles IV only the seven Prince-electors had the right to participate in a majority voting as determined by the 1338 Declaration of Rhense . They were the Prince-Archbishops of Mainz , Trier and Cologne as well as the King of Bohemia , the Count Palatine of

220-525: A noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often a princely title, especially Count but also Prince or Baron, including actual seigneurial authority and rights. Indeed, six of the twelve original Pairies (the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: the Archbishop of Reims , the Bishop of Langres , and the Bishop of Laon held a ducal title,

275-413: A prince-bishop could wholly or largely have overlapped with his diocesan jurisdiction, but some parts of his diocese , even the city of his residence, could have been exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status of free imperial city . If the episcopal see was an archbishopric , the correct term was prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy was prince-abbot . A prince-bishop

330-606: A prince-bishopric with Erzstift being used for prince-archbishoprics. Emperor Charles IV by the Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the privileged status of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Mainz , Cologne and Trier as members of the electoral college. At the eve of the Protestant Reformation , the Imperial states comprised 53 ecclesiastical principalities. They were finally secularized in

385-566: A six-year-old minor, had been elected to rule the Empire in 1056 he adopted Romanorum Rex as a title to emphasize his sacred entitlement to be crowned Emperor by the Pope. Pope Gregory VII insisted on using the derogatory term Teutonicorum Rex ("King of the Germans") in order to imply that Henry's authority was merely local and did not extend over the whole Empire. Henry continued to regularly use

440-587: Is very fragile and is kept securely; a facsimile is on display. It is unknown how the volume came to be in France. King of the Romans King of the Romans ( Latin : Rex Romanorum ; German : König der Römer ) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward. The title originally referred to any German king between his election and royal coronation until he

495-468: The Fürstbischof title, but never held any reichsfrei territory. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951. The Patriarchate of Aquileia (1077–1433) was conquered by Venice in 1420 and officially incorporated after the 1445 Council of Florence . In Brescia Bishop Notingus was made count of Brescia in 844. The archbishops of Besançon had been rulers in

550-560: The Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy . Finally, he would travel to Rome and be crowned Emperor by the Pope. Because it was rarely possible for the elected King to proceed immediately to Rome for his crowning, several years might elapse between election and coronation, and some Kings never completed the journey to Rome at all. As a suitable title for the King between his election and his coronation as Emperor, Romanorum Rex would stress

605-756: The Ottonian period , it was King of the Franks (German: König der Franken , Latin: Rex Francorum ), from the late Salian period it was King of the Romans (German: König der Römer , Lat.: Rex Romanorum ). In the Modern Period, the title King in Germania (German: König in Germanien , Lat.: Germaniae Rex ) came into use. Finally, modern German historiography established the term Roman-German King ( Römisch-deutscher König ) to differentiate it both from

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660-520: The Popes , culminating in the fierce Investiture Controversy of 1076. Nevertheless, the Emperors continued to grant major territories to the most important (arch)bishops. The immediate territory attached to the episcopal see then became a prince-diocese or (arch)bishopric ( Fürst(erz)bistum ). The German term Hochstift was often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling

715-615: The Prince-Bishops of Montenegro the place of the earlier secular (Grand) Voivodes in 1516, had a unique position of Slavonic , Orthodox prince-bishops of Montenegro under Ottoman suzerainty. It was eventually secularized and became ruled by hereditary princes and ultimately Kings of Montenegro in 1852, as reflected in their styles: The Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with

770-617: The immediate power over a certain territory and a representation in the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ). The stem duchies of the German Kingdom inside the Empire had strong and powerful dukes (originally, war-rulers), always looking out more for their duchy 's " national interest " than for the Empire's. In turn the first Ottonian ( Saxon ) king Henry the Fowler and more so his son, Emperor Otto I , intended to weaken

825-616: The (originally only seven) prince-electors , the highest order of Reichsfürsten (comparable in rank with the French pairs ), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of Archchancellor (the only arch-office amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as Kurfürstentum ("electoral principality") rather than prince-archbishopric. The suffragan-bishoprics of Gurk (established 1070), Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218), and Lavant (1225) sometimes used

880-658: The 1803 German Mediatization upon the territorial losses to France in the Treaty of Lunéville , except for the Mainz prince-archbishop and German archchancellor Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg , who continued to rule as Prince of Aschaffenburg and Regensburg . With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the successor Confederation of the Rhine . No less than three of

935-572: The Church itself, a title associated with cardinals . Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with the French president . In the West, with the decline of imperial power from the 4th century onwards in the face of the barbarian invasions, sometimes Christian bishops of cities took

990-630: The Empire's dissolution in 1806. After his election, the new king would be crowned as King of the Romans ( Romanorum Rex ), usually at Charlemagne's throne in Aachen Cathedral by the Archbishop of Cologne in a solemnly celebrated ceremony. The details of Otto's coronation in 936 are described by the medieval chronicler Widukind of Corvey in his Res gestae saxonicae . The kings received the Imperial Crown from at least 1024, at

1045-570: The French head of state (currently its President ) The term has been used by Episcopalians in North America to describe modern bishops with commanding personalities usually of previous generations. One such individual was Bishop Horace W. B. Donegan of whom Episcopal suffragan bishop Robert E. Terwilliger said "We often say that Bishop Donegan is the last prince bishop of the church because in his graciousness, in his presence, in his total lack of any crisis of identity, we have seen what

1100-663: The Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the original Prussian lands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics of Culm , Pomesania , Samland and Warmia . From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the princely title by Emperor Charles IV in 1356. Three bishoprics were initially parts of

1155-529: The Kingdom of Poland and its offshoots before being subsequently incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, namely the bishoprics of Wolin/Kamień (Wollin/Cammin) (1140-1181), Lubusz (Lebus) (1125-1372) and Wrocław (Breslau) (1201-1335/1348), with the latter two of them continuing, however, as suffragan to the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno for many years later (until 1424 in the case of Lebus and until 1821 in

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1210-639: The Middle Ages over Besançon , an Imperial city from 1307, which in 1512 joined the Burgundian Circle . In the Bishopric of Belley , Saint Anthelm of Belley was granted Reichsfreiheit by Emperor Frederick I , but submitted temporal authorities to the Duchy of Savoy in 1401. The Bishopric of Sion ( French : Principauté épiscopale de Sion , German : Bistum Sitten ) was from 999

1265-896: The Rhine , the Saxon duke , and the Margrave of Brandenburg . After the Investiture Controversy , Charles intended to strengthen the legal status of the Rex Romanorum beyond Papal approbation . Consequently, among his successors only Sigismund and Frederick III were still crowned Emperors in Rome and in 1530 Charles V was the last king to receive the Imperial Crown at the hands of the Pope (in Bologna ). The Golden Bull remained effective as constitutional law until

1320-660: The acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though the Roman Curia insisted on the fact that the Christianized Baltic territories were solely under the suverainty of the Holy See . By the 1234 Bull of Rieti, Pope Gregory IX stated that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of any conveyancing by the Emperor. Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of

1375-569: The autonomous Riga prince-bishop and the Teutonic Knights led to a lengthy friction. Around 1245 the Papal legate William of Modena reached a compromise: though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the princely title by

1430-571: The beginning of the bishops' temporal powers, which expanded during the Middle Ages before being gradually curbed from the sixteenth century onwards. Except for a brief period of suppression during the English Civil War , the bishopric retained some temporal powers until it was abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 , when its powers returned to the Crown. The last institution of

1485-469: The bishops of Beauvais , Chalôns , and Noyon had comital status. They were later joined by the Archbishop of Paris , who was awarded a ducal title, but with precedence over the others. France also counted a number of prince-bishops formerly within the Holy Roman Empire such those of Besançon, Cambrai, Strasbourg, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Belley. The bishops of Arles, Embrun, and Grenoble also qualify as princes of episcopal cities. The bishop of Viviers

1540-590: The case of Breslau). On the other hand, the Prince Bishopric of Warmia was obtained by Poland following the Second Peace of Thorn . The bishops of Durham , while not sovereign, held extensive rights usually reserved to the English, and later British, monarch within the county palatine of Durham. In 1075 Walcher , the bishop of Durham, was allowed to purchase the earldom of Northumbria; this marked

1595-553: The chronicler, sometimes identified with Abbot Arnold of Nienburg (d. 1166), has not been conclusively established. The volume contains 237 parchment pages. The binding is from the 16th century. The book was restored in 1993. The cover is of brown cow's leather, the spine of vellum , and the content includes 16 ornamental initials. The original of the "Annalista Saxo" is today in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris . It

1650-415: The cities. From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of Coimbra held the comital title of Count of Arganil , being thus called "bishop-count" ( Portuguese : Bispo-Conde ). The use of the comital title declined during the 20th century since Portugal has become a republic and nobility privileges have ceased to be officially recognized, and was ultimately discontinued. The bishops of Cetinje , who took as

1705-524: The classical Roman Emperor as well as from the modern German Emperor . The territory of East Francia was not referred to as the Kingdom of Germany or Regnum Teutonicum by contemporary sources until the 11th century. During this time, the king's claim to coronation was increasingly contested by the papacy , culminating in the fierce Investiture Controversy . After the Salian heir apparent Henry IV ,

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1760-619: The coronation of Conrad II . In 1198 the Hohenstaufen candidate Philip of Swabia was crowned Rex Romanorum at Mainz Cathedral (as was King Rupert centuries later), but he had another coronation in Aachen after he had prevailed against his Welf rival Otto IV . At some time after the ceremony, the king would, if possible, cross the Alps , to receive coronation in Pavia or Milan with

1815-457: The government of the Frankish realm and subsequent Carolingian Empire frequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styled Missus dominicus , but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see. Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmented Holy Roman Empire , where many were formally awarded the rank of an Imperial Prince Reichsfürst , granting them

1870-632: The hands of German king Philip of Swabia , he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest of Pope Innocent III the Terra Mariana confederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to the Livonian Order . Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and Emperor Frederick II : in 1225 he reached

1925-451: The king might retain the title "King of the Romans" for his entire reign. The title Romanorum Rex ceased to be used for ruling kings after 1508, when the Pope permitted King Maximilian I to use the title of Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans") after he failed in a good-faith attempt to journey to Rome. At this time Maximilian also took the new title "King in Germania" ( Germaniae rex , König in Germanien ), but

1980-479: The latter was never used as a primary title. Maximilian's titles read, in part: " Maximilian von Gots genaden erwelter Romischer Romischer kayser, zu allen zeiten merer des Reichs, in Germanien zu Hungern, Dalmatien, Croatien etc. kunig […] ("Maximilian, by God's grace Elected Roman Emperor, always Augustus, in Germany, of Hungary, Dalamatia, Croatia etc King […]" Beginning with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor ,

2035-450: The palatinate, its court of chancery , was abolished in 1974. From the tenth century civil wars on, many bishops took over the powers of the local count, as authorised by the king. For example, at Chalons-sur-Marne the bishop ruled the lands 20 km around the town, while the Archbishop of Rheims demarcated his territory with five fortresses of Courville, Cormicy, Betheneville, Sept-Saulx and Chaumuzy. A number of French bishops did hold

2090-467: The parts of the 1795 - partitioned Polish state , including those forming part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria or those acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia , the position continued in some cases nominally and was sometimes transformed into a new, titular type, initially recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary until their demise, with the title ultimately abolished altogether by

2145-520: The place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and the burghers were invariably not cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops. The principality or prince-bishopric (Hochstift) ruled politically by

2200-400: The plenitude of his authority over the Empire and his warrant to be future Emperor ( Imperator futurus ) without infringing upon the Papal privilege. Not all Kings of the Romans made this step, sometimes because of hostile relations with the Pope, or because either the pressure of business at home or warfare in Germany or Italy made it impossible for the King to make the journey. In such cases,

2255-499: The pope in 1951. The sole exception is the Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, but remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with the French head of state (currently its President ), and thus the last extant prince-bishop. In the Byzantine Empire , the still autocratic Emperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in

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2310-509: The position. The only requirements generally observed were that the candidate be an adult male, a Catholic Christian, and not in holy orders. The kings were elected by several Imperial Estates (secular princes as well as Prince-Bishops ), often in the imperial city of Frankfurt after 1147, a custom recorded in the Schwabenspiegel code in about 1275. Originally all noblemen present could vote by unanimous acclamation, but later

2365-441: The power of the dukes by granting loyal bishops Imperial lands and vest them with regalia privileges. Unlike dukes they could not pass hereditary titles and lands to any descendants. Instead the Emperors reserved the implementation of the bishops of their proprietary church for themselves, defying the fact that according to canon law they were part of the transnational Catholic Church . This met with increasing opposition by

2420-461: The rulers of the Empire no longer sought the Imperial coronation by the Pope and styled themselves "Emperors" without Papal approval, taking the title as soon as they were crowned in Germany or, if crowned in their predecessor's lifetime, upon the death of a sitting Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy . No person had an automatic legal right to the succession simply because he

2475-610: The secular administration of their dioceses, possibly as part of a development to put the Eastern Church in the service of the Empire , with its Ecumenical Patriarch almost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs. . The institution of prince-bishop was revived in the Orthodox Church in the modern times during the existence of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro . Bishops had been involved in

2530-420: The throne failed to achieve widespread support are coloured in pink. Individuals that bore the title "Kings of the Romans" solely as heirs designate are coloured in silver. '* ' indicates that the king in question was elected in his predecessor's lifetime. Prince-Bishop A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty , as opposed to Prince of

2585-430: The title Romanorum Rex until he finally was crowned Emperor by Antipope Clement III in 1084. Henry's successors imitated this practice, and were also called Romanorum Rex before and Romanorum Imperator after their Roman coronations. Candidates for the kingship were at first the heads of Germanic stem duchies . As these units broke up, rulers of smaller principalities and even non-Germanic rulers were considered for

2640-482: Was Count of Viviers and Prince de Donzère. The bishop of Sisteron was also Prince de Lurs, the title of count was held by the Archbishop of Lyons, and the bishops of Gap, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Vienne and Die were Seigneurs of their cities. Never part of the empire were Lisieux, Cahors, Chalon-sur-Saône, Léon, Dol and Vabres whose bishops were also counts. Ajaccio was Count of Frasso. The bishops of Sarlat, Saint-Malo (Baron de Beignon) and of Luçon were Barons and Tulle

2695-565: Was Viscount of the city. The bishop of Mende was governor and count, Puy held the title Count of Velay, Quimper was Seigneur of the city and Comte de Cornouailles, Valence was Seigneur and Count of the city. Montpellier's bishop was Count of Mauguio and Montferrand, Marquis of Marquerose and Baron of Sauve, Durfort, Salevoise, and Brissac. The bishop of Saint-Claude was Seigneur of all the lands of Saint-Claude. The bishops of Digne (Seigneur and Baron), Pamiers (co-Seigneur), Albi, Lectoure, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Papoul, Saint-Pons, and Uzès were Seigneurs of

2750-438: Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope . The title was also used to designate the successor to the throne elected during the lifetime of a sitting Emperor. From the 16th century onwards, as German kings adopted the title of Emperor-elect and ceased to be crowned by the Pope, the title continued to be used solely for an elected successor to the throne during his predecessor's lifetime. The actual title varied over time. During

2805-406: Was in the same form as that of the senior ruler. In practice, however, the actual administration of the Empire was always managed by the Emperor (or Emperor elect), with at most certain duties delegated to the heir. When Napoleon I, Emperor of the French , had a son and heir, Napoleon II (1811–32), he introduced the title as King of Rome ( Roi de Rome ), styling his son as such at birth. The boy

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2860-517: Was often known colloquially by this title throughout his short life. However, from 1818 onward, he was styled officially as the Duke of Reichstadt by his maternal grandfather, Emperor Francis I of Austria . The following list shows all individuals bearing the title "Kings of the Romans". The regnal dates given are those between a king's election as "King of the Romans" and either becoming Emperor or ending their reign by deposition or death. Ruling kings are coloured in yellow, while those whose claim to

2915-431: Was related to the current Emperor. However, the Emperor could, and often did, have a relative (usually a son) elected to succeed him after his death. This elected heir apparent bore the title "King of the Romans". During the Middle Ages, a junior King of the Romans was normally chosen only when the senior ruler bore the title of Emperor, so as to avoid having two, theoretically equal kings. Only on one occasion (1147–1150)

2970-404: Was there both a ruling King of the Romans (King Conrad III ) and a King of the Romans as heir ( Henry Berengar ). This practice continued from the 16th century onwards as the rulers of the Empire assumed the title "Emperor elect" without Imperial coronation by the Pope. The title of a King of the Romans now exclusively refers to the elected successor during his predecessor's lifetime. The election

3025-452: Was usually considered an elected monarch . With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the Confederation of the Rhine . However, in respect to the lands of the former Holy Roman Empire outside of French control, such as the Habsburg Monarchy , including Austria proper ( Salzburg , Seckau ), the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (the bulk of Olomouc and parts of Breslau ), as well as in respect to

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